氮钾配施对油菜产量及氮素利用的影响
|
摘要
实际生产中氮钾肥投入不平衡严重限制了氮肥肥效及作物的产量潜力。为了探明不同施氮量下钾肥施用对油菜产量及氮素利用的影响,于2016—2017年及2017—2018年在湖北省武穴市开展连续2年的田间试验,采用氮钾两因素完全试验设计,设氮0、90、180、270 kg N hm-2和钾0、60、120、180 kg K2O hm-2各4个水平。在油菜成熟期取样测定产量、地上部氮钾积累量以及氮肥利用率。结果表明,在钾供应不足时(K0和K60),冬油菜施用氮肥的平均增产率为113.7%,而在钾供应充足的条件下(K120和K180),施用氮肥的平均增产率高达172.9%;与K0处理相比, K120处理冬油菜氮肥回收利用率平均提高了16.6%,继续增施钾肥对不同施氮量下冬油菜氮肥回收利用率的进一步提高无显著影响;达到区域平均产量时,钾供应充足较低钾(K60)投入平均降低33.9%的氮肥用量。综上所述,氮钾配施显著提高了冬油菜产量和氮肥利用率,在冬油菜实际生产中除了重视氮肥施用外,应增加钾肥投入,通过优化氮钾肥配施比例可进一步提高油菜产量,实现冬油菜高产和养分高效。
The imbalance inputs of nitrogen(N) and potassium(K) fertilizer in current agricultural production severely restricts fertilizer use efficiency and crop yield potential. In order to estimate the influence of K fertilizer application on rapeseed yield and N fertilizer use efficiency under different nitrogen application rates, field experiments using two-factor experimental design were conducted at Wuxue county, Hubei province in 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 winter oilseed rape growing seasons. Four levels of N and K fertilizer application rates were set up, which were 0, 90, 180, 270 kg N ha-1 and 0, 60, 120, 180 kg K2 O ha-1, respectively. Seed yield, shoot N and K accumulation and N fertilizer use efficiency were measured at the harvest of winter oilseed rape. When K supply was insufficient(K0 and K60), the average increase rate of seed yield was 113.7%, while under sufficient K supplies(K120 and K180), the average seed yield increase rate was 172.9%. In contrast to the K0 treatment, the K120 treatment increased N fertilizer use efficiency by 16.6% on average; nevertheless, further increase K fertilizer application rate played minor role in the improvement of N fertilizer use efficiency. Considering the regional average rapeseed yield, adequate K supply could reduce the N fertilizer application rate with the average of 33.9% compared with insufficient K fertilization(K60). Consequently, the combined application of N and K fertilizers could significantly enhance rapeseed yield and N fertilizer use efficiency. In practices, besides paying more attention to N fertilizer application, K fertilizer input also should be strengthened. Optimizing N and K fertilizer application could be beneficial to further achieving higher seed yield and higher fertilizer use efficiency.
The imbalance inputs of nitrogen(N) and potassium(K) fertilizer in current agricultural production severely restricts fertilizer use efficiency and crop yield potential. In order to estimate the influence of K fertilizer application on rapeseed yield and N fertilizer use efficiency under different nitrogen application rates, field experiments using two-factor experimental design were conducted at Wuxue county, Hubei province in 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 winter oilseed rape growing seasons. Four levels of N and K fertilizer application rates were set up, which were 0, 90, 180, 270 kg N ha-1 and 0, 60, 120, 180 kg K2 O ha-1, respectively. Seed yield, shoot N and K accumulation and N fertilizer use efficiency were measured at the harvest of winter oilseed rape. When K supply was insufficient(K0 and K60), the average increase rate of seed yield was 113.7%, while under sufficient K supplies(K120 and K180), the average seed yield increase rate was 172.9%. In contrast to the K0 treatment, the K120 treatment increased N fertilizer use efficiency by 16.6% on average; nevertheless, further increase K fertilizer application rate played minor role in the improvement of N fertilizer use efficiency. Considering the regional average rapeseed yield, adequate K supply could reduce the N fertilizer application rate with the average of 33.9% compared with insufficient K fertilization(K60). Consequently, the combined application of N and K fertilizers could significantly enhance rapeseed yield and N fertilizer use efficiency. In practices, besides paying more attention to N fertilizer application, K fertilizer input also should be strengthened. Optimizing N and K fertilizer application could be beneficial to further achieving higher seed yield and higher fertilizer use efficiency.
