施肥方法对核桃园土壤和结实的影响及效益评价
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摘要
为确定核桃园省力化施肥方法,研究了不同有机肥施用方法对核桃园土壤理化性质及坚果产量和品质的影响,比较了各种施肥方法的用工量和效益。结果表明:有机肥覆盖处理0～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层有机质质量分数分别为21.38、10.98、10.32 g/kg,均显著高于有机肥条沟施、有机肥放射状沟施和有机肥环状沟施处理;0～20 cm土层有机肥覆盖处理土壤全N、全P、全K质量分数分别为0.26、1.96和10.53 g/kg,均显著高于其他有机肥施用方法处理;有机肥覆盖的核桃坚果产量为1 845 kg/hm~2,种仁脂肪质量分数为66.63%,均极显著高于其他施肥方法处理;有机肥覆盖处理核桃种仁总蛋白质质量分数为17.4%,显著低于其他施肥方法处理。各施肥方法处理中,有机肥覆盖施肥用工成本为600元/hm~2,有机肥条沟施和环状沟施施肥用工成本为2 400元/hm~2,有机肥放射状沟施用工成本为3 000元/hm~2,有机肥覆盖的施肥方法可节省大量施肥用工。在各施肥方法中,有机肥覆盖的年纯收入最高,为36 315元/hm~2。
In order to determine an energy-saving fertilization method, effects of different manure fertilization methods on physical and chemical properties of walnut orchard soil and nut quality were researched, and labor costs and benefits of different fertilization methods were compared. The results showed that mass fractions of organic matters in manure mulching treatments of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm soil layers were 21.38, 10.98 and 10.32 g/kg, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in strip ditch fertilization treatment, radial ditch fertilization treatment and ring ditch fertilization treatment. Mass fractions of total N, total P, and total K in manure mulching treatment of 0-20 cm soil layer were 0.26, 1.96 and 10.53 g/kg respectively, which were significantly higher than those of other fertilization methods.Nut yield was 1 845 kg/hm~2 and mass fraction of fat in kernel was 66.63% in manure mulching treatment, which were very significantly higher than those in the other treatments. Mass fraction of total proteins in kernel was 17.4% in manure mulching treatment, which was significantly lower than that in other treatments. Labour cost of manure mulching treatment was 600 Yuan/hm~2, those of strip ditch and ring ditch fertilization treatments were 2 400 Yuan/hm~2, and that of radial ditch fertilization treatment was 3 000 Yuan/hm~2. Therefore, manure mulching could significantly save fertilization labor cost. Annual net income of manure mulching was 36 315 Yuan/hm~2, which was the highest in all of the fertilizing methods.
In order to determine an energy-saving fertilization method, effects of different manure fertilization methods on physical and chemical properties of walnut orchard soil and nut quality were researched, and labor costs and benefits of different fertilization methods were compared. The results showed that mass fractions of organic matters in manure mulching treatments of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm soil layers were 21.38, 10.98 and 10.32 g/kg, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in strip ditch fertilization treatment, radial ditch fertilization treatment and ring ditch fertilization treatment. Mass fractions of total N, total P, and total K in manure mulching treatment of 0-20 cm soil layer were 0.26, 1.96 and 10.53 g/kg respectively, which were significantly higher than those of other fertilization methods.Nut yield was 1 845 kg/hm~2 and mass fraction of fat in kernel was 66.63% in manure mulching treatment, which were very significantly higher than those in the other treatments. Mass fraction of total proteins in kernel was 17.4% in manure mulching treatment, which was significantly lower than that in other treatments. Labour cost of manure mulching treatment was 600 Yuan/hm~2, those of strip ditch and ring ditch fertilization treatments were 2 400 Yuan/hm~2, and that of radial ditch fertilization treatment was 3 000 Yuan/hm~2. Therefore, manure mulching could significantly save fertilization labor cost. Annual net income of manure mulching was 36 315 Yuan/hm~2, which was the highest in all of the fertilizing methods.
引文
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[2]李保国,齐国辉.绿色优质薄皮核桃生产[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2007.
[3]CHEN B,LIU E K,TIAN Q,et al.Soil nitrogen dynamics and crop residues.A review[J].Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2014,34(2):429-442.
[4]付倩雯.不同施肥方式对新疆骏枣施肥效应的影响研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2014.
[5]陈青,姚行成,周珺,等.胶园大通沟施用有机肥对土壤肥力的影响[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(35):99-104.
[6]孙宇.苹果施用控释肥时期和方法的研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[7]陈家法,陈隆升,涂佳,等.长期施肥对油茶林产果量及土壤地力可持续性的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(7):59-65.
[8]李敬川,刘俊,武亚敬,等.不同施肥技术对土壤、葡萄生长和果实品质的影响[J].经济林研究,2010,28(3):34-39.
[9]刘贤赵,王庆,衣华鹏.旱地苹果园环状深沟施肥综合效应初报[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(5):77-82.
[10]焦蕊,于丽辰,贺丽敏,等.有机肥施肥方法和施肥量对富士苹果果实品质的影响[J].河北农业科学,2011,15(2):37-38.
[11]中华人民共和国林业部技术司.中国林业标准汇编:营造林卷,GB7888-87[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1998.
[12]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1982.
[13]李合生,孙群,赵世杰,等.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[14]孙萌.核桃园地面覆盖效应研究[D].保定:河北农业大学,2014.
[15]付倩雯,宋锋惠,史彦江,等.不同施肥方式对枣园土壤及叶片养分含量的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2018,55(3):448-456.
[16]刘杜玲,张博勇,彭少兵,等.氮磷钾配方施肥对核桃产量和品质指标的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2018,33(6):119-123.
[17]朱丛飞,罗汉东,胡冬南,等.不同施肥模式对油茶春梢生长和叶片酶活性的影响研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2017,37(6):39-44.
[18]郭向华.主要矿质元素含量与早实核桃产量质量的关系[D].保定:河北农业大学,2006.
[19]胡国俊.新新2号核桃根施氮磷钾肥的产量与品质效应[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2015.
[20]蒋斌芳,陶杰.柑桔省力化施肥技术[J].中国南方果树,1998(5):9-10.