“中国”“中华”“华夏”的由来及其文化内涵
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摘要
通过最早出现文献记载的"中国""中华""华夏"名称及其文献释读和各种含义的考证,探索蕴含几千年文明化石底蕴的国名、族名——"中国""中华""华夏"名称的由来和含义,进而更全面地解读中国文化的脉络和内涵。认为夏部族原是古老的黄帝族的后裔,到了鲧和禹的时期,在今嵩山地区逐渐发展成为一个强大的部族。夏有大而美好之意。认为"中国"有地理的中国之意,指"中央""京师""国中""中原";"中国"有民族的"中国""华夏"之意;"中国"有文化的"中国"和"华夏"之意:即核心、权威、正统之意,具有睿智、高贵之意,具有中庸、适宜之意,具有光华、礼仪、文化、文明之意;"中国"有国号的"中国"之意,即1912年元旦,"中华民国"成立,简称"中国",1949年中华人民共和国成立,"中国"便成为人民当家做主新国家的名称。
Through the first recorded names of"Zhongguo(China)", "Zhonghua"and"Huaxia(Cathay)"and their interpretation and textual research of various meanings,this paper explores the origin and meaning of the names of"Zhongguo(China)","Zhonghua"and"Huaxia(Cathay)",which contain thousands of years of cultural fossils,and further comprehensively interprets the context and connotation of Chinese culture.It is believed that the Xia tribe,originally descended from the ancient Huangdi tribe,gradually developed into a powerful tribe in Songshan area in the period of Gun and Yu.Summer has a great and beautiful meaning.It holds that"Zhongguo(China)"has the meaning of geographical China,referring to the"Central Committee", "Beijing Teacher","Central Plains", "Zhongguo(China)"has the meaning of national"Zhongguo(China)"and"Huaxia(Cathay)","Zhongguo(China)"has the meaning of cultural"China"and "Cathay":that is,core,authority,orthodoxy,wisdom,nobility,moderation,appropriateness,glory,etiquette and culture."Zhongguo(China)"has the national name of"China",that is,on New Year's Day 1912,the founding of the Republic of China,referred to as"China",the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,"China"has become the name of the people as the master of the new country.
Through the first recorded names of"Zhongguo(China)", "Zhonghua"and"Huaxia(Cathay)"and their interpretation and textual research of various meanings,this paper explores the origin and meaning of the names of"Zhongguo(China)","Zhonghua"and"Huaxia(Cathay)",which contain thousands of years of cultural fossils,and further comprehensively interprets the context and connotation of Chinese culture.It is believed that the Xia tribe,originally descended from the ancient Huangdi tribe,gradually developed into a powerful tribe in Songshan area in the period of Gun and Yu.Summer has a great and beautiful meaning.It holds that"Zhongguo(China)"has the meaning of geographical China,referring to the"Central Committee", "Beijing Teacher","Central Plains", "Zhongguo(China)"has the meaning of national"Zhongguo(China)"and"Huaxia(Cathay)","Zhongguo(China)"has the meaning of cultural"China"and "Cathay":that is,core,authority,orthodoxy,wisdom,nobility,moderation,appropriateness,glory,etiquette and culture."Zhongguo(China)"has the national name of"China",that is,on New Year's Day 1912,the founding of the Republic of China,referred to as"China",the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949,"China"has become the name of the people as the master of the new country.
引文
[1]胡阿祥.“中国”从何而来[J].唯实,2016(5):78-82.(HU Axiang.Where did“Zhongguo(China)”come from?[J].Realistic,2016(5):78-82.)
[2]童书业.“蛮夏”考[J].禹贡,1935,2(8):21-22.(TONGShuye.“Manxia”test[J].Yugong,1935,2(8):21-22.)
[3]童书业.中国古代地理考证论文集[M].北京:中华书局,1962:82.(TONG Shuye.Ancient Chinese geographic textual research papers[M].Beijing:China Book Company,1962:82.)
[4]郑杰祥.夏史初探[M].郑州:中州古籍出版社,1988:17-22.(ZHENG Jiexiang.A preliminary study of Xia Shi[M].Zhengzhou:Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House,1988:17-22.)
[5]田倩君.“中国”与“华夏”称谓之寻原[J].大陆杂志,1966,31(1):28-29.(TIAN Qianjun.Searching for the origin of the terms of“China”and“Cathaysia”[J].Mainland Journal,1966,31(1):28-29.)
[6]王念孙.广雅疏证[M].北京:中华书局,2004.(WANGNiansun.Guangya Shuzheng[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,2004.)
[7]胡阿祥.伟哉斯名[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社,2000:243-249.(HU Axiang.The name of Weiras[M].Wuhan:Hubei Education Press,2000:243-249.)
[8]顾颉刚,王树民.“夏”和“中国”:祖国古代的称号[J].中国历史地理论丛,1981(1):6-8.(GU Jiegang,WANG Shumin.“Xia”and“China”:the ancient title of the motherland[J].Series of Chinese Historical Geography Theories,1981(1):6-8.)