引文
[1]Mulvaney R L,Khan S A,Ellsworth T R.Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers deplete soil nitrogen:a global dilemma for sustainable cereal production.J Environ Quality,2009,38:2295-2314.
[2]West P C,Gerber J S,Engstrom P M,Mueller N D,Brauman K A,Carlson K M,Cassidy E S,Johnston M,MacDonald G K,Ray DK,Siebert S.Leverage points for improving global food security and the environment.Science,2014,345:325-328.
[3]Liu X J,Zhang Y,Han W X,Tang A H,Shen J L,Cui Z L,Vitousek P,Erisman J W,Goulding K,Christie P,Fangmeier A,Zhang F S.Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China.Nature,2013,494:459-462.
[4]Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,Shen J L,Han W X,Zhang W F,Christie P,Goulding K W,Vitousek P M,Zhang F S.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands.Science,2010,327:1008-1010.
[5]Zhang F S,Niu J F,Zhang W F,Chen X P,Li C J,Yuan L X,Xie J C.Potassium nutrition of crops under varied regimes of nitrogen supply.Plant Soil,2010,335:21-34.
[6]Regmi A P,Ladha J K,Pasuquin E,Pathak H,Hobbs P R,Shrestha L L,Gharti D B,Duveiller E.The role of potassium in sustaining yields in a long-term rice-wheat experiment in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of Nepal.Biol Fert Soils,2002,36:240-247.
[7]Z?rb C,Senbayram M,Peiter E.Potassium in agriculture-status and perspectives.J Plant Physiol,2014,171:656-669.
[8]Khan M Z,Muhammad S,Naeem M A,Akhtar E,Khalid M.Response of some wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)varieties to foliar application of N&K under rainfed conditions.Pak J Bot,2006,38:1027-1034.
[9]Jackson H.Evaluation of Nitrogen and Potassium Interactions in Corn.Graduate Theses and Dissertations of Iowa State University,America,2018.
[10]Fischer R A,Byerlee D,Edmeades G O.Crop yields and global food security:will yield increase continue to feed the world?Eur Rev Agric Econ,2014,158:191-192.
[11]王汉中.我国油菜产业发展的历史回顾与展望.中国油料作物学报,2010,32:300-302.Wang H Z.Review and future development of rapeseed industry in China.Chin J Oil Crop Sci,2010,32:300-302(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12]李慧,马常宝,鲁剑巍,李小坤,任涛,丛日环.中国不同区域油菜氮磷钾肥增产效果.中国农业科学,2013,46:1837-1847.Li H,Ma C B,Lu J W,Li X K,Ren T,Cong R H.Increasing effect of N,P and K fertilizer on rapeseed in different regions of China.Sci Agric Sin,2013,46:1837-1847(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13]徐华丽.长江流域油菜施肥状况调查及配方施肥效果研究.华中农业大学硕士学位论文,湖北武汉,2012.Xu H L.Investigation on Fertilization and Effect of Formulated Fertilization of Winter Rapeseed in Yangtze River Basin.MSThesis of Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan,Hubei,China,2012(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.pp25-114.Bao S D.Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.pp 25-114(in Chinese).
[15]彭少兵,黄见良,钟旭华,杨建昌,王光火,邹应斌,张福锁,朱庆森,Roland B,Christian W.提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略.中国农业科学,2002,35:1095-1103.Peng S B,Huang J L,Zhong X H,Yang J C,Wang G H,Zou Y B,Zhang F S,Zhu Q S,Roland B,Christian W.Research strategy in improving fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated rice in China.Sci Agric Sin,2002,35:1095-1103(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,崔振岭,马文奇,陈新平,江荣风.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径.土壤学报,2008,45:915-924.Zhang F S,Wang J Q,Zhang W F,Cui Z L,Ma W Q,Chen X P,Jiang R F.Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement.Acta Pedol Sin,2008,45:915-924(in Chinese with English abstract).
[17]贾良良,陈新平,张福锁,刘宏斌,吴健繁.北京市冬小麦氮肥适宜用量评价方法的研究.中国农业大学学报,2001,6(3):67-73.Jia L L,Chen X P,Zhang F S,Liu H B,Wu J F.Study of optimum N supplying rate in winter wheat in Beijing area.J China Agric Univ,2001,6(3):67-73(in Chinese with English abstract).
