灾难地居民集体记忆、地方认同、地方保护意愿关系研究——以汶川地震北川老县城为例
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摘要
从记忆地理和地方感角度,探讨2008年汶川地震重灾区北川老县城的人地关系。通过定性与定量相结合的方法,研究了灾后居民集体记忆的维度,探讨了灾后集体记忆、地方认同、地方保护意愿的特征。运用结构方程模型,揭示了灾后集体记忆(灾难记忆、创伤情感、抗灾记忆、观念启示、怀旧记忆)、地方认同、地方保护之间的关系。研究显示,灾后积极的抗灾记忆、观念启示、怀旧记忆对于提升地方认同具有显著影响,而地方认同对于提升地方保护意愿具有显著影响。结果对于了解居民灾难心理、地方感、灾后行为有一定帮助,对于灾后遗址保护有一定借鉴意义。
This paper proceeds from the perceptive of memory geography and sense of place to explore the post-disaster human-place relationship in old Beichuan county town which was the worst-affected area of Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. Using means of qualitative and quantitative methods, it discovers the dimensions of post-disaster memory from the vernacular perspective, and finds the extent of dimensions of post-disaster collective memories, place identity and place protection intention of local survivors. Meanwhile, via using the structural equation modeling, it explores the relationship among collective memory, place identity and place protection intention in post-disaster period. The results show that local survivors' collective memory is multi-dimensions, mainly including disaster memory, traumatic emotion,memory of fighting against disasters, enlightenment learned from disaster, and nostalgic memory of home town. It also uncovers that the positive aspects of collective memory(memory of fighting disasters, enlightenment learned from disaster, nostalgic memory of home town) have significant impacts on improving place identity, and place identity has a significant positive impact on place protection intentions while, the negative aspects of collective memory(disaster memory and traumatic emotions) do not have significant impacts on reducing local place identity. This paper discusses the dimensions of post-disaster collective memory and reveals the effect of factor contributing to place identity and the mechanism of post-disaster collective memories on place identity. It also proves that collective memory-place identityplace protection intention is an effective new approach to understanding the local survivors' psychological experiences and the contradiction and complex aspect of post-disaster humanplace relationship. This makes up the shortage in the field of sense of disaster and post-disaster experiences in human geography in China. The results are of some help in understanding the disaster psychology and post-disaster recovery of local residents, and can be referred in the field of quake ruin planning and protection projects.
This paper proceeds from the perceptive of memory geography and sense of place to explore the post-disaster human-place relationship in old Beichuan county town which was the worst-affected area of Wenchuan earthquake in 2008. Using means of qualitative and quantitative methods, it discovers the dimensions of post-disaster memory from the vernacular perspective, and finds the extent of dimensions of post-disaster collective memories, place identity and place protection intention of local survivors. Meanwhile, via using the structural equation modeling, it explores the relationship among collective memory, place identity and place protection intention in post-disaster period. The results show that local survivors' collective memory is multi-dimensions, mainly including disaster memory, traumatic emotion,memory of fighting against disasters, enlightenment learned from disaster, and nostalgic memory of home town. It also uncovers that the positive aspects of collective memory(memory of fighting disasters, enlightenment learned from disaster, nostalgic memory of home town) have significant impacts on improving place identity, and place identity has a significant positive impact on place protection intentions while, the negative aspects of collective memory(disaster memory and traumatic emotions) do not have significant impacts on reducing local place identity. This paper discusses the dimensions of post-disaster collective memory and reveals the effect of factor contributing to place identity and the mechanism of post-disaster collective memories on place identity. It also proves that collective memory-place identityplace protection intention is an effective new approach to understanding the local survivors' psychological experiences and the contradiction and complex aspect of post-disaster humanplace relationship. This makes up the shortage in the field of sense of disaster and post-disaster experiences in human geography in China. The results are of some help in understanding the disaster psychology and post-disaster recovery of local residents, and can be referred in the field of quake ruin planning and protection projects.
引文
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[20]Bird D K,Gísladóttir G,Dominey-Howes D.Different communities,different perspectives:Issues affecting residents'response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland.Bulletin of volcanology,2011,73(9):1209-1227.
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[23]郭永锐,张捷,张玉玲.旅游目的地社区恢复力的影响因素及其作用机制.地理研究,2018,37(1):133-144.[Guo Yongrui,Zhang Jie,Zhang Yuling.Influencing factors and mechanism of community resilience in tourism destinations.Geographical Research,2018,37(1):133-144.]
[24]Halbwachs M.On Collective Memory.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992.
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[35]McEwen L,Garde-Hansen J,Holmes A,et al.Sustainable flood memories,lay knowledges and the development of community resilience to future flood risk.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2017,42(1):14-28.