[9]华林甫.“中国”名称和中国历代疆域的演变[C]∥从文明起源到现代化.北京:人民出版社,2002:31-34.(HUA Linfu.The name of“China”and the evolution of China’s territory in past dynasties[C]∥From the Origin of Civilization to Modernization.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,2002:31-34.)
[10]赵永春,贾淑荣.中国古代的“国号”与历史上的“中国”[J].吉林师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2009(5):1-4.(ZHAO Yongchun,JIA Shurong.Ancient China’s national name and historical China[J].Journal of Jilin Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2009(5):1-4.)
[11]孟轲.孟子(卷4)[M]∥四部丛刊初编本.上海:上海商务印书馆,1922.(MENG Ke.Mengzi(Volume 4)[M]∥Preliminary Editions of Four Serials.Shanghai:Shanghai Commercial Press,1922.)
[12]春秋榖梁传(卷10)[M]∥四部丛刊初编本.上海:上海商务印书馆,1922.(Chun Qiu Gu Liang Zhuan(Volume 10)[M]∥Preliminary Editions of Four Serials.Shanghai:Shanghai Commercial Press,1922.)
[13]费孝通.中华民族多元一体格局[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,1999:229.(FEI Xiaotong.The Chinese nation’s pluralistic and integrated pattern[M].Beijing:Central University for Nationalities Press,1999:229.)
[14]刘向.战国策(卷5)[M].天津:南开大学出版社,1993.(LIU Xiang.Warring States Policy(Volume 5)[M].Tianjin:Nankai University Press,1993.)
[15]扬雄.扬子法言(卷4)[M]∥四部丛刊初编本.上海:上海商务印书馆,1922.(YANG Xiong.Yangzi Fayan(Volume 4)[M]∥Preliminary Editions of Four Serials.Shanghai:Shanghai Commercial Press,1922.)
[16]盐铁论(卷3)[M]∥四部丛刊初编本.上海:上海商务印书馆,1922.(On salt and iron(Volume 3)[M]∥Preliminary Edition of Four Serials.Shanghai:Shanghai Commercial Press,1922.)
[17]石介.中国论[M]∥四库全书本,清代乾隆年间.(SHIJie.On China[M]∥Sikuquan Books,During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.)
[18]司马迁.史记(卷40)[M].北京:中华书局,1959.(SIMAQian.Historical records(Volume 40)[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1959.)
[19]杜荣坤.试论我国历史上的统一与分裂[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1984.(DU Rongkun.On the unity and separation in Chinese history[M].Beijing:China Social Science Press,1984.)
[20]尚书(卷11)[M].北京:中华书局,1980.(Shangshu(Volume 11)[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1980.)
[21]孙祚民.中国古代史中有关祖国疆域和少数民族的问题[N].文汇报,1961-11-04(4).(SUN Zuomin.Issues concerning the territory of the motherland and ethnic minorities in ancient Chinese history[N].Wen Bao,1961-11-04(4).)
[22]司马迁.史记·匈奴列传(卷110)[M].北京:中华书局,1959.(SIMA Qian.Historical records and biographies of Huns(Volume 110)[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Publishing House,1959.)
[23]季风.北大国学课[M].北京:新世界出版社,2013:38.(JI Feng.Beijing University studies of Chinese ancient civilization class[M].Beijing:New World Press,2013:38.)
[24]吴澄.书纂言(卷1)[M]∥四库全书本,清代乾隆年间.(WU Cheng.Shu Zuan Yan(book compilation)(Volume 1)[M]∥Sikuquan Books,During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.)
[25]班固.汉书(卷94)[M].北京:中华书局,1962.(BANGu.Hanshu(Volume 94)[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1962.)
[26]冯友兰.中国哲学简史[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1985:222.(FENG Youlan.Brief history of Chinese philosophy[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,1985:222.)
[27]华林甫.“中国”名称和中国历代疆域的演变[C]∥从文明起源到现代化.北京:人民出版社,2002:31-34.(HUA Linfu.The name of“China”and the evolution of China’s territory in past dynasties[C]∥From the Origin of Civilization to Modernization.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,2002:31-34.)
[2]童书业.“蛮夏”考[J].禹贡,1935,2(8):21-22.(TONGShuye.“Manxia”test[J].Yugong,1935,2(8):21-22.)
[3]童书业.中国古代地理考证论文集[M].北京:中华书局,1962:82.(TONG Shuye.Ancient Chinese geographic textual research papers[M].Beijing:China Book Company,1962:82.)
[4]郑杰祥.夏史初探[M].郑州:中州古籍出版社,1988:17-22.(ZHENG Jiexiang.A preliminary study of Xia Shi[M].Zhengzhou:Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House,1988:17-22.)
[5]田倩君.“中国”与“华夏”称谓之寻原[J].大陆杂志,1966,31(1):28-29.(TIAN Qianjun.Searching for the origin of the terms of“China”and“Cathaysia”[J].Mainland Journal,1966,31(1):28-29.)
