畜禽粪便与秸秆厌氧-好氧发酵气肥联产碳氮元素变化研究
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摘要
传统沼气工程的气肥联产工艺中,厌氧发酵产气与好氧发酵产肥互相独立,产气和产肥周期均较长、有机肥品质差,影响工程的高效运行。为缩短发酵周期、提高产气效率和有机肥品质,该研究将猪粪、鸡粪和秸秆混合进行15和30 d的干法厌氧发酵,将得到的沼渣添加秸秆辅料混合,分别设置65%和70%的发酵物料初始含水率进行15 d的高温好氧发酵,对比分析了不同厌氧-好氧发酵组合对产气和产肥的影响。结果表明:厌氧发酵阶段,混合物料的日产气率自发酵开始后逐渐上升,并在第8天达到最高峰,至第15天降至峰值的50%以下,此时累积产气量达到30 d发酵周期的71%,平均容积产气率达到1.91 m~3/(m~3?d),比发酵30 d平均容积产气率高41.5%。好氧发酵阶段,各处理组碳元素含量持续下降,氮元素含量先下降后增加,所得发酵产物均达到腐熟标准。采用15 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵,所得发酵产物的电导率、腐殖化程度和发芽指数均优于采用30 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵所得的发酵产物,同时总有机碳和总氮含量也较其分别提高了6.0%～21.7%和3.0%～10.2%,不同好氧发酵物料初始含水率对发酵产物的品质影响较不明显。因此,采用厌氧、好氧发酵周期均为15 d的组合,可缩短发酵周期、大幅提高产气效率和发酵产物的碳氮营养元素含量,有利于提高沼气工程运行效率和经济效益。
In the co-production of biogas and organic fertilizer in traditional biogas engineering, biogas production by anaerobic fermentation and organic fertilizer production by aerobic fermentation are normally separated. Over-consumption of nutrients in the fermented residue often occurs during the biogas production stage while higher biogas yield is required, which consequently influences the subsequent aerobic fermentation stage, resulting in long fermentation period and low qualities of the final products in treating the fermented residue. To shorten the production period of biogas and organic fertilizer and improve the efficiency and quality of biogas and organic fertilizer production, a series of dry anaerobic fermentation and aerobic fermentation tests with the mixed materials of pig manure, chicken manure and straw, were carried out in this study. During the anaerobic fermentation stage, tests of 15-day and 30-day fermentation periods were carried out. During the aerobic fermentation stage, tests of 65% and 70% moisture contents of the initial fermented staff, and 15-day fermentation period were set. The results showed that the daily biogas yield increased gradually from the 1 st day to 8 th day during the anaerobic fermentation stage, then decreased to less than 50% of the peak value on the 15 th day. On the 15 th day, the cumulative biogas yield reached 71% of 30-day anaerobic fermentation and the average daily volumetric gas yield reached 1.91 m~3/(m~3?d), which was 41.5% higher than that of 30-day anaerobic fermentation. During the aerobic fermentation stage, concentrations of total organic carbon(TOC) in each treatment decreased continuously, and concentrations of total nitrogen(TN) decreased firstly and then increased slightly. Based on electrical conductivities, humification degrees and germination indexes in the final fermented products, higher organic fertilizer qualities were gained when using 15-day anaerobic fermented biogas residues. Moreover, concentrations of TOC and TN were also higher in the final fermented products made from 15-day anaerobic fermented biogas residues than those made from 30-day anaerobic fermented biogas residues. Moisture contents of the initial aerobic fermented staff had little influences on the qualities of final fermented products. In conclusion, adjusting the periods of both anaerobic fermentation and aerobic fermentation for 15 days, can shorten the fermentation period, increase the biogas production efficiencies and the concentrations of carbon and nitrogen elements significantly in final fermented products, and improve the operation efficiency and cost-effectiveness of biogas industry.