[36]Wilson G A.Community resilience,social memory and the post-2010 Christchurch(New Zealand)earthquakes.Area,2013,45(2):207-215.
[37]Simpson E,Corbridge S.The geography of things that may become memories:The 2001 earthquake in Kachchh Gujarat and the politics of rehabilitation in the prememorial era.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2006,96(3):566-585.
[38]Recuber T.The prosumption of commemoration:Disasters,digital memory banks,and online collective memory.American Behavioral Scientist,2012,56(4):531-549.
[39]Proshansky H M,Fabian A K,Kaminoff R.Place identity:Physical world socialization of the self.Journal of Environmental Psychology,1983,3(1):57-83.
[40]Korpela K M.Place-identity as a product of environmental self-regulation.Journal of Environmental Psychology,1989,9(3):241-256.
[41]朱竑,刘博.地方感,地方依恋与地方认同等概念的辨析及研究启示.华南师范大学学报:自然科学版,2011,43(1):1-8.[Zhu Hong,Liu Bo.Concepts analysis and research implications:Sense of place,place attachment and place identity.Journal of South China Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2011,43(1):1-8.]
[42]Fullilove M T.Psychiatric implications of displacement:Contributions from the psychology of place.The American Journal of Psychiatry,1996,153(12):1516.
[43]Dixon J,Durrheim K.Dislocating identity:Desegregation and the transformation of place.Journal of environmental psychology,2004,24(4):455-473.
[44]Milligan M J.Interactional past and potential:The social construction of place attachment.Symbolic Interaction,1998,21(1):1-33.
[45]Kick E L,Fraser J C,Fulkerson G M,et al.Repetitive flood victims and acceptance of FEMA mitigation offers:An analysis with community-system policy implications.Disasters,2011,35(3):510-539.
[46]王金伟,张赛茵.灾害纪念地的黑色旅游者:动机、类型化及其差异:以北川地震遗址区为例.地理研究,2016,35(8):1576-1588.[Wang Jinwei,Zhang Saiyin.Dark tourists'motivations and segmentation at disaster memorials:The case of Beichuan earthquake site area,China.Geographical Research,2016,35(8):1576-1588.]
[47]Donnelly J J,Vaske M P.A value-attitude-behavior model predicting wildland preservation voting intentions.Society&Natural Resources,1999,12(6):523-537.
[48]Swim J K,Zawadzki S J,Cundiff J L,et al.Environmental identity and community support for the preservation of open space.Human Ecology Review,2014,20(2):133-156.
[49]Haywantee R,Liam D G S,Betty W.Relationships between place attachment,place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviour in an Australian national park.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2013,21(3):434-457.
[50]Ramkissoon H,Smith L D G,Weiler B.Testing the dimensionality of place attachment and its relationships with place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviours:A structural equation modelling approach.Tourism Management,2013,36(36):552-566.
[51]Stella,Giannakopoulou,Dimitris,et al.Protection of architectural heritage:Attitudes of local residents and visitors in Sirako,Greece.Journal of Mountain Science,2016,13(3):424-439.
[52]Ruijgrok E C M.The three economic values of cultural heritage:A case study in the Netherlands.Journal of Cultural Heritage,2006,7(3):206-213.
[53]国家减灾委员会,科学技术部抗震救灾专家组.汶川地震灾害综合分析与评估.北京:科学出版社,2008.[National Disaster Reduction Committee,Earthquake Relief Expert Group of Ministry of Science and Technology.Wenchuan Earthquake Disaster Comprehensive Analysis and Evaluation.Beijing:Science Press,2008.]
[54]北川统计局.北川年鉴2011.http://beichuan.my.gov.cn/,2017-12-30.[Beichuan Statistics Bureau.Yearbook of Beichuan County 2011.http://beichuan.my.gov.cn/,2017-12-30.]
[55]李晓凤.质性研究方法.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2006.[Li Xiaofeng.Method of Qualitative Research.Wuhan:Wuhan University Press,2006.]
[56]Inalhan G,Finch E.Place attachment and sense of belonging.Facilities,2004,22(5-6):120-128.
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[2]Relph E.Geographical experiences and being-in-the-world:The phenomenological origins of geography.In:Dwelling.Place and Environment.Dordrecht:Springer,1985:15-31.
[3]Pred A.Place as historically contingent process:Structuration and the time geography of becoming places.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1984,74(2):279-297.
[4]Bonaiuto M,Alves S,De Dominicis S,et al.Place attachment and natural hazard risk:Research review and agenda.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2016,48:33-53.
[5]Parsizadeh F,Ibrion M,Mokhtari M,et al.Bam 2003 earthquake disaster:On the earthquake risk perception,resilience and earthquake culture-cultural beliefs and cultural landscape of Qanats,gardens of Khorma trees and Argh-e Bam.International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,2015,14(4):457-469.
