基于能质平衡的密闭猪舍内小气候环境模拟与验证
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摘要
良好的猪舍内小气候可以显著提高猪的生长性能和健康水平,然而由于猪舍内小气候受地域、季节、饲养数量等因素影响,难以实现可靠的预测及控制。该文基于能量及质量平衡方程,建立热量、湿度交换模型,以实际监测数据为基础,利用多元非线性回归方法(multiple nonlinear regression method)确定模型中的部分参数,建立适用于北方夏季密闭式猪舍环境模拟模型。对夏季北向背阴面和南向朝阳面的2个猪舍内温度及湿度进行模拟及验证,结果表明,南北2个朝向的猪舍内温度、湿度模拟与实测值变化趋势一致,温度最大误差为2.4℃,最大相对误差为9.2%,决定系数分别为0.836 9和0.786 9;舍内相对湿度最大误差为13.34%,最大相对误差为49.66%,决定系数分别为0.912和0.899 7。研究结果可为密闭式猪舍内环境调控及能量需求提供参考。
Microclimate of swine house is a time-varying and nonlinear system affected by the interaction of internal production and external environment factors, and has an important effect on the pig's growth performance and health status. Among multiple environmental factors, indoor air temperature affects the heat balance of the pig body and plays an important role to maintain the constant body temperature. Humidity influences the evaporation of the pig body and therefore a body's thermoregulation. So, the indoor temperature and humidity are payed much attention by many researchers in the past decades in order to maintain a suitable indoor environment for pigs. Simulation of indoor microclimate is an effective way to provide a precision control strategy. Some researches on swine house environment control are conducted based on indoor air temperature and ventilation using traditional and automatic control method. However, in practice, it is difficult to realize an accurate microclimate control and prediction in a swine house due to some influences such as different regions that swine house located, seasons, raised number of pigs, and most simulations and models for swine house environment only focused on single environment factor such as temperature, humidity or airflow using computational fluid dynamics(CFD), the comprehensive interaction among the multiple factors and the energy consumptions are neglected. In this study, a thermal exchange model based on energy balance equations and a humidity variation model based on mass balance equations are developed for a closed swine house, the factors such as weather, heat dissipation, heat acquisition, building structure, building ventilation and pigs in the swine house are considered. Based on the one month's measured data of 1 minute resolution of room 2 on the south side and room 11 on the northwest corner in the swine house, some parameters of the simulation model were determined by using multivariate non-linear regression model(MNRM). Two days measured data are randomly selected to validate the model simulations from two rooms in hot summer. The energy consumptions of the two rooms are also analyzed and compared. Results show that the simulation and measurement values for both rooms agree well, the maximum temperatures error is 2.4 ℃, the maximum relative error is 9.2% for the two rooms, and the coefficient of determination is 0.836 9 for room 2 and 0.786 9 for room 11. The maximum relative humidity error is 13.34% and the maximum relative error is 49.66% for the two rooms, the coefficient of determination is 0.912 for room 2 and 0.899 7 for room 11. The power consumption of room 11 is 1.5 times that of room 2 because room 11 has extra heat produced by the pigs and a sidewall as part of the west wall of the building. The dynamic microclimate models based on the energy and mass balance equations can be used for simulations of basic environment control and energy requirement in closed swine houses.
Microclimate of swine house is a time-varying and nonlinear system affected by the interaction of internal production and external environment factors, and has an important effect on the pig's growth performance and health status. Among multiple environmental factors, indoor air temperature affects the heat balance of the pig body and plays an important role to maintain the constant body temperature. Humidity influences the evaporation of the pig body and therefore a body's thermoregulation. So, the indoor temperature and humidity are payed much attention by many researchers in the past decades in order to maintain a suitable indoor environment for pigs. Simulation of indoor microclimate is an effective way to provide a precision control strategy. Some researches on swine house environment control are conducted based on indoor air temperature and ventilation using traditional and automatic control method. However, in practice, it is difficult to realize an accurate microclimate control and prediction in a swine house due to some influences such as different regions that swine house located, seasons, raised number of pigs, and most simulations and models for swine house environment only focused on single environment factor such as temperature, humidity or airflow using computational fluid dynamics(CFD), the comprehensive interaction among the multiple factors and the energy consumptions are neglected. In this study, a thermal exchange model based on energy balance equations and a humidity variation model based on mass balance equations are developed for a closed swine house, the factors such as weather, heat dissipation, heat acquisition, building structure, building ventilation and pigs in the swine house are considered. Based on the one month's measured data of 1 minute resolution of room 2 on the south side and room 11 on the northwest corner in the swine house, some parameters of the simulation model were determined by using multivariate non-linear regression model(MNRM). Two days measured data are randomly selected to validate the model simulations from two rooms in hot summer. The energy consumptions of the two rooms are also analyzed and compared. Results show that the simulation and measurement values for both rooms agree well, the maximum temperatures error is 2.4 ℃, the maximum relative error is 9.2% for the two rooms, and the coefficient of determination is 0.836 9 for room 2 and 0.786 9 for room 11. The maximum relative humidity error is 13.34% and the maximum relative error is 49.66% for the two rooms, the coefficient of determination is 0.912 for room 2 and 0.899 7 for room 11. The power consumption of room 11 is 1.5 times that of room 2 because room 11 has extra heat produced by the pigs and a sidewall as part of the west wall of the building. The dynamic microclimate models based on the energy and mass balance equations can be used for simulations of basic environment control and energy requirement in closed swine houses.