In the co-production of biogas and organic fertilizer in traditional biogas engineering, biogas production by anaerobic fermentation and organic fertilizer production by aerobic fermentation are normally separated. Over-consumption of nutrients in the fermented residue often occurs during the biogas production stage while higher biogas yield is required, which consequently influences the subsequent aerobic fermentation stage, resulting in long fermentation period and low qualities of the final products in treating the fermented residue. To shorten the production period of biogas and organic fertilizer and improve the efficiency and quality of biogas and organic fertilizer production, a series of dry anaerobic fermentation and aerobic fermentation tests with the mixed materials of pig manure, chicken manure and straw, were carried out in this study. During the anaerobic fermentation stage, tests of 15-day and 30-day fermentation periods were carried out. During the aerobic fermentation stage, tests of 65% and 70% moisture contents of the initial fermented staff, and 15-day fermentation period were set. The results showed that the daily biogas yield increased gradually from the 1 st day to 8 th day during the anaerobic fermentation stage, then decreased to less than 50% of the peak value on the 15 th day. On the 15 th day, the cumulative biogas yield reached 71% of 30-day anaerobic fermentation and the average daily volumetric gas yield reached 1.91 m~3/(m~3?d), which was 41.5% higher than that of 30-day anaerobic fermentation. During the aerobic fermentation stage, concentrations of total organic carbon(TOC) in each treatment decreased continuously, and concentrations of total nitrogen(TN) decreased firstly and then increased slightly. Based on electrical conductivities, humification degrees and germination indexes in the final fermented products, higher organic fertilizer qualities were gained when using 15-day anaerobic fermented biogas residues. Moreover, concentrations of TOC and TN were also higher in the final fermented products made from 15-day anaerobic fermented biogas residues than those made from 30-day anaerobic fermented biogas residues. Moisture contents of the initial aerobic fermented staff had little influences on the qualities of final fermented products. In conclusion, adjusting the periods of both anaerobic fermentation and aerobic fermentation for 15 days, can shorten the fermentation period, increase the biogas production efficiencies and the concentrations of carbon and nitrogen elements significantly in final fermented products, and improve the operation efficiency and cost-effectiveness of biogas industry.
引文
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[10]Chae K J,Jang A,Yim S K,et al.The effects of digestion temperature and temperature shock on the biogas yields from the mesophilic anaerobic digestion of swine manure[J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99(1):1-6.
[11]李裕荣,刘永霞,赵泽英,等.畜禽粪便厌氧发酵的产气特点及其发酵物养分的变化动态[J].西南农业学报,2012,25(6):2305-2310.Li Yurong,Liu Yongxia,Zhao Zeying,et al.Biogas generation from anaerobic fermentation of animal manures and nutrient dynamics in residues[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2012,25(6):2305-2310.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[13]王永成,李杰,许宏伟.猪鸡粪便及其不同混合比例厌氧处理性能的研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2008(7):79-83.Wang Yongcheng,Li Jie,Xu Hongwei.Study on performance of anaerobic treatment of pig and chicken manure in different proportion[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2008(7):79-83.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]任海伟,姚兴泉,李志忠,等.不同比例牛粪与玉米秸秆混合厌氧消化产气特性研究[J].中国沼气,2015,33(5):38-41.Ren Haiwei,Yao Xingquan,Li Zhizhong,et al.Biogas production performance of cattle manure and corn stalk co-digestion with different ts mixing ratios[J].China Biogas,2015,33(5):38-41.(In Chinese with English abstract)
[15]翟红,张衍林,艾平,等.不同初始含水率对沼渣和秸秆混合堆肥过程的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2011,50(21):4357-4360.Zhai Hong,Zhang Yanlin,Ai Ping,et al.Effects of different initial moisture content on the composting process of biogas residue and straw[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2011,50(21):4357-4360.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]鲍艳宇,颜丽,娄翼来,等.鸡粪堆肥过程中各种碳有机化合物及腐熟度指标的变化[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(4):820-824.Bao Yanyu,Yan Li,Lou Yilai,et al.Dynamics of organic carbons during composting of chicken manure and evaluation of maturity parameters[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2005,24(4):820-824.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Zmora-Nahum S,Markovitch O,Tarchitzky J,et al.Dissolved organic carbon(DOC)as a parameter of compost maturity[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37(11):2109-2116.
[18]靳红梅,付广青,常志州,等.猪、牛粪厌氧发酵中氮素形态转化及其在沼液和沼渣中的分布[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(21):208-214.Jin Hongmei,Fu Guangqing,Chang Zhizhou,et al.Distribution of nitrogen in liquid and solid fraction of pig and dairy manure in anaerobic digestion reactor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(21):208-214.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]徐路魏.蔬菜废弃物堆肥化过程中碳氮转化规律[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.Xu Luwei.Carbon and Nitrogen Transformation during Vegetable Waste Composting[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]牛明芬,于海娇,武肖媛,等.猪粪秸秆高温堆肥过程中物质变化的研究[J].江苏农业科学,2014,42(9):291-293.