[18]陈新平,周金池,王兴仁,张福锁,宝德俊,贾晓红.小麦-玉米轮作制中氮肥效应模型的选择--经济和环境效益分析.土壤学报,2000,37:346-354.Chen X P,Zhou J C,Wang X R,Zhang F S,Bao D J,Jia X H.Economic and environmental evaluation on models for describing crop yield response to nitrogen fertilizers at winter-wheat and summer-corn rotation system.Acta Pedol Sin,2000,37:346-354(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]Wang W N,Lu J W,Ren T,Li X K,Su W,Lu M X.Evaluating regional mean optimal nitrogen rates in combination with indigenous nitrogen supply for rice production.Field Crops Res,2012,137:37-48.
[20]LouéA.The interaction of potassium with other growth factors,particularly with other nutrients.IPI Res Topics,1980,8:67-93.
[21]Milford G F J,Johnston A E.Potassium and nitrogen interactions in crops production.Nawozy I Nawozenie,2009,34:143-162.
[22]Brennan R F,Bolland M D A.Influence of potassium and nitrogen fertilizer on yield,oil and protein concentration of canola(Brassica napus L.)grain harvested in southwestern Australia.Aust J Exp Agric,2007,47:976-983.
[23]Ahmad C,Jan A,Arif M,Jan M T,Shah H.Effect of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization on yield components,seed and oil yields of canola.J Plant Nutr,2011,34:2069-2082.
[24]Amanullah,Hassan M,Malhi S S.Seed yield and yield components response of rape(B.napus)versus mustard(B.juncea)to sulfur and potassium fertilizer application in northwest Pakistan.J Plant Nutr,2011,34:1164-1174.
[25]Bruns H A,Ebellhar M W.Nutrient uptake of maize affected by nitrogen and potassium fertility in a humid subtropical environment.Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal,2006,37:275-293.
[26]Duncan E G,Sullivan C A O,Roper M M,Palta J,Whisson K,Peoples M B.Yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat increased with root length and biomass due to nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium interactions.J Plant Nutr Soil Sci,2018,181:364-373.
[27]Siebrecht S,Tischner R.Changes in the xylem exudate composition of poplar(Populus tremula×P.alba):dependent on the nitrogen and potassium supply.J Exp Bot,1999,50:1797-1806.
[28]Delaire M,Mauget J C,Beaujard F.Evidence for a strong correlation between season-dependent nitrate and potassium uptake in two deciduous trees.Trees,2014,28:769-776.
[29]Armengaud P,Sulpice R,Miller A J,Stitt M,Amtmann A,Gibon Y.Multilevel analysis of primary metabolism provides new insights into the role of potassium nutrition for glycolysis and nitrogen assimilation in Arabidopsis roots.Plant Physiol,2009,150:772-785.
[30]张智,丛日环,鲁剑巍.中国冬油菜产业氮肥减施增效潜力分析.植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23:1494-1504.Zhang Z,Cong R H,Lu J W.Potential analysis on winter oilseed rape production under reducing nitrogen input and increasing its efficiency in China.J Plant Nutr Fert,2017,23:1494-1504(in Chinese with English abstract).
[31]Ren T,Zou J,Lu J W,Chen F,Wu J S,Li X K.On-farm trials of optimal fertilizer recommendations for the maintenance of high seed yields in winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)production(fertilizers and soil amendments).Soil Sci Plant Nutr,2015,61:528-540.
[2]West P C,Gerber J S,Engstrom P M,Mueller N D,Brauman K A,Carlson K M,Cassidy E S,Johnston M,MacDonald G K,Ray DK,Siebert S.Leverage points for improving global food security and the environment.Science,2014,345:325-328.
[3]Liu X J,Zhang Y,Han W X,Tang A H,Shen J L,Cui Z L,Vitousek P,Erisman J W,Goulding K,Christie P,Fangmeier A,Zhang F S.Enhanced nitrogen deposition over China.Nature,2013,494:459-462.
[4]Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,Shen J L,Han W X,Zhang W F,Christie P,Goulding K W,Vitousek P M,Zhang F S.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands.Science,2010,327:1008-1010.
[5]Zhang F S,Niu J F,Zhang W F,Chen X P,Li C J,Yuan L X,Xie J C.Potassium nutrition of crops under varied regimes of nitrogen supply.Plant Soil,2010,335:21-34.
[6]Regmi A P,Ladha J K,Pasuquin E,Pathak H,Hobbs P R,Shrestha L L,Gharti D B,Duveiller E.The role of potassium in sustaining yields in a long-term rice-wheat experiment in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of Nepal.Biol Fert Soils,2002,36:240-247.
