不同光周期处理蛹对梨小食心虫羽化及交配繁殖的影响
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摘要
【目的】梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta (Busck)是世界性的蛀果类害虫,发生期和危害范围的分布较广。在不同分布区和发生期内接受的光周期均不同。实验室前期研究结果显示,梨小食心虫具有明显的节律性,具体表现在其羽化和交配行为的发生时间随接受光照时长而波动。为了探究不同光周期刺激蛹对梨小食心虫羽化以及对随后交配繁殖的影响。【方法】本实验分别设置L:D为0:24、2:22、4:20、8:16、12:12、15:9、16:8、20:4、22:2、24:0共10种比例的光周期,对梨小食心虫的蛹进行处理,并将成功羽化的成虫置于自然环境下配对,观察并记录蛹历期、交尾日龄、交配持续时间、交配率、繁殖量和成虫寿命。【结果】试验结果表明:对梨小食心虫蛹进行处理,除繁殖量无显著差异外,其他指标均有显著差异。在8L:16D时蛹期最短,交配率和繁殖量在全暗时最低,交尾日龄在全光时最高。雌虫寿命在12L:12D时最长,雄虫寿命在2L:22D时最长。【结论】蛹接受不同光周期刺激后,不仅对羽化产生显著影响,而且对其交配繁殖也产生显著影响。这种影响方式会带来不同分布区世代数、世代周期和发生量上的差异,并且与纬度关系密切。在自然环境中,光周期除带来温度变化间接影响梨小食心虫的发生外,同样可以对其发生进行直接调节,并且梨小食心虫对这种变化具有一定的预判性。
[Objectives] To investigate the effect of pupal exposure to different photoperiods on the emergence, mating and reproduction of Grapholita molesta(Busck), a globally important fruit-boring pest. [Methods] Previous laboratory studies show that the behavioral rhythm of emergence and mating in this species vary with duration of light exposure. Pupae were exposed to 10 different photoperiods(L:D = 0:24, 2:22, 4:20, 8:16, 12:12, 15:9, 16:8, 20:4, 22:2, 24:0) and the pupal period, mating age, mating duration, mating rate, the number of fertile eggs and adult longevity, were recorded and compared among treatments. [Results] The pupal period of the 8L:16D treatment group was the shortest. The mating rate and number of fertile eggs of the 0L:24D treatment group were the lowest, and the mating age of the 24L:0D treatment group was the highest. Female and male longevity were highest at 12L:12D or 2L:22D. [Conclusion] Exposing pupae to different photoperiods significantly affected emergence, mating rate and fecundity. Because photoperiod is closely related to latitude, this sensitivity to photoperiod could cause differences in generation number, generation time and abundance over the species' range. In nature, both temperature and photoperiod can directly affect the occurrence of G. molesta, a species that also has the capacity to has anticipate photoperiod.
[Objectives] To investigate the effect of pupal exposure to different photoperiods on the emergence, mating and reproduction of Grapholita molesta(Busck), a globally important fruit-boring pest. [Methods] Previous laboratory studies show that the behavioral rhythm of emergence and mating in this species vary with duration of light exposure. Pupae were exposed to 10 different photoperiods(L:D = 0:24, 2:22, 4:20, 8:16, 12:12, 15:9, 16:8, 20:4, 22:2, 24:0) and the pupal period, mating age, mating duration, mating rate, the number of fertile eggs and adult longevity, were recorded and compared among treatments. [Results] The pupal period of the 8L:16D treatment group was the shortest. The mating rate and number of fertile eggs of the 0L:24D treatment group were the lowest, and the mating age of the 24L:0D treatment group was the highest. Female and male longevity were highest at 12L:12D or 2L:22D. [Conclusion] Exposing pupae to different photoperiods significantly affected emergence, mating rate and fecundity. Because photoperiod is closely related to latitude, this sensitivity to photoperiod could cause differences in generation number, generation time and abundance over the species' range. In nature, both temperature and photoperiod can directly affect the occurrence of G. molesta, a species that also has the capacity to has anticipate photoperiod.
引文
Bertossa RC,van Dijk J,Beersma DG,Beukeboom W,2010.Circadian rhythms of adult emergence and activity but not eclosion in males of the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis.Journal of Insect Physiology,56(7):805?812.