[6]Woods C,West C,Buettner P,et al."Out of our control":Living through Cyclone Yasi.International Journal of Qualitative Study on Health and Well-being.2014,9(1):198-215.
[7]Klockow K E,Peppler R A,McPherson R A.Tornado folk science in Alabama and Mississippi in the 27 April 2011 tornado outbreak.GeoJournal,2014,79(6):791-804.
[8]Silver A,Andrey J.The influence of previous disaster experience and sociodemographics on protective behaviors during two successive tornado events.Weather,Climate,and Society,2014,6(1):91-103.
[9]Korjonen-Kuusipuro K,Meril?inen-Hyv?rinen A.Living with the loss:Emotional ties to place in the Vuoksi and Talvivaara regions in Finland.Emotion,Space and Society,2016,20:27-34.
[10]Morrice S.Heartache and Hurricane Katrina:Recognising the influence of emotion in post-disaster return decisions.Area,2013,45(1):33-39.
[11]Whittle R,Walker M,Medd W,et al.Flood of emotions:Emotional work and long-term disaster recovery.Emotion,Space and Society,2012,5(1):60-69.
[12]Adams-Hutcheson G.Stories of relocation to the Waikato:Spaces of emotion and affect in the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes,Aotearoa New Zealand.Hamilton:University of Waikato,2014.
[13]Tapsell S M,Tunstall S M."I wish I'd never heard of Banbury":The relationship between'place'and the health impacts from flooding.Health&place,2008,14(2):133-154.
[14]Chamlee-Wright E,Storrv V H."There's no place like New Orleans":Sense of place and community recovery in the Ninth Ward after Hurricane Katrina.Journal of Urban Affairs,2009,31(5):615-634.
[15]Cox R S,Perry K M E.Like a fish out of water:Reconsidering disaster recovery and the role of place and social capital in community disaster resilience.American Journal of Community Psychology,2011,48(3-4):395-411.
[16]Silver A,Grek-Martin J."Now we understand what community really means":Reconceptualizing the role of sense of place in the disaster recovery process.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2015,42:32-41.
[17]Devine-Wright P.Rethinking NIMBYism:The role of place attachment and place identity in explaining place-protective action.Journal of Community&Applied Social Psychology,2009,19(6):426-441.
[18]Zhang Y,Zhang H L,Zhang J,et al.Predicting residents'pro-environmental behaviors at tourist sites:The role of awareness of disaster's consequences,values,and place attachment.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2014,40:131-146.
[19]Dominicis S D,Fornara F,Cancellieri U G,et al.We are at risk,and so what?Place attachment,environmental risk perceptions and preventive coping behaviours.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2015,43:66-78.
[20]Bird D K,Gísladóttir G,Dominey-Howes D.Different communities,different perspectives:Issues affecting residents'response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland.Bulletin of volcanology,2011,73(9):1209-1227.
[21]兰竹虹,张士斌,严予若.社区人文社会环境对汶川地震移民社会适应的影响:以北川县为例.人文地理,2017,32(4):22-29.[Lan Zhuhong,Zhang Shibing,Yan Yuruo.The influence of community humanities and social environment on social adaptation of Wenchuan earthquake miorants:A case study of Beichuan country.Human Geography,2017,32(4):22-29.]
[22]王瑛,林齐根,宋崇振,等.中国农村家庭的震后生活恢复过程研究.地理科学进展,2015,34(8):1009-1018.[Wang Ying,Lin Qigen,Song Chongzhen,et al.Post-earthquake household recovery in rural China.Progress in Geography,2015,34(8):1009-1018.]
[23]郭永锐,张捷,张玉玲.旅游目的地社区恢复力的影响因素及其作用机制.地理研究,2018,37(1):133-144.[Guo Yongrui,Zhang Jie,Zhang Yuling.Influencing factors and mechanism of community resilience in tourism destinations.Geographical Research,2018,37(1):133-144.]
[24]Halbwachs M.On Collective Memory.Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1992.
[25]Bla?Komac.Social memory and geographical memory of natural disasters.Acta Geographica Slovenica,2009,49(1):199-226.
[26]钱莉莉,张捷,郑春晖,等.地理学视角下的集体记忆研究综述.人文地理,2015,30(6):7-12.[Qian Lili,Zhang Jie,Zheng chunhui,et al.A review of studies on collective memory from the perspective of geography.Human Geography,2015,30(6):7-12.]
[27]Walsh C S.Crossroads of Identity and Memory:Mapping the Cultural Landscape of Taylor's Bridge.Newark:University of Delaware,2007.
[28]Till K E.Wounded cities:Memory-work and a place-based ethics of care.Political Geography,2012,31(1):3-14.
