上海口岸入出境船舶压载水的致病微生物携带情况调查
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摘要
据国际海事组织统计,每年在全球运输的压载水超过100亿吨,每天约有超过7 000种生物随船舶压载水在全球范围内迁移,这些迁移的生物极易造成生物入侵。为了评估上海及附近海域受外来生物"侵袭"的风险,尤其是上海口岸入境的国际航行船舶压载水中致病微生物携带情况,我们采用自制采样器采集洋山、崇明及外高桥等港口入境船舶压载水样,参照国标GB/T5750.12—2006和生活饮用水规范(2001),对样品进行实验室培养和检测。结果显示在调查的20艘来自国外船舶的压载水中,检测到了肠致病性的气单胞菌和肠球菌,在某些船的压载水中还检测到了铅黄肠球菌。在3艘外来船舶的4个样本中检测到大肠菌群,细菌总数检测在10~3~10~4cfu/m L,霍乱弧菌未检出。研究结果说明当前上海口岸入境船舶压载水中存在风险,也警示我们应该加强压载水的管理。对于新发现的单胞菌,也应加强检测方法及标准的建立。为更好地应对实施的国际压载水海洋公约,我们应该针对入境的船舶压载水,展开更广泛地调查,采集更多的数据,对外来微生物进行更详细的风险评估。
According the IMO( International Maritime Organization),more than 10 billion tons ballast water was transported,with more than 7 000 species with the ship ballast water migration in the global scope. In order to assess the risk of being " invaded" by alien organisms in Shanghai and the surrounding sea areas and to investigate pathogenic microorganisms in ballast water from International ships sailing to Shanghai,we have collected ballast water samples from ships berthed in Yangshan port,Chongming port and Waigaoqiao Port for detection. Sample preparation,incubation and detection and identification are operated as the government standard GB/T5750. 12-2006 and Standards for Drinking Water Quality( 2001). The results showed some Aeromonas and Enteropathogenic Monoucleosis were detected,including Enterococcus casseliflavus. The total bacterial count of all the ballast water samples was in the range of 103-104 cfu/ml. Coliform was found in 4 samples from 3 ships,while Vibrio cholera had not been detected. The result demonstrated the risks of pathogenic microorganism in the ballast water of the ships at the Shanghai Port,which warns us to strengthen the management of ballast water. For newly detected pathogenic bacteria,detecting methods and standards should also be established. For the strategy to International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments,we should do more survey and collect more data for more detailed assessment about the risk of the incoming ships' s ballast water.
According the IMO( International Maritime Organization),more than 10 billion tons ballast water was transported,with more than 7 000 species with the ship ballast water migration in the global scope. In order to assess the risk of being " invaded" by alien organisms in Shanghai and the surrounding sea areas and to investigate pathogenic microorganisms in ballast water from International ships sailing to Shanghai,we have collected ballast water samples from ships berthed in Yangshan port,Chongming port and Waigaoqiao Port for detection. Sample preparation,incubation and detection and identification are operated as the government standard GB/T5750. 12-2006 and Standards for Drinking Water Quality( 2001). The results showed some Aeromonas and Enteropathogenic Monoucleosis were detected,including Enterococcus casseliflavus. The total bacterial count of all the ballast water samples was in the range of 103-104 cfu/ml. Coliform was found in 4 samples from 3 ships,while Vibrio cholera had not been detected. The result demonstrated the risks of pathogenic microorganism in the ballast water of the ships at the Shanghai Port,which warns us to strengthen the management of ballast water. For newly detected pathogenic bacteria,detecting methods and standards should also be established. For the strategy to International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments,we should do more survey and collect more data for more detailed assessment about the risk of the incoming ships' s ballast water.
引文
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[16]曲芬,鲍春梅,崔恩博,等.气单胞菌不同种的流行及耐药性[J].中国抗感染化疗杂志,2004,4(5):302-305.QU F,BAO C M,CUI E B,et al.Prevalence And Antimicrobial Resistance of Different Aeromonas Species[J].Chinese Journal of Infection Chemotherapy,2004,4(5):302-305.
[17]李希涛,刘万顺,孟文杰.临床感染豚鼠气单胞菌21例分析[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2002,12(4):315-316.LI X T,LIU W S,MENG W J.An Analysis of 21 Cases of Aeromonas With Clinical Infection in Guinea Pigs[J].Chinese Journal of nosocomial infection,2002,12(4):315-316.