[7]Z?rb C,Senbayram M,Peiter E.Potassium in agriculture-status and perspectives.J Plant Physiol,2014,171:656-669.
[8]Khan M Z,Muhammad S,Naeem M A,Akhtar E,Khalid M.Response of some wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)varieties to foliar application of N&K under rainfed conditions.Pak J Bot,2006,38:1027-1034.
[9]Jackson H.Evaluation of Nitrogen and Potassium Interactions in Corn.Graduate Theses and Dissertations of Iowa State University,America,2018.
[10]Fischer R A,Byerlee D,Edmeades G O.Crop yields and global food security:will yield increase continue to feed the world?Eur Rev Agric Econ,2014,158:191-192.
[11]王汉中.我国油菜产业发展的历史回顾与展望.中国油料作物学报,2010,32:300-302.Wang H Z.Review and future development of rapeseed industry in China.Chin J Oil Crop Sci,2010,32:300-302(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12]李慧,马常宝,鲁剑巍,李小坤,任涛,丛日环.中国不同区域油菜氮磷钾肥增产效果.中国农业科学,2013,46:1837-1847.Li H,Ma C B,Lu J W,Li X K,Ren T,Cong R H.Increasing effect of N,P and K fertilizer on rapeseed in different regions of China.Sci Agric Sin,2013,46:1837-1847(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13]徐华丽.长江流域油菜施肥状况调查及配方施肥效果研究.华中农业大学硕士学位论文,湖北武汉,2012.Xu H L.Investigation on Fertilization and Effect of Formulated Fertilization of Winter Rapeseed in Yangtze River Basin.MSThesis of Huazhong Agricultural University,Wuhan,Hubei,China,2012(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.pp25-114.Bao S D.Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000.pp 25-114(in Chinese).
[15]彭少兵,黄见良,钟旭华,杨建昌,王光火,邹应斌,张福锁,朱庆森,Roland B,Christian W.提高中国稻田氮肥利用率的研究策略.中国农业科学,2002,35:1095-1103.Peng S B,Huang J L,Zhong X H,Yang J C,Wang G H,Zou Y B,Zhang F S,Zhu Q S,Roland B,Christian W.Research strategy in improving fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency of irrigated rice in China.Sci Agric Sin,2002,35:1095-1103(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,崔振岭,马文奇,陈新平,江荣风.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径.土壤学报,2008,45:915-924.Zhang F S,Wang J Q,Zhang W F,Cui Z L,Ma W Q,Chen X P,Jiang R F.Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement.Acta Pedol Sin,2008,45:915-924(in Chinese with English abstract).
[17]贾良良,陈新平,张福锁,刘宏斌,吴健繁.北京市冬小麦氮肥适宜用量评价方法的研究.中国农业大学学报,2001,6(3):67-73.Jia L L,Chen X P,Zhang F S,Liu H B,Wu J F.Study of optimum N supplying rate in winter wheat in Beijing area.J China Agric Univ,2001,6(3):67-73(in Chinese with English abstract).
[18]陈新平,周金池,王兴仁,张福锁,宝德俊,贾晓红.小麦-玉米轮作制中氮肥效应模型的选择--经济和环境效益分析.土壤学报,2000,37:346-354.Chen X P,Zhou J C,Wang X R,Zhang F S,Bao D J,Jia X H.Economic and environmental evaluation on models for describing crop yield response to nitrogen fertilizers at winter-wheat and summer-corn rotation system.Acta Pedol Sin,2000,37:346-354(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]Wang W N,Lu J W,Ren T,Li X K,Su W,Lu M X.Evaluating regional mean optimal nitrogen rates in combination with indigenous nitrogen supply for rice production.Field Crops Res,2012,137:37-48.
[20]LouéA.The interaction of potassium with other growth factors,particularly with other nutrients.IPI Res Topics,1980,8:67-93.
[21]Milford G F J,Johnston A E.Potassium and nitrogen interactions in crops production.Nawozy I Nawozenie,2009,34:143-162.
[22]Brennan R F,Bolland M D A.Influence of potassium and nitrogen fertilizer on yield,oil and protein concentration of canola(Brassica napus L.)grain harvested in southwestern Australia.Aust J Exp Agric,2007,47:976-983.
[23]Ahmad C,Jan A,Arif M,Jan M T,Shah H.Effect of