高温胁迫对玉米形态、叶片结构及其产量的影响
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摘要
以郑单958(ZD958)和先玉335(XY335)为试验材料,模拟增温处理,探索营养生长和生殖生长并进时期(第9片叶完全展开至抽雄期)高温处理对玉米形态、叶片结构及其产量的影响。结果表明,高温处理后ZD958和XY335的产量分别比对照降低了11.14%和25.40%。高温处理促进株高增长,促使茎粗变细,降低叶面积指数、干物质重、成熟叶片和幼嫩叶片的比叶重。随生育进程,XY335的株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、干物质重和ZD958的干物质重变化幅度逐渐增大,2个玉米品种的幼嫩叶片比叶重降低幅度均要大于成熟叶片比叶重。叶片厚度和上下表皮细胞厚度变薄,叶绿体膜结构被破坏,抑制光合作用及光合产物的输出。对高温胁迫的敏感性而言,XY335大于ZD958,ZD958成熟叶大于幼嫩叶,XY335幼嫩叶大于成熟叶。
A field experiment of artificial warming was conducted on two maize cultivars ZD958 and XY335 from 9th leaf stage to tasseling stage, aiming to explore the effects of high temperature on the morphology, leaf struc-ture and grain yield of maize. Under high temperature stress, the grain yields of ZD958 and XY335 respectively de-creased by 11.14% and 25.40% compared with the control. High temperature treatment promoted plant height high-er, caused stems thinner, and reduced leaf area index, dry matter weight, and the specific leaf weight of mature leaves and young leaves in both maize varieties. And these changes in XY335 and the dry matter weight on ZD958 gradually increased with plants growing. The specific leaf weight of young leaves decreased more than that of mature leaves in two maize cultivars. Moreover, plant leaves, the upper and lower epidermal cells became thinner, chloro-plast membrane structure was destroyed and then inhibited photosynthesis and photosynthetic output. As for the high temperature sensitivity of plants, XY335 was greater than ZD958, the mature leaves were more sensitive than the young leaves in ZD958, while the mature leaves were less sensitive than the young leaves in XY335.
A field experiment of artificial warming was conducted on two maize cultivars ZD958 and XY335 from 9th leaf stage to tasseling stage, aiming to explore the effects of high temperature on the morphology, leaf struc-ture and grain yield of maize. Under high temperature stress, the grain yields of ZD958 and XY335 respectively de-creased by 11.14% and 25.40% compared with the control. High temperature treatment promoted plant height high-er, caused stems thinner, and reduced leaf area index, dry matter weight, and the specific leaf weight of mature leaves and young leaves in both maize varieties. And these changes in XY335 and the dry matter weight on ZD958 gradually increased with plants growing. The specific leaf weight of young leaves decreased more than that of mature leaves in two maize cultivars. Moreover, plant leaves, the upper and lower epidermal cells became thinner, chloro-plast membrane structure was destroyed and then inhibited photosynthesis and photosynthetic output. As for the high temperature sensitivity of plants, XY335 was greater than ZD958, the mature leaves were more sensitive than the young leaves in ZD958, while the mature leaves were less sensitive than the young leaves in XY335.
