黄河口尾闾河道近40年河床断面及平面形态调整特点
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摘要
清水沟改道及龙羊峡、小浪底水库运用后,黄河口尾闾河道的河床形态发生了显著调整。黄河口尾闾河道河床调整过程总体分为四个阶段,分别为:1976—1980年淤滩成槽阶段,1980—1984年单股入海阶段,1984-1999年主槽萎缩阶段,1999—2016年河床冲刷阶段。研究发现:清水沟改道初期,河床平面形态宽浅散乱,河口迅速延伸,河长从75.1 km增加到93.2 km。1980年后,河道逐渐形成单一顺直的河型,入海口逐渐南偏,河口延伸速率减小。1984—1999年,主槽萎缩严重,平滩面积减小了61%;深泓摆动剧烈,其摆动距离及强度分别为102 m及0.17。小浪底水库运用后,河床剧烈冲刷,平滩水深增加了41%;深泓摆动幅度减小,其摆动距离及强度分别减小至37 m及0.09。此外还建立了1999年后平滩形态参数及深泓摆动强度与前4年汛期平均水流冲刷强度的经验关系,一定条件下可用于反演河床形态随水沙条件的调整过程。
Remarkable channel adjustments have occurred in the Yellow River estuary since the 1996 artificial avulsion from the Diaokouhe course to Qingshuigou course. The channel has evolved through four stages: rapid aggradation, undercutting, shrinkage, and severe degradation. Its geometrical variations indicate that(i) in the initial stage of 1976-1980, the study reach was drastically aggraded, with its length increasing from 75.1 km to 93.2 km;(ii) during 1980-1984, numerous branches near the river mouth were gradually coalescing into a single channel toward the southeast, and channel undercutting was dominant;(iii) after 1984, the channel's bankfull area was decreased by 61% in severe shrinkage caused by the operation of Longyangxia reservoir, with its thalweg migrating frequently at a migrating intensity and width of 0.17 and 102 m respectively;(iv) during 1999-2016, its bankfull depth was increased by 41% and the migrating intensity and width decreased to 0.09 and 37 m respectively. In addition, we develop empirical relationships of reach-scale bankfull dimensions and thalweg-migrating intensity versus the average flow scour intensity over previous four years, which give satisfactory predictions of channel adjustments highly correlated with the real case.
Remarkable channel adjustments have occurred in the Yellow River estuary since the 1996 artificial avulsion from the Diaokouhe course to Qingshuigou course. The channel has evolved through four stages: rapid aggradation, undercutting, shrinkage, and severe degradation. Its geometrical variations indicate that(i) in the initial stage of 1976-1980, the study reach was drastically aggraded, with its length increasing from 75.1 km to 93.2 km;(ii) during 1980-1984, numerous branches near the river mouth were gradually coalescing into a single channel toward the southeast, and channel undercutting was dominant;(iii) after 1984, the channel's bankfull area was decreased by 61% in severe shrinkage caused by the operation of Longyangxia reservoir, with its thalweg migrating frequently at a migrating intensity and width of 0.17 and 102 m respectively;(iv) during 1999-2016, its bankfull depth was increased by 41% and the migrating intensity and width decreased to 0.09 and 37 m respectively. In addition, we develop empirical relationships of reach-scale bankfull dimensions and thalweg-migrating intensity versus the average flow scour intensity over previous four years, which give satisfactory predictions of channel adjustments highly correlated with the real case.