引文
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[2]袁焰平,陈桂梅,张淑君.热应激对种猪繁殖性能的影响、防控措施以及相关抗性基因在猪中的研究[J].养猪,2012(3):41-44.Yuan Yanping,Chen Guimei,Zhang Shujun.Study on the effect of heat stress on reproductive performance,prevention and control measures and related genes of pigs[J].Swine Production,2012(3):41-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]汪开英,苗香雯,崔绍荣.猪舍环境温湿度对育成猪的生理及生产指标的影响[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(1):99-102.Wang Kaiying,Miao Xiangwen,Cui Shaorong,et al.Effects of ambient temperature and relative humidity on physiological parameters and performance of growing pigs[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2002,18(1):99-102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]曹进,张峥.封闭猪场内氨气对猪群生产性能的影响及控制试验[J].养猪,2003(4):42-44.Cao Jing,Zhang Zheng.The ammonia infuence on the pigs production performance in the constrained pig house and its control test[J].Swine Production,2003(4):42-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]Xie Qiuju,Ji-Qin Ni,Su Zhongbin.A prediction model of ammonia emission from a fattening pig room based on the indoor concentration using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017,325:301-309.
[6]于家良,何福勤.环境控制对种猪繁殖性能的影响[J].中国畜牧兽医文摘,2008(1):58-59.
[7]刘胜军,卢庆萍,张宏福,等.高温高湿环境对生长猪生长性能、血浆皮质醇浓度和免疫功能的影响[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(5):1214-1219.Liu Shengjun,Lu Qingping,Zhang Hongfu,et al.Effects of high ambient temperature and humidity on growth performance,plasma cortisol concentration and immune function in growing pigs[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(5):1214-1219.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Zong Chao,Li Hao,Zhang Guoqiang.Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from fattening pig house with two types of partial pit ventilation systems[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2015(208):94-105.
[9]J E Bolhuis,W G P Schouten,J W Schrama,et al.Effects of rearing and housing environment on behaviour and performance of pigs with different coping characteristics[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2006,101(1/2):68-85
[10]Ji-Qin Ni,Liu Shule,Lopes I M,et al.Monitoring,modeling,and characterizing single-speed ventilation fans for an animal building[J].Building and Environment,2017,118:225-233
[11]Xie Qiuju,Ji-Qin Ni,Su Zhongbin.Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of multiple environmental factors for swine building assessment and control[J].Journal of Hazardous Material,2017(340):463-471.
[12]Seo I H,Lee I B,Moon O K,et al.Modelling of internal environmental conditions in a full-scale commercial pig house containing animals[J].Biosystems Engineering 2012,111(1):91-106.
[13]李立峰,武佩,麻硕士,等.基于组态软件和模糊控制的分娩母猪舍环境监控系统[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(6):231-236.Li Lifeng,Wu Pei,Ma Shuoshi,et al.Monitoring and controlling system for delivery sow house environment based on configuration software and fuzzy control[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(6):231-236.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]宣传忠,武佩,马彦华,等.基于自适应模糊神经网络的畜禽猪舍环境控制系统的研究[J].内蒙古农业大学学报,2013,44(4):397-403.Xuan Chuanzhong,Wu Pei,Ma Yanhua,et al.A study on controlling system for the animal housing environment based on fuzzy neural network[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia University,2013,44(4):397-403.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]于明珠,武佩,韩丁,等.基于PLC的仔猪舍温度自动控制系统的设计与试验研究[J].农机化研究,2012(11):102-105.Yu Mingzhu,Wu Pei,Han Ding,et al.Design and experimental research on auto-control system of temperature in piglets house based on PLC[J].Journal of agricultural mechanization research,2012(11):102-105.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Stinn J Environmental Assessment and Control Towards Improved Swine Breeding-gestation-farrowing Operation in the Midwestern United States[D].Ames:Iowa State University,2014.