[6]王念孙.广雅疏证[M].北京:中华书局,2004.(WANGNiansun.Guangya Shuzheng[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,2004.)
[7]胡阿祥.伟哉斯名[M].武汉:湖北教育出版社,2000:243-249.(HU Axiang.The name of Weiras[M].Wuhan:Hubei Education Press,2000:243-249.)
[8]顾颉刚,王树民.“夏”和“中国”:祖国古代的称号[J].中国历史地理论丛,1981(1):6-8.(GU Jiegang,WANG Shumin.“Xia”and“China”:the ancient title of the motherland[J].Series of Chinese Historical Geography Theories,1981(1):6-8.)
[9]华林甫.“中国”名称和中国历代疆域的演变[C]∥从文明起源到现代化.北京:人民出版社,2002:31-34.(HUA Linfu.The name of“China”and the evolution of China’s territory in past dynasties[C]∥From the Origin of Civilization to Modernization.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,2002:31-34.)
[10]赵永春,贾淑荣.中国古代的“国号”与历史上的“中国”[J].吉林师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2009(5):1-4.(ZHAO Yongchun,JIA Shurong.Ancient China’s national name and historical China[J].Journal of Jilin Normal University(Humanities and Social Sciences Edition),2009(5):1-4.)
[11]孟轲.孟子(卷4)[M]∥四部丛刊初编本.上海:上海商务印书馆,1922.(MENG Ke.Mengzi(Volume 4)[M]∥Preliminary Editions of Four Serials.Shanghai:Shanghai Commercial Press,1922.)
[12]春秋榖梁传(卷10)[M]∥四部丛刊初编本.上海:上海商务印书馆,1922.(Chun Qiu Gu Liang Zhuan(Volume 10)[M]∥Preliminary Editions of Four Serials.Shanghai:Shanghai Commercial Press,1922.)
[13]费孝通.中华民族多元一体格局[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,1999:229.(FEI Xiaotong.The Chinese nation’s pluralistic and integrated pattern[M].Beijing:Central University for Nationalities Press,1999:229.)
[14]刘向.战国策(卷5)[M].天津:南开大学出版社,1993.(LIU Xiang.Warring States Policy(Volume 5)[M].Tianjin:Nankai University Press,1993.)
[15]扬雄.扬子法言(卷4)[M]∥四部丛刊初编本.上海:上海商务印书馆,1922.(YANG Xiong.Yangzi Fayan(Volume 4)[M]∥Preliminary Editions of Four Serials.Shanghai:Shanghai Commercial Press,1922.)
[16]盐铁论(卷3)[M]∥四部丛刊初编本.上海:上海商务印书馆,1922.(On salt and iron(Volume 3)[M]∥Preliminary Edition of Four Serials.Shanghai:Shanghai Commercial Press,1922.)
[17]石介.中国论[M]∥四库全书本,清代乾隆年间.(SHIJie.On China[M]∥Sikuquan Books,During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.)
[18]司马迁.史记(卷40)[M].北京:中华书局,1959.(SIMAQian.Historical records(Volume 40)[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1959.)
[19]杜荣坤.试论我国历史上的统一与分裂[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1984.(DU Rongkun.On the unity and separation in Chinese history[M].Beijing:China Social Science Press,1984.)
[20]尚书(卷11)[M].北京:中华书局,1980.(Shangshu(Volume 11)[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1980.)
[21]孙祚民.中国古代史中有关祖国疆域和少数民族的问题[N].文汇报,1961-11-04(4).(SUN Zuomin.Issues concerning the territory of the motherland and ethnic minorities in ancient Chinese history[N].Wen Bao,1961-11-04(4).)
[22]司马迁.史记·匈奴列传(卷110)[M].北京:中华书局,1959.(SIMA Qian.Historical records and biographies of Huns(Volume 110)[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Publishing House,1959.)
[23]季风.北大国学课[M].北京:新世界出版社,2013:38.(JI Feng.Beijing University studies of Chinese ancient civilization class[M].Beijing:New World Press,2013:38.)
[24]吴澄.书纂言(卷1)[M]∥四库全书本,清代乾隆年间.(WU Cheng.Shu Zuan Yan(book compilation)(Volume 1)[M]∥Sikuquan Books,During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.)
[25]班固.汉书(卷94)[M].北京:中华书局,1962.(BANGu.Hanshu(Volume 94)[M].Beijing:Zhonghua Bookstore,1962.)
[26]冯友兰.中国哲学简史[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1985:222.(FENG Youlan.Brief history of Chinese philosophy[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,1985:222.)
[27]华林甫.“中国”名称和中国历代疆域的演变[C]∥从文明起源到现代化.北京:人民出版社,2002:31-34.(HUA Linfu.The name of“China”and the evolution of China’s territory in past dynasties[C]∥From the Origin of Civilization to Modernization.Beijing:People’s Publishing House,2002:31-34.)