引文
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[13]余欣,王万战,李岩,等.小浪底水库运行以来黄河口演变分析[J].泥沙研究,2016(6):8-11.YU Xin,WANG Wanzhan,LI Yan,et al.Processes of the Yellow River Estuary since operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2016(6):8-11.(in Chinese)
[14]格立民,霍玉华.黄河下游挖河固堤工程可行性探讨[J].人民黄河,2003,25(5):12,21.GE Limin,HUO Yuhua.Discussion on the feasibility of river dredging and dikes reinforcing in the lower reaches of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2003,25(5):12,21.(in Chinese)
[15]由宝宏,王宗波,阎永新,等.2004年黄河口挖河固堤工程减淤效果分析[J].人民黄河,2006,28(11):66-67.YOU Baohong,WANG Zongbo,YAN Yongxin,et al.Analysis of the silting effect of the river dredging in the Yellow River estuary in 2004[J].Yellow River,2006,28(11):66-67.(in Chinese)
[16]王万战.黄河口清水沟流路河道演变及其对近口段的影响[J].人民黄河,1995(4):11-13.WANG Wanzhan.Evolution of the Qingshuigou course of the Yellow River Estuary and its impact on channel near the river mouth[J].Yellow River,1995(4):11-13.(in Chinese)
[17]XIA J,LI X,LI T,et al.Response of reach-scale bankfull channel geometry to the altered flow and sediment regime in the lower Yellow River[J].Geomorphology,2014,213(4):255-265.
[18]WU B,WANG G,XIA J,et al.Response of bankfull discharge to discharge and sediment load in the Lower Yellow River[J].Geomorphology,2008,100(3):366-376.
[19]李洁,夏军强,张诗媛.高含沙洪水后黄河下游游荡段宽深比变化规律[J].人民黄河,2016,38(11):26-30.LI Jie,XIA Junqiang,ZHANG Shiyuan.Variation in width-depth ratio of the braided reach in the Lower Yellow River undergoing hyperconcentrated flood processes[J].Yellow River,2016,38(11):26-30.(in Chinese)
[20]张汝翼,杨旭临.黄河断流的历史回顾与简析[J].人民黄河,1998(10):38-40.ZHANG Ruyi,YANG Xulin.The history and analysis of the interruption of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,1998(10):38-40.(in Chinese)
[21]李云驹,刘学工,马浩录,等.黄河口尾闾变化的遥感分析[J].人民黄河,2006,28(7):1-2.LI Yunju,LIU Xuegong,MA Haolu,et al.Remote sensing analysis on sink variations of the Yellow River Estuary[J].Yellow River,2006,28(7):1-2.(in Chinese)
[22]吉祖稳,胡春宏.运用遥感卫星照片分析黄河河口近期演变[J].泥沙研究,1994(3):12-22.JI Zuwen,HU Chunhong.Analysis of recent evolution of the Yellow River Estuary by landsat images[J].Journal of Sediment Research,1994(3):12-22.(in Chinese)
[23]KONG D,MIAO C,BORTHWICK A G L,et al.Evolution of the Yellow River Delta and its relationship with runoff and sediment load from 1983 to 2011[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,520:157-167.
[24]WU X,BI N,XU J,et al.Stepwise morphological evolution of the active Yellow River(Huanghe)delta lobe(1976-2013):Dominant roles of riverine discharge and sediment grain size[J].Geomorphology,2017,292:115-127.
[25]高文永,张广泉.黄河口清水沟流路现状及其演变[J].人民黄河,1994(5):12-15.GAO Wenyong,ZHANG Guangquan.Present status and evolution of the Qingshuigou flow path in the Yellow River Estuary[J].Yellow River,1994(5):12-15.(in Chinese)
[26]WANG H,YANG Z,SAITO Y,et al.Stepwise decreases of the Huanghe(Yellow River)sediment load(1950-2005):Impacts of climate change and human activities[J].Global&Planetary Change,2007,57(3):331-354.
[27]尹学良.黄河口的河道演变[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1986:158-159.YIN Xueliang.The channel evolution in the Yellow River Estuary[M].Beijing:China Railway Press,1986:158-159.(in Chinese)
[28]LI J,XIA J,ZHOU M,et al.Variation in reach-scale thalweg-migration intensity in a braided reach of the lower Yellow River in 1986-2015[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2017,42(13):1952-1962.