Chen FY,Wang RZ,Cao HG,1998.A preliminary report on the occurrence and control of Grapholitha molesta.Biological Disaster Science,21(1):15?16.[陈凤英,汪荣灶,曹华国,1998.梨小食心虫的发生与防治研究初报.生物灾害科学,21(1):15?16.]
Chu YN,Wang Q,Li JW,Zhang QW,Liu XX,2014.Effects of photoperiod on the development and reproduction of Agrotis ypsilon.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(5):1268?1273.[褚艳娜,王琼,李静雯,张青文,刘小侠,2014.光周期对小地老虎生长发育及繁殖的影响.应用昆虫学报,51(5):1268?1273.]
Dickson RC,1949.Factors governing the induction of diapause in the oriental fruit moth.Annals of the Entomological Society of America,42(4):511?537.
Fan RJ,Liu ZF,Lu JJ,Feng YT,Yu Q,Gao Y,Zhang RX,2013.Progress in the application of IPM to control the oriental fruit moth(Grapholitha molesta)in China.Chinese Bulletin of Entomology,50(6):1509?1513.[范仁俊,刘中芳,陆俊姣,封云涛,庾琴,高越,张润祥,2013.我国梨小食心虫综合防治研究进展.应用昆虫学报,50(6):1509?1513.]
Han KS,Jung JK,Choi KH,Sun WL,Boo KS,2001.Sex pheromone composition and male trapping of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae)in Korea.Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology,4(1):31?35.
Han JL,Gao QY,2014.Occurrence law and control technology of Guapholitha molesta Busck in Harbin pear orchard.Northern Horticulture,22:111?112.[韩继龙,高庆玉,2014.哈尔滨梨园梨小食心虫的发生规律及其防治技术.北方园艺,22:111?112.]
Huang KX,Liu XQ,Huang BK,1990.Fruit Tree Entomology.Beijing:Agricultural Press.212?216.[黄可训,刘秀琼,黄邦侃,1990.果树昆虫学.北京:农业出版社.212?216.]
Kong WN,Hu RS,Zhao ZG,Li J,Zhang ZW,Li SC,Ma RY,2014.Effects of trap height,location,and spacing on pheromone-baited trap catch efficacy for oriental fruit moths(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae)in a peach orchard.Canadian Entomologist,146(6):684?692.
Li XJ,Zhai H,Wang T,Li H,Wang CJ,2013.Study on the occurrence dynamics and prediction mathematical model of Grapholitha molesta in peach orchard in Feicheng region of Shandong.Journal of Fruit Science,30(5):841?847.[李晓军,翟浩,王涛,李红,王长君,2013.山东泰安肥城桃产区梨小食心虫发生规律及预测预报模型研究.果树学报,30(5):841?847.]
Liu HR,Lin FC,Yang XH,Guo JL,2011.Occurrence and control of Grapholitha molesta in Heilongjiang province.Forest by-Product and Speciality in China,112(3):25?27.[刘海荣,林发成,杨晓华,郭金玲,2011.黑龙江省梨小食心虫发生与防治.中国林副特产,112(3):25?27.]
Lu PF,Qiao HL,Zong SX,Lei CL,2013.Effect of delayed and multiple mating on the reproduction of Maruca vitrata.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,50(6):1564?1572.[陆鹏飞,乔海莉,宗世祥,雷朝亮,2013.豆野螟延迟交尾和多次交尾对生殖的影响.应用昆虫学报,50(6):1564?1572.]
Myers CT,Hull LA,Krawczyk G,2006.Effects of orchard host plants on the oviposition preference of the oriental fruit moth(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae).Journal of Economic Entomology,99(4):1176?1183.
Saunders DS,1970.Circadian clock in insect photoperiodism.Science,168(3931):601?603.
Wang ZH,2013.Use sex pheromone to forecast Grapholita molesta occurrence period and prevention.Xinjiang Farmland Reclamation Science&Technology,(8):18?19.[王振辉,2013.性诱剂测报梨小食心虫发生期与防治试验.新疆农垦科技,(8):18?19.]