[29]Forest B,Johnson J E.Unraveling the threads of history:Soviet-era monuments and post-Soviet national identity in Moscow.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2002,92(3):524-547.
[30]Jordan J.Structures of Memory:Understanding Urban Change in Berlin and Beyond.Stanford:Stanford University Press,2006.
[31]Nagel C.Reconstructing space,recreating memory:Sectarian politics and urban development in post-war Beirut.Political Geography,2002,21(2):715-725.
[32]Winter J.Sites of Memory,Sites of Mourning:The Great War in European Cultural History.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995.
[33]Olick J K.Collective memory:The two cultures.Sociological Theory,1999,17(3):333-348.
[34]Lewicka M.Place attachment,place identity,and place memory:Restoring the forgotten city past.Journal of Environmental Psychology,2008,28(3):209-231.
[35]McEwen L,Garde-Hansen J,Holmes A,et al.Sustainable flood memories,lay knowledges and the development of community resilience to future flood risk.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers,2017,42(1):14-28.
[36]Wilson G A.Community resilience,social memory and the post-2010 Christchurch(New Zealand)earthquakes.Area,2013,45(2):207-215.
[37]Simpson E,Corbridge S.The geography of things that may become memories:The 2001 earthquake in Kachchh Gujarat and the politics of rehabilitation in the prememorial era.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,2006,96(3):566-585.
[38]Recuber T.The prosumption of commemoration:Disasters,digital memory banks,and online collective memory.American Behavioral Scientist,2012,56(4):531-549.
[39]Proshansky H M,Fabian A K,Kaminoff R.Place identity:Physical world socialization of the self.Journal of Environmental Psychology,1983,3(1):57-83.
[40]Korpela K M.Place-identity as a product of environmental self-regulation.Journal of Environmental Psychology,1989,9(3):241-256.
[41]朱竑,刘博.地方感,地方依恋与地方认同等概念的辨析及研究启示.华南师范大学学报:自然科学版,2011,43(1):1-8.[Zhu Hong,Liu Bo.Concepts analysis and research implications:Sense of place,place attachment and place identity.Journal of South China Normal University:Natural Science Edition,2011,43(1):1-8.]
[42]Fullilove M T.Psychiatric implications of displacement:Contributions from the psychology of place.The American Journal of Psychiatry,1996,153(12):1516.
[43]Dixon J,Durrheim K.Dislocating identity:Desegregation and the transformation of place.Journal of environmental psychology,2004,24(4):455-473.
[44]Milligan M J.Interactional past and potential:The social construction of place attachment.Symbolic Interaction,1998,21(1):1-33.
[45]Kick E L,Fraser J C,Fulkerson G M,et al.Repetitive flood victims and acceptance of FEMA mitigation offers:An analysis with community-system policy implications.Disasters,2011,35(3):510-539.
[46]王金伟,张赛茵.灾害纪念地的黑色旅游者:动机、类型化及其差异:以北川地震遗址区为例.地理研究,2016,35(8):1576-1588.[Wang Jinwei,Zhang Saiyin.Dark tourists'motivations and segmentation at disaster memorials:The case of Beichuan earthquake site area,China.Geographical Research,2016,35(8):1576-1588.]
[47]Donnelly J J,Vaske M P.A value-attitude-behavior model predicting wildland preservation voting intentions.Society&Natural Resources,1999,12(6):523-537.
[48]Swim J K,Zawadzki S J,Cundiff J L,et al.Environmental identity and community support for the preservation of open space.Human Ecology Review,2014,20(2):133-156.
[49]Haywantee R,Liam D G S,Betty W.Relationships between place attachment,place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviour in an Australian national park.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2013,21(3):434-457.
[50]Ramkissoon H,Smith L D G,Weiler B.Testing the dimensionality of place attachment and its relationships with place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviours:A structural equation modelling approach.Tourism Management,2013,36(36):552-566.
[51]Stella,Giannakopoulou,Dimitris,et al.Protection of architectural heritage:Attitudes of local residents and visitors in Sirako,Greece.Journal of Mountain Science,2016,13(3):424-439.
[52]Ruijgrok E C M.The three economic values of cultural heritage:A case study in the Netherlands.Journal of Cultural Heritage,2006,7(3):206-213.
[53]国家减灾委员会,科学技术部抗震救灾专家组.汶川地震灾害综合分析与评估.北京:科学出版社,2008.[National Disaster Reduction Committee,Earthquake Relief Expert Group of Ministry of Science and Technology.Wenchuan Earthquake Disaster Comprehensive Analysis and Evaluation.Beijing:Science Press,2008.]
[54]北川统计局.北川年鉴2011.http://beichuan.my.gov.cn/,2017-12-30.[Beichuan Statistics Bureau.Yearbook of Beichuan County 2011.http://beichuan.my.gov.cn/,2017-12-30.]
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