引文
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[17]孙峰成,冯勇,于卓,等.12个玉米群体的主要农艺性状与产量、品质的灰色关联度分析[J].华北农学报,2012,27(1):102-105.Sun F C,Feng Y,Yu Z,et al.Grey relativity analysis on main agro-nomic characters of 12 maize populations with their yields and traits[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2012,27(1):102-105.(in Chinese)
[18]刘帆,石海春,余学杰.玉米果穗主要性状与产量间的相关与通径分析[J].玉米科学,2005,13(3):17-20.Liu F,Shi H C,Yu X J.Correlation and path analysis of main ear characters and grain yield of maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2005,13(3):17-20.(in Chinese)
[19]陆卫平,陈国平,郭景伦,等.不同生态条件下玉米产量源库关系的研究[J].作物学报,1997,23(6):727-733.Lu W P,Chen G P,Guo J L,et al.Study on the source and sink in relation to grain yield under different ecological areas in maize(Zea mays L.)[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,1997,23(6):727-733.(in Chinese)
[20]杨欢,沈鑫,陆大雷,等.子粒建成期高温胁迫持续时间对糯玉米子粒产量和淀粉品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2071-2082.Yang H,Shen X,Lu D L,et al.Effects of heat stress durations at grain formation stage on grain yield and starch quality of waxy maize[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2071-2082.(in Chinese)
[21]赵龙飞,李潮海,刘天学,等.花期前后高温对不同基因型玉米光合特性及产量和品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(23):4947-4958.Zhao L F,Li C H,Liu T X,et al.Effect of high temperature during flowering on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield and quality of different genotypes of maize(Zea mays L.)[J].Scientia Ag-ricultura Sinica,2012,45(23):4947-4958.(in Chinese)
[22]于康珂,孙宁宁,詹静,等.高温胁迫对不同热敏型玉米品种雌雄穗生理特性的影响[J].玉米科学,2017,25(4):84-91.Yu K K,Sun N N,Zhan J,et al.Effect of high temperature stress on physiological characteristics of tassel and ear in different maize varieties[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2017,25(4):84-91.(in Chi-nese)
[23]牛丽,刘源,于康珂,等.玉米杂交种苗期耐热性评价[J].玉米科学,2015,23(1):107-114.Niu L,Liu Y,Yu K K,et al.Evaluation of heat-tolerance of maize hybrids at seedling stage[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2015,23(1):107-114.(in Chinese)
[24]刘源.玉米花期耐高温品种的筛选与综合评价[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2015.
[2]赵鸿,王润元,尚艳,等.粮食作物对高温干旱胁迫的响应及其阀值研究进展与展望[J].干旱气象,2016,34(1):1-12.Zhao H,Wang R Y,Shang Y,et al.Progress and perspectives in studies on responses and thresholds of major food crops to high tem-perature and drought stress[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2016,34(1):1-12.(in Chinese)
[3]周曙东,周文魁,朱红根,等.气候变化对农业的影响及应对措施[J].南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2010,10(1):34-39.Zhou S D,Zhou W K,Zhu H G,et al.Impact of climate change on agriculture and its countermeasures[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricul-tural University(Social Sciences Edition),2010,10(1):34-39.(in Chinese)
[4]张文娟,李连国,郭金丽,等.高温胁迫下6种景天植物的形态特征及生理响应[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2012,33(4):41-45.Zhang W J,Li L G,Guo J L,et al.Studies on morphological charac-teristics and physiological response under high temperature stress in six sedum plants[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural Uni-versity,2012,33(4):41-45.(in Chinese)
[5]Karim M A,Fracheboud Y,Stamp P.Effect of high temperature on seedling growth and photosynthesis of tropical maize genotypes[J].Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,2000,184(4):217-223.
[6]郭建平,高素华.高温、高CO2对农作物影响的试验研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2002,10(1):17-20.Guo J P,Gao S H.The experimental study on impacts of high tem-perature and high CO2concentration on crops[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2002,10(1):17-20.(in Chinese)
[7]Crespo H M,Frean M,Cresswell C F,et a1.The occurrence of both C3and C4photosynthetic characteristics in a single Zea mays plant[J].Planta,1979,147(3):257-263.
[8]张百富,张立军,樊金娟,等.玉米幼苗不同叶位花环结构及叶绿素含量研究[J].河南农业科学,2011,40(2):33-35.Zhang B F,Zhang L J,Fan J J,et al.Comparative study on the kranz anatomy and chlorophyⅡcontent of different leaves in maize seedlings[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2011,40(2):33-35.(in Chinese)
[9]穆迎春,汪仁,孙文涛,等.水分胁迫对玉米穗位叶叶肉细胞超微结构的影响[J].辽宁农业科学,2012(5):7-12.Mu Y C,Wang R,Sun W T,et al.Effect of water stress on chloro-plast ultrastructure of maize[J].Liaoning Agricultural Sciences,2012(5):7-12.(in Chinese)
[10]吴国杰.高温胁迫对多年生黑麦草解剖结构和细胞化学的影响[D].南昌:江西农业大学,2011.