[21]曹喜涛,黄为一,常志州,等.鸡粪堆肥中氮转化微生物变化特征的初步研究[J].土壤肥料,2004(4):40-43.Cao Xitao,Huang Weiyi,Chang Zhizhou,et al.Nitrogen transformations and the successions of microbial community during chicken manure composting[J].Soil Fertilizers,2004(4):40-43.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]张发宝,顾文杰,徐培智,等.硫磺和硫酸亚铁对鸡粪好氧堆肥的保氮效果[J].环境工程学报,2011,5(10):2347-2352.Zhang Fabao,Gu Wenjie,Xu Peizhi,et al.Effects of S and FeSO4 agents on nitrogen conservation in aerobic composting of chicken manure[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2011,5(10):2347-2352.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]魏自民,席北斗,赵越.生物垃圾微生物强化堆肥技术[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2008.
[24]刘小鸿,李磊,郭小平,等.翻堆和补水工艺对绿化废弃物堆肥腐熟度的影响[J].科学技术与工程,2018,18(7):281-287.Liu Xiaohong,Li Lei,Guo Xiaoping,et al.Effects of water-replenishment and turning-technique on the maturity of green waste compost[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2018,18(7):281-287.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]谷洁,李生秀,秦清军,等.微生物及胡敏酸E4/E6值在农业废弃物静态高温腐解中的变化[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2005,33(12):98-102,106.Gu Jie,Li Shengxiu,Qin Qingjun,et al.Changes of microorganisms and E4/E6 in agricultural waste materials during composting in static state with high temperature[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2005,33(12):98-102,106.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]Zucconi F,Monaco A,De bertoldi M.Biological evaluation of compost maturity[J].Biocycle,1981,22(4):27-29.
[2]石建福,高桂花,施兴荣,等.“气热电肥联产“模式秸秆沼气工程探索与经济效益分析:上实农业园生物质循环利用示范工程模式解析[J].可再生能源,2012,30(6):107-110.Shi Jianfu,Gao Guihua,Shi Xingrong,et al.Exploration and economic benefit analysis on straw anaerobic fermentation project of biogas-heat-power-fertilizer cogeneration mode[J].Renewable Energy Resources,2012,30(6):107-110.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]朱洪光.大型养鸡场粪污沼气发酵及热电肥联产示范研究[J].中国家禽,2010,32(21):37-38.
[4]徐庆贤,官雪芳,林碧芬,等.不同工艺沼气池产气效果比较研究[J].浙江农业学报,2014,26(1):194-199.Xu Qingxian,Guan Xuefang,Lin Bifen,et al.Comparison on biogas production of different biogas digesters[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2014,26(1):194-199.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Nilsson M L,Kylin H,Sundin P.Major extractable organic compounds in the biologically degradable fraction of fresh,composted and anaerobically digested household waste[J].Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica,2000,50:57-65.
[6]宋朝霞,孙普,徐荣敏.沼渣沼液的性质及应用[J].农技服务,2016,33(2):5-7.
[7]李玉春.稻秸厌氧发酵工程运行技术参数研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012.Li Yuchun.Studies on Anaerobic Digestion Engineering Parameter of Rice Straw[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]许洪伟.不同温度牛鸡混合粪厌氧发酵性能的研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2007.Xu Hongwei.The Study of Anaerobic Fermentation Efficiency of Cow and Chicken Manure in Different Temperature[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2007.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]Porvaz P,Gadu?J,Tóth?,et al.Biogas production based on Miscanthus×giganteus(Miscanthus sinensis Anderss.)within dry fermentation process[J].Acta Regionalia et Environmentalica,2015,12(2):47-50.
[10]Chae K J,Jang A,Yim S K,et al.The effects of digestion temperature and temperature shock on the biogas yields from the mesophilic anaerobic digestion of swine manure[J].Bioresource Technology,2008,99(1):1-6.