Wu SH,Xiang Q,Xue FS,2007.Circadian behavioral rhythms in insects.Jiangxi Plant Protection,29(4):147?157.[吴少会,向群,薛芳森,2007.昆虫的行为节律.江西植保,29(4):147?157.]
Yang BL,Deng YJ,1998.Life history and early control of Grapholitha molesta.South China Fruits,27(1):36.[杨本立,邓有金,1998.梨小食心虫的生活史及早期防治.中国南方果树,27(1):36.]
Yu GZ,Chen C,Liu W,Fu XG,Wei HY,2013.Effects of temperature and photoperiod on the eclosion rhythm of Ostrinia furnacalis.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,50(1):180?185.[余国志,陈超,刘伟,付小刚,魏洪义,2013.温度和光周期对亚洲玉米螟羽化节律的影响.应用昆虫学报,50(1):180?185.]
Yue ZY,Zhang XP,Yang S,Liu AH,Zhang JW,Xu BQ,2011.Primary discussion on growth and decline dynamics of Grapholitha molesta Busck and prevention and control of Trichogramma in apricot orchard in Kashi region.Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,47(12):2376?2380.[岳朝阳,张新平,杨森,刘爱华,张静文,徐兵强,2011.喀什地区杏园内食心虫消长动态及赤眼蜂防治初探.新疆农业科学,47(12):2376?2380.]
Zhang GH,Wu JX,2012.Behavioral rhythms of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta(Busck)(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae).Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),40(12):131?135.[张国辉,仵均祥,2012.梨小食心虫成虫行为节律研究.西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,40(12):131?135.]
Zhu GR,Wang XW,Fang WC,Feng YB,Wang XL,Chen LY,Hu XJ,2014.Occurrence regularity of oriental fruit moth and its taxis to different catchers’applied in peach orchard.Journal of Fruit Science,31(2):282?287.[朱更瑞,王新卫,方伟超,冯义彬,王小丽,陈领豫,胡晓晶,2014.桃园梨小食心虫发生规律及成虫对不同诱捕器的趋性研究.果树学报,31(2):282?287.]
Chen FY,Wang RZ,Cao HG,1998.A preliminary report on the occurrence and control of Grapholitha molesta.Biological Disaster Science,21(1):15?16.[陈凤英,汪荣灶,曹华国,1998.梨小食心虫的发生与防治研究初报.生物灾害科学,21(1):15?16.]
Chu YN,Wang Q,Li JW,Zhang QW,Liu XX,2014.Effects of photoperiod on the development and reproduction of Agrotis ypsilon.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,51(5):1268?1273.[褚艳娜,王琼,李静雯,张青文,刘小侠,2014.光周期对小地老虎生长发育及繁殖的影响.应用昆虫学报,51(5):1268?1273.]
Dickson RC,1949.Factors governing the induction of diapause in the oriental fruit moth.Annals of the Entomological Society of America,42(4):511?537.
Fan RJ,Liu ZF,Lu JJ,Feng YT,Yu Q,Gao Y,Zhang RX,2013.Progress in the application of IPM to control the oriental fruit moth(Grapholitha molesta)in China.Chinese Bulletin of Entomology,50(6):1509?1513.[范仁俊,刘中芳,陆俊姣,封云涛,庾琴,高越,张润祥,2013.我国梨小食心虫综合防治研究进展.应用昆虫学报,50(6):1509?1513.]
Han KS,Jung JK,Choi KH,Sun WL,Boo KS,2001.Sex pheromone composition and male trapping of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae)in Korea.Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology,4(1):31?35.
Han JL,Gao QY,2014.Occurrence law and control technology of Guapholitha molesta Busck in Harbin pear orchard.Northern Horticulture,22:111?112.[韩继龙,高庆玉,2014.哈尔滨梨园梨小食心虫的发生规律及其防治技术.北方园艺,22:111?112.]
Huang KX,Liu XQ,Huang BK,1990.Fruit Tree Entomology.Beijing:Agricultural Press.212?216.[黄可训,刘秀琼,黄邦侃,1990.果树昆虫学.北京:农业出版社.212?216.]