[18]曲芬.气单胞菌感染的研究进展[J].传染病信息,2006,19(1):22-23.QU F.Advancement in researches of infection by Aeromonas[J].Infectious Disease Information,2006,19(1):22-23.
[19]赵渊,佘军,顾保罗.少动鞘氨醇单胞菌临床感染分析及药敏监测[J].健康研究,2009,29(4):263-265.ZHAO Y,YU J,GU B L.Clinical infection and bacterial resistance surveillance of Sphingomonas sphingomonas[J].Health Research,2009,29(4):263-265.
[20]陈明亮,王刚毅,许学斌,等.少动鞘氨醇单胞菌引起小儿败血症合并脑膜炎1例[J].微生物与感染,2010,5(3):160-162.CHEN M L,WANG G Y,XU X B,et al.A case of septicemia complicated with meningitis in a child caused by Sphingomonas paucimobilis[J].Journal of Microbes and Infections,2010,5(3):160-162.
[21]王晓芳,李建平,华春珍,等.儿童血培养分离到少动鞘氨醇单胞菌40例临床分析[J].浙江医学,2013,35(16):1505-1507.WANG X F,LI J P,HUA C Z,et al.Clinical features of children with positive blood culture for Sphingomonas paucimobilis[J].Journal of Zhejiang Medical,2013,35(16):1505-1507.
[22]谢琴秀,熊自忠.21例铅黄肠球菌感染的临床特征分析[J].安徽医药,2008,12(10):925-926.XIE Q X,XIONG Z Z.Clinical analysis of 21 cases with infection of Enterococcus casseliflavus[J].Anhui Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal,2008,12(10):925-926.
[23]郭萍,郭莉,颜秉兴,等.新生儿败血症血液中检出铅黄肠球菌[J].中华检验医学杂志,2001,24(5):277-277.GUO P,GUO L,YAN B X,et al.Neonatal cepsis in the bood detection of Enterococcus casseliflavus[J].Chinese Journal of Laboratory Medicine,2001,24(5):277-277.
[2]ROBERTS L.Zebra mussel invasion threatens U.S waters:Damage estimates soar into the billions for the zebra mussel,just one of many invaders entering U.S.waters via ballast water[J].Science,1990,249(4975):1370-1372.
[3]HALLEGRAEFF G M,BOLCH C J.Transport of diatom and dinoflagellate resting spores in ship's ballast water:implications for plankton biogeography and aquaculture[J].Journal of Plankton Research,1992,14(8):1067-1084.
[4]全球压载水管理项目中国国家项目实施小组.全球更换压载水项目管理[J].交通环保,2001(1):1-4.China national project implementation group for the global ballast water management project.Global Replacement Of Ballast Water Management Project[J].Traffic Environmental Protection,2001(1):1-4.
[5]CHU K H,TAM P F,FUNG C H,et al.A biological survey of ballast water in container ships entering Hong Kong[J].Hydrobiologia,1997,352:201-206.
[6]张硕慧.船舶压载水转移外来物种机制的探讨[J].中国航海,2002(1):43-47.ZHANG S H.Discussion on Mechanisms of Non-Indigenous Species Transfer via Ship’s Ballast Water[J].Navigation of China,2002(1):43-47.
[7]林继灿,杨泽,吴博慈,等.珠海港进出境船舶压载水致病性弧菌的流行病学调查结果分析[J].口岸卫生控制,2005,10(3):8-10,18.LIN J C,YANG ZE,WU B C,et al.Analysis on epidemiologic investigation result of ballastic water in entryexit shipping for pathogenic vibrio in Zhuhai Port[J].Port Health Control,2005,10(3):8-10,18.
[8]王爱民,许炳芬,陈宗辉,等.国际航行船舶压载水外来有害生物研究[J].检验检疫科学,2007,17(3):9-11.WANG A M,XU B F,CHEN Z H,et al.External Harmful Living Beings in Ballast Water on Cross Border Vessel[J].Inspection And Quarantine Science,2007,17(3):9-11.
[9]李俊成,聂维忠,李德昕,等.国际航行船舶压载水生物监测调查报告[J].中国国境卫生检疫杂志,2003,26(s1):46-48.LI J C,NIE W Z,LI D X,et al.The investigation report on biological Surveillance of ballast's water of international shipping[J].China Journal of Frontier Health Quarantine,2003,26(s1):46[J]48.