[11]李裕荣,刘永霞,赵泽英,等.畜禽粪便厌氧发酵的产气特点及其发酵物养分的变化动态[J].西南农业学报,2012,25(6):2305-2310.Li Yurong,Liu Yongxia,Zhao Zeying,et al.Biogas generation from anaerobic fermentation of animal manures and nutrient dynamics in residues[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2012,25(6):2305-2310.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]王晓娇,杨改河,冯永忠,等.鸡粪、猪粪与秸秆混合厌氧发酵配比参数优化[J].农业机械学报,2013,44(11):133-138.Wang Xiaojiao,Yang Gaihe,Feng Yongzhong,et al.Optimization of ration of feeding substrates in anaerobic co-digestion of chicken manure,swine manure and straw[J].Transactions of The Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(11):133-138.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]王永成,李杰,许宏伟.猪鸡粪便及其不同混合比例厌氧处理性能的研究[J].东北农业大学学报,2008(7):79-83.Wang Yongcheng,Li Jie,Xu Hongwei.Study on performance of anaerobic treatment of pig and chicken manure in different proportion[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2008(7):79-83.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]任海伟,姚兴泉,李志忠,等.不同比例牛粪与玉米秸秆混合厌氧消化产气特性研究[J].中国沼气,2015,33(5):38-41.Ren Haiwei,Yao Xingquan,Li Zhizhong,et al.Biogas production performance of cattle manure and corn stalk co-digestion with different ts mixing ratios[J].China Biogas,2015,33(5):38-41.(In Chinese with English abstract)
[15]翟红,张衍林,艾平,等.不同初始含水率对沼渣和秸秆混合堆肥过程的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2011,50(21):4357-4360.Zhai Hong,Zhang Yanlin,Ai Ping,et al.Effects of different initial moisture content on the composting process of biogas residue and straw[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2011,50(21):4357-4360.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]鲍艳宇,颜丽,娄翼来,等.鸡粪堆肥过程中各种碳有机化合物及腐熟度指标的变化[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(4):820-824.Bao Yanyu,Yan Li,Lou Yilai,et al.Dynamics of organic carbons during composting of chicken manure and evaluation of maturity parameters[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2005,24(4):820-824.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Zmora-Nahum S,Markovitch O,Tarchitzky J,et al.Dissolved organic carbon(DOC)as a parameter of compost maturity[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37(11):2109-2116.
[18]靳红梅,付广青,常志州,等.猪、牛粪厌氧发酵中氮素形态转化及其在沼液和沼渣中的分布[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(21):208-214.Jin Hongmei,Fu Guangqing,Chang Zhizhou,et al.Distribution of nitrogen in liquid and solid fraction of pig and dairy manure in anaerobic digestion reactor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2012,28(21):208-214.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]徐路魏.蔬菜废弃物堆肥化过程中碳氮转化规律[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.Xu Luwei.Carbon and Nitrogen Transformation during Vegetable Waste Composting[D].Yangling:Northwest A&FUniversity,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]牛明芬,于海娇,武肖媛,等.猪粪秸秆高温堆肥过程中物质变化的研究[J].江苏农业科学,2014,42(9):291-293.
[21]曹喜涛,黄为一,常志州,等.鸡粪堆肥中氮转化微生物变化特征的初步研究[J].土壤肥料,2004(4):40-43.Cao Xitao,Huang Weiyi,Chang Zhizhou,et al.Nitrogen transformations and the successions of microbial community during chicken manure composting[J].Soil Fertilizers,2004(4):40-43.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]张发宝,顾文杰,徐培智,等.硫磺和硫酸亚铁对鸡粪好氧堆肥的保氮效果[J].环境工程学报,2011,5(10):2347-2352.Zhang Fabao,Gu Wenjie,Xu Peizhi,et al.Effects of S and FeSO4 agents on nitrogen conservation in aerobic composting of chicken manure[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2011,5(10):2347-2352.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]魏自民,席北斗,赵越.生物垃圾微生物强化堆肥技术[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2008.
[24]刘小鸿,李磊,郭小平,等.翻堆和补水工艺对绿化废弃物堆肥腐熟度的影响[J].科学技术与工程,2018,18(7):281-287.Liu Xiaohong,Li Lei,Guo Xiaoping,et al.Effects of water-replenishment and turning-technique on the maturity of green waste compost[J].Science Technology and Engineering,2018,18(7):281-287.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]谷洁,李生秀,秦清军,等.微生物及胡敏酸E4/E6值在农业废弃物静态高温腐解中的变化[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2005,33(12):98-102,106.Gu Jie,Li Shengxiu,Qin Qingjun,et al.Changes of microorganisms and E4/E6 in agricultural waste materials during composting in static state with high temperature[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edition),2005,33(12):98-102,106.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]Zucconi F,Monaco A,De bertoldi M.Biological evaluation of compost maturity[J].Biocycle,1981,22(4):27-29.