[17]Tong G,Zhang G,Christopher D M,et al.Evaluation of turbulence models to predict airflow and ammonia concentrations in a scale model swine building enclosure[J].Computers&Fluids,2013(71):240-249.
[18]Kim R W,Hong S W,Lee I B,et al.Evaluation of wind pressure acting on multi-span greenhouses using CFDtechnique,Part 2:Application of the CFD model[J].Biosystems Engineering,2017(164):257-280.
[19]Li H,Rong L,Zhang G.Numerical study on the convective heat transfer of fattening pig in groups in a mechanical ventilated pig house[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2018(149):90-100.
[20]Rojano F,Bournet P-E,Hassouna M,et al.Modelling heat and mass transfer of a broiler house using computational fluid dynamics[J].Biosystems Engineering,2015(136):25-38.
[21]Rojano F,Bournet P-E,Hassouna M,et al.Computational modelling of thermal and humidity gradients for a naturally ventilated poultry house[J].Biosystems Engineering,2016(151):273-285.
[22]Piscia D,Mu?oz P,Panadès C,et al.A method of coupling CFD and energy balance simulations to study humidity control in unheated greenhouses[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2015(115):129-141.
[23]Bjerg B,Rong L,Zhang G.Computational prediction of the effective temperature in the lying area of pig pens[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2018(149):71-79.
[24]Li H,Rong L,Zhang G.Study on convective heat transfer from pig models by CFD in a virtual wind tunnel[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2016(123):203-210.
[25]Aarnink A J A,Huynh T T T.Modelling heat losses in grow-finish pigs[C].Rongchang:2017 International Symposium on Animal Enironment and Welfare,2017,China.p.61-65.
[26]Rong Li,Pedersen E F,Zhang Guoqiang.Numerical simulations of a hybrid ventilation system at a confined pig building in Denmark-Summer case studies[C].International Symposium on Animal Environment and Welfare,2017,Rongchang,China.p.167-174.
[27]Bustamante E,Calvet S,Estellés F,et al.Measurement and numerical simulation of single-sided mechanical ventilation in broiler houses[J].Biosystems Engineering,2017(160):55-68.
[28]Shen X,Zhang G,Wu W,et al.Model-based control of natural ventilation in dairy buildings[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2013(94):47-57.
[29]Costantino A,Fabrizio E,Ghiggini A,et al.Climate control in broiler houses:A thermal model for the calculation of the energy use and indoor environmental conditions[J].Energy and Buildings,2018(169):110-126.
[30]Quiniou N,Noblet J,Milgen J van,et al.Modelling heat production and energy balance in group-housed growing pigs exposed to low or high ambient temperatures[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2001,85(1):97-106.
[31]Fabrizio E,Ghiggini A,Bariani M.Energy performance and indoor environmental control of animal houses:A modelling tool[J].Energy Procedia,2015(82):439-444.
[32]Sagrado J del,Sánchez J A,Rodríguez F,et al.Bayesian networks for greenhouse temperature control[J].Journal of Applied Logic,2016(17):25-35.
[33]Fidaros D,Baxevanou C,Bartzanas T,et al.Numerical study of mechanically ventilated broiler house equipped with evaporative pads[J].Computers and Electronics in Agriculture,2018(149):101-109.
[34]Impron I,Hemming S,GPA B.Simple greenhouse climate model as a design tool for greenhouses in tropical lowland[J].Biosystems Engineering,2007,98(1):79-89.
[35]Incropera F P,Dewitt D P,Bergman T L,et al.传热和传质基本原理第六版[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2007.
[36]CIGR,2nd Report of Working Group on Climatization of Animal Houses[M].B-9000 GENT(Belgium):Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,State University of Ghent,1992.
[37]沈金山.育肥猪舍建筑内表面换热系数?n的初步探讨[J].农业机械学报,1980,12(4):1-18.Shen Jinshan.The preliminary investigation of the heat transfer coefficient of the inside surface in swine fattening houses[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,1980,12(4):1-18.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[38]魏润柏.人体与环境热交换计算方法[J].人类工效学,1995,12(2):39-42.
[39]申彪,储兆福,译.人体表面的对流及辐射传热系数[J].建筑技术科研情报,1978(1):90-99.
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