[29]黄河水利科学研究院.2009-2010年度咨询报告[R].2010.The Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research.Annual advisory bulletin in 2009-2010[R].2010.(in Chinese)
[30]李洁,夏军强,邓珊珊,等.近30年黄河下游河道深泓线摆动特点[J].水科学进展,2017,28(5):652-661.LI Jie,XIA Junqiang,DENG Shanshan,et al.Characteristics of channel thalweg migration in the lower Yellow River over the past 30 years[J].Advances in Water Science,2017,28(5):652-661.(in Chinese)
[2]王恺忱,王开荣.黄河口拦门沙的特性与治理问题[J].人民黄河,2002,24(2):10-11.WANG Kaichen,WANG Kairong.The characteristic and analysis of the mouth bar in the Yellow River Estuary[J].Yellow River,2002,24(2):10-11.(in Chinese)
[3]侯志军,由宝宏,李士国.近年来黄河尾闾河道冲淤特性分析[J].泥沙研究,2009(1):48-53.HOU Zhijun,YOU Baohong,LI Shiguo.Erosion and deposition characteristic analysis of tail reaches in the Yellow River Estuary in recent years[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2009(1):48-53.(in Chinese)
[4]YU J,FU Y,LI Y,et al.Effects of water discharge and sediment load on evolution of modern Yellow River Delta,China,over the period from 1976 to 2009[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,2011,8(2):2427-2435.
[5]陈宝冲.黄河口清水沟流路的河床演变及其影响[J].地理科学,1999,19(1):88-91.CHEN Baochong.The channel changes and their effects in the Qingshuigou stream into the estuary of the Yellow River[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,1999,19(1):88-91(in Chinese)
[6]YANG X,DAMEN M C J,ZUIDAM R A V.Satellite remote sensing and GIS for the analysis of channel migration changes in the active Yellow River Delta,China[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,1999,1(2):146-157.
[7]胡春宏,张治昊.黄河口尾闾河道横断面形态调整及其与水沙过程的响应关系[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2011,19(4):543-553.HU Chunhong,ZHANG Zhihao.Relationship between adjustment of section configuration and flow-sediment of tail channels in the Yellow River Estuary[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2011,19(4):543-553.(in Chinese)
[8]ZHENG S,WU B S,WANG K R,et al.Evolution of the Yellow River delta,China:Impacts of channel avulsion and progradation[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2017(1):34-44.
[9]WANG S,HASSAN M A,XIE X.Relationship between suspended sediment load,channel geometry and land area increment in the Yellow River Delta[J].Catena,2006,65(3):302-314.
[10]SHI C,ZHANG D.Processes and mechanisms of dynamic channel adjustment to delta progradation:the case of the mouth channel of the Yellow River,China[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2003,28(6):609-624.
[11]陈彰榕.黄河现行河口的潮区界[J].海洋湖沼通报,1988(4):85-88.CHEN Zhangrong.The tidal range of the modern Yellow River Estuary[J].Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology,1988(4):85-88.(in Chinese)
[12]王开荣,黄海军,张永平.黄河清水沟流路河口尾闾段河床形态萎缩特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2008,28(2):15-22.WANG Kairong,HUANG Haijun,ZHANG Yongping.Shrinkage on riverbed form of the tail of Yellow River Mouth in Qingshuigou course[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2008,28(2):15-22.(in Chinese)
[13]余欣,王万战,李岩,等.小浪底水库运行以来黄河口演变分析[J].泥沙研究,2016(6):8-11.YU Xin,WANG Wanzhan,LI Yan,et al.Processes of the Yellow River Estuary since operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir[J].Journal of Sediment Research,2016(6):8-11.(in Chinese)
[14]格立民,霍玉华.黄河下游挖河固堤工程可行性探讨[J].人民黄河,2003,25(5):12,21.GE Limin,HUO Yuhua.Discussion on the feasibility of river dredging and dikes reinforcing in the lower reaches of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,2003,25(5):12,21.(in Chinese)
[15]由宝宏,王宗波,阎永新,等.2004年黄河口挖河固堤工程减淤效果分析[J].人民黄河,2006,28(11):66-67.YOU Baohong,WANG Zongbo,YAN Yongxin,et al.Analysis of the silting effect of the river dredging in the Yellow River estuary in 2004[J].Yellow River,2006,28(11):66-67.(in Chinese)
[16]王万战.黄河口清水沟流路河道演变及其对近口段的影响[J].人民黄河,1995(4):11-13.WANG Wanzhan.Evolution of the Qingshuigou course of the Yellow River Estuary and its impact on channel near the river mouth[J].Yellow River,1995(4):11-13.(in Chinese)
[17]XIA J,LI X,LI T,et al.Response of reach-scale bankfull channel geometry to the altered flow and sediment regime in the lower Yellow River[J].Geomorphology,2014,213(4):255-265.