[11]杜成凤,李潮海,刘天学,等.遮荫对两个基因型玉米叶片解剖结构及光合特性的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6633-6640.Du C F,Li C H,Liu T X,et al.Response of anatomical structure and photosynthetic characteristics to low light stress in leaves of dif-ferent maize genotypes[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(21):6633-6640.(in Chinese)
[12]段青青,丁明,姜武,等.黑暗对西瓜幼苗叶片叶绿体超微结构的影响[J].电子显微学报,2009,28(3):275-279.Duan Q Q,Ding M,Jiang W,et al.Effects of darkness on ultrastruc-ture in chloroplast of watermelon seedling leaves[J].Journal of Chi-nese Electron Microscopy Society,2009,28(3):275-279.(in Chi-nese)
[13]邱瑾,钟然,韩闯,等.水仙生长过程中叶片光合性能与叶绿体超微结构的变化[J].中国生态农业学报,2007,15(2):92-95.Qiu J,Zhong R,Han C,et al.Changes of photosynthetic efficiency and chloroplast ultrastructure of narcissus leaf blades in different development stages[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2007,15(2):92-95.(in Chinese)
[14]李合生.现代植物生理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[15]胡伟娟,张启翔,潘会堂,等.灰岩皱叶报春和滇北球花报春在热锻炼和热胁迫下叶肉细胞超微结构的差异[J].华南农业大学学报,2010,31(3):43-46.Hu W J,Zhang Q X,Pan H T,et al.Difference in ultrastructure of mesophyⅡcell between two primula species with different thermo-tolerance under heat acclimation and heat stress[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University,2010,31(3):43-46.(in Chi-nese)
[16]王学文,王玉珏,付秋实,等.弱光逆境对番茄幼苗形态、生理特征及叶片超微结构的影响[J].华北农学报,2009,24(5):144-149.Wang X W,Wang Y J,Fu Q S,et al.Effect of low light stress on morphological trait,physiological characters and leaf ultrastructure of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum L.)seedling[J].Acta Agricul-turae Boreali-Sinica,2009,24(5):144-149.(in Chinese)
[17]孙峰成,冯勇,于卓,等.12个玉米群体的主要农艺性状与产量、品质的灰色关联度分析[J].华北农学报,2012,27(1):102-105.Sun F C,Feng Y,Yu Z,et al.Grey relativity analysis on main agro-nomic characters of 12 maize populations with their yields and traits[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2012,27(1):102-105.(in Chinese)
[18]刘帆,石海春,余学杰.玉米果穗主要性状与产量间的相关与通径分析[J].玉米科学,2005,13(3):17-20.Liu F,Shi H C,Yu X J.Correlation and path analysis of main ear characters and grain yield of maize[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2005,13(3):17-20.(in Chinese)
[19]陆卫平,陈国平,郭景伦,等.不同生态条件下玉米产量源库关系的研究[J].作物学报,1997,23(6):727-733.Lu W P,Chen G P,Guo J L,et al.Study on the source and sink in relation to grain yield under different ecological areas in maize(Zea mays L.)[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,1997,23(6):727-733.(in Chinese)
[20]杨欢,沈鑫,陆大雷,等.子粒建成期高温胁迫持续时间对糯玉米子粒产量和淀粉品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017,50(11):2071-2082.Yang H,Shen X,Lu D L,et al.Effects of heat stress durations at grain formation stage on grain yield and starch quality of waxy maize[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):2071-2082.(in Chinese)
[21]赵龙飞,李潮海,刘天学,等.花期前后高温对不同基因型玉米光合特性及产量和品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(23):4947-4958.Zhao L F,Li C H,Liu T X,et al.Effect of high temperature during flowering on photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield and quality of different genotypes of maize(Zea mays L.)[J].Scientia Ag-ricultura Sinica,2012,45(23):4947-4958.(in Chinese)
[22]于康珂,孙宁宁,詹静,等.高温胁迫对不同热敏型玉米品种雌雄穗生理特性的影响[J].玉米科学,2017,25(4):84-91.Yu K K,Sun N N,Zhan J,et al.Effect of high temperature stress on physiological characteristics of tassel and ear in different maize varieties[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2017,25(4):84-91.(in Chi-nese)
[23]牛丽,刘源,于康珂,等.玉米杂交种苗期耐热性评价[J].玉米科学,2015,23(1):107-114.Niu L,Liu Y,Yu K K,et al.Evaluation of heat-tolerance of maize hybrids at seedling stage[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2015,23(1):107-114.(in Chinese)
[24]刘源.玉米花期耐高温品种的筛选与综合评价[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2015.