Kong WN,Hu RS,Zhao ZG,Li J,Zhang ZW,Li SC,Ma RY,2014.Effects of trap height,location,and spacing on pheromone-baited trap catch efficacy for oriental fruit moths(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae)in a peach orchard.Canadian Entomologist,146(6):684?692.
Li XJ,Zhai H,Wang T,Li H,Wang CJ,2013.Study on the occurrence dynamics and prediction mathematical model of Grapholitha molesta in peach orchard in Feicheng region of Shandong.Journal of Fruit Science,30(5):841?847.[李晓军,翟浩,王涛,李红,王长君,2013.山东泰安肥城桃产区梨小食心虫发生规律及预测预报模型研究.果树学报,30(5):841?847.]
Liu HR,Lin FC,Yang XH,Guo JL,2011.Occurrence and control of Grapholitha molesta in Heilongjiang province.Forest by-Product and Speciality in China,112(3):25?27.[刘海荣,林发成,杨晓华,郭金玲,2011.黑龙江省梨小食心虫发生与防治.中国林副特产,112(3):25?27.]
Lu PF,Qiao HL,Zong SX,Lei CL,2013.Effect of delayed and multiple mating on the reproduction of Maruca vitrata.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,50(6):1564?1572.[陆鹏飞,乔海莉,宗世祥,雷朝亮,2013.豆野螟延迟交尾和多次交尾对生殖的影响.应用昆虫学报,50(6):1564?1572.]
Myers CT,Hull LA,Krawczyk G,2006.Effects of orchard host plants on the oviposition preference of the oriental fruit moth(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae).Journal of Economic Entomology,99(4):1176?1183.
Saunders DS,1970.Circadian clock in insect photoperiodism.Science,168(3931):601?603.
Wang ZH,2013.Use sex pheromone to forecast Grapholita molesta occurrence period and prevention.Xinjiang Farmland Reclamation Science&Technology,(8):18?19.[王振辉,2013.性诱剂测报梨小食心虫发生期与防治试验.新疆农垦科技,(8):18?19.]
Wu SH,Xiang Q,Xue FS,2007.Circadian behavioral rhythms in insects.Jiangxi Plant Protection,29(4):147?157.[吴少会,向群,薛芳森,2007.昆虫的行为节律.江西植保,29(4):147?157.]
Yang BL,Deng YJ,1998.Life history and early control of Grapholitha molesta.South China Fruits,27(1):36.[杨本立,邓有金,1998.梨小食心虫的生活史及早期防治.中国南方果树,27(1):36.]
Yu GZ,Chen C,Liu W,Fu XG,Wei HY,2013.Effects of temperature and photoperiod on the eclosion rhythm of Ostrinia furnacalis.Chinese Journal of Applied Entomology,50(1):180?185.[余国志,陈超,刘伟,付小刚,魏洪义,2013.温度和光周期对亚洲玉米螟羽化节律的影响.应用昆虫学报,50(1):180?185.]
Yue ZY,Zhang XP,Yang S,Liu AH,Zhang JW,Xu BQ,2011.Primary discussion on growth and decline dynamics of Grapholitha molesta Busck and prevention and control of Trichogramma in apricot orchard in Kashi region.Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,47(12):2376?2380.[岳朝阳,张新平,杨森,刘爱华,张静文,徐兵强,2011.喀什地区杏园内食心虫消长动态及赤眼蜂防治初探.新疆农业科学,47(12):2376?2380.]
Zhang GH,Wu JX,2012.Behavioral rhythms of the oriental fruit moth,Grapholita molesta(Busck)(Lepidoptera:Tortricidae).Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),40(12):131?135.[张国辉,仵均祥,2012.梨小食心虫成虫行为节律研究.西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,40(12):131?135.]
Zhu GR,Wang XW,Fang WC,Feng YB,Wang XL,Chen LY,Hu XJ,2014.Occurrence regularity of oriental fruit moth and its taxis to different catchers’applied in peach orchard.Journal of Fruit Science,31(2):282?287.[朱更瑞,王新卫,方伟超,冯义彬,王小丽,陈领豫,胡晓晶,2014.桃园梨小食心虫发生规律及成虫对不同诱捕器的趋性研究.果树学报,31(2):282?287.]