[18]WU B,WANG G,XIA J,et al.Response of bankfull discharge to discharge and sediment load in the Lower Yellow River[J].Geomorphology,2008,100(3):366-376.
[19]李洁,夏军强,张诗媛.高含沙洪水后黄河下游游荡段宽深比变化规律[J].人民黄河,2016,38(11):26-30.LI Jie,XIA Junqiang,ZHANG Shiyuan.Variation in width-depth ratio of the braided reach in the Lower Yellow River undergoing hyperconcentrated flood processes[J].Yellow River,2016,38(11):26-30.(in Chinese)
[20]张汝翼,杨旭临.黄河断流的历史回顾与简析[J].人民黄河,1998(10):38-40.ZHANG Ruyi,YANG Xulin.The history and analysis of the interruption of the Yellow River[J].Yellow River,1998(10):38-40.(in Chinese)
[21]李云驹,刘学工,马浩录,等.黄河口尾闾变化的遥感分析[J].人民黄河,2006,28(7):1-2.LI Yunju,LIU Xuegong,MA Haolu,et al.Remote sensing analysis on sink variations of the Yellow River Estuary[J].Yellow River,2006,28(7):1-2.(in Chinese)
[22]吉祖稳,胡春宏.运用遥感卫星照片分析黄河河口近期演变[J].泥沙研究,1994(3):12-22.JI Zuwen,HU Chunhong.Analysis of recent evolution of the Yellow River Estuary by landsat images[J].Journal of Sediment Research,1994(3):12-22.(in Chinese)
[23]KONG D,MIAO C,BORTHWICK A G L,et al.Evolution of the Yellow River Delta and its relationship with runoff and sediment load from 1983 to 2011[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,520:157-167.
[24]WU X,BI N,XU J,et al.Stepwise morphological evolution of the active Yellow River(Huanghe)delta lobe(1976-2013):Dominant roles of riverine discharge and sediment grain size[J].Geomorphology,2017,292:115-127.
[25]高文永,张广泉.黄河口清水沟流路现状及其演变[J].人民黄河,1994(5):12-15.GAO Wenyong,ZHANG Guangquan.Present status and evolution of the Qingshuigou flow path in the Yellow River Estuary[J].Yellow River,1994(5):12-15.(in Chinese)
[26]WANG H,YANG Z,SAITO Y,et al.Stepwise decreases of the Huanghe(Yellow River)sediment load(1950-2005):Impacts of climate change and human activities[J].Global&Planetary Change,2007,57(3):331-354.
[27]尹学良.黄河口的河道演变[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1986:158-159.YIN Xueliang.The channel evolution in the Yellow River Estuary[M].Beijing:China Railway Press,1986:158-159.(in Chinese)
[28]LI J,XIA J,ZHOU M,et al.Variation in reach-scale thalweg-migration intensity in a braided reach of the lower Yellow River in 1986-2015[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2017,42(13):1952-1962.
[29]黄河水利科学研究院.2009-2010年度咨询报告[R].2010.The Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research.Annual advisory bulletin in 2009-2010[R].2010.(in Chinese)
[30]李洁,夏军强,邓珊珊,等.近30年黄河下游河道深泓线摆动特点[J].水科学进展,2017,28(5):652-661.LI Jie,XIA Junqiang,DENG Shanshan,et al.Characteristics of channel thalweg migration in the lower Yellow River over the past 30 years[J].Advances in Water Science,2017,28(5):652-661.(in Chinese)