[10]中华人民共和国卫生部,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 5750.12-2006生活饮用水标准检验方法微生物指标[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China,China National Standardization Management Committee.GB/T5750.12-2006 Standard examination methods for drinking water-Microbiological parameters[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,2007.
[11]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.SN/T 1022-2010进出口食品中霍乱弧菌检验方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2010.People's Republic of China General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine.SN/T 1022-2010Detection of Vibrio cholerae in food for import and export[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,2010.
[12]国家质量监督检验检疫总局.SN/T 2206.5-2009化妆品微生物检验方法第5部分:肠球菌[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2009.State Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine.SN/T 2206.5-2009 Determination of microbiological in cosmetics-part 5:enterococci[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,2009.
[13]BSI.BS 6068-4.4-2000 Water quality Detection and enumeration of intestinal enterococci in surface and waste water-Part 2:Membrane filtration method[S].BSI,2000.
[14]陆承平.致病性嗜水气单胞菌及其所致鱼病综述[J].水产学报,1992,16(3):282-288.LU C P.Pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila and the fish diseases caused by it[J].Journal Of Fisheries Of China,1992,16(3):282-288.
[15]杨守明,王民生.嗜水气单胞菌及其对人的致病性[J].疾病控制杂志,2006,10(5):511-514.YANG S M,WANG M S.Aeromonas hydrophila and its pathogensis to humans[J].Chinese Journal of Disease Control&Prevention,2006,10(5):511-514.
[16]曲芬,鲍春梅,崔恩博,等.气单胞菌不同种的流行及耐药性[J].中国抗感染化疗杂志,2004,4(5):302-305.QU F,BAO C M,CUI E B,et al.Prevalence And Antimicrobial Resistance of Different Aeromonas Species[J].Chinese Journal of Infection Chemotherapy,2004,4(5):302-305.
[17]李希涛,刘万顺,孟文杰.临床感染豚鼠气单胞菌21例分析[J].中华医院感染学杂志,2002,12(4):315-316.LI X T,LIU W S,MENG W J.An Analysis of 21 Cases of Aeromonas With Clinical Infection in Guinea Pigs[J].Chinese Journal of nosocomial infection,2002,12(4):315-316.
[18]曲芬.气单胞菌感染的研究进展[J].传染病信息,2006,19(1):22-23.QU F.Advancement in researches of infection by Aeromonas[J].Infectious Disease Information,2006,19(1):22-23.
[19]赵渊,佘军,顾保罗.少动鞘氨醇单胞菌临床感染分析及药敏监测[J].健康研究,2009,29(4):263-265.ZHAO Y,YU J,GU B L.Clinical infection and bacterial resistance surveillance of Sphingomonas sphingomonas[J].Health Research,2009,29(4):263-265.
[20]陈明亮,王刚毅,许学斌,等.少动鞘氨醇单胞菌引起小儿败血症合并脑膜炎1例[J].微生物与感染,2010,5(3):160-162.CHEN M L,WANG G Y,XU X B,et al.A case of septicemia complicated with meningitis in a child caused by Sphingomonas paucimobilis[J].Journal of Microbes and Infections,2010,5(3):160-162.
[21]王晓芳,李建平,华春珍,等.儿童血培养分离到少动鞘氨醇单胞菌40例临床分析[J].浙江医学,2013,35(16):1505-1507.WANG X F,LI J P,HUA C Z,et al.Clinical features of children with positive blood culture for Sphingomonas paucimobilis[J].Journal of Zhejiang Medical,2013,35(16):1505-1507.
[22]谢琴秀,熊自忠.21例铅黄肠球菌感染的临床特征分析[J].安徽医药,2008,12(10):925-926.XIE Q X,XIONG Z Z.Clinical analysis of 21 cases with infection of Enterococcus casseliflavus[J].Anhui Medical and Pharmaceutical Journal,2008,12(10):925-926.
[23]郭萍,郭莉,颜秉兴,等.新生儿败血症血液中检出铅黄肠球菌[J].中华检验医学杂志,2001,24(5):277-277.GUO P,GUO L,YAN B X,et al.Neonatal cepsis in the bood detection of Enterococcus casseliflavus[J].Chinese Journal of Laboratory Medicine,2001,24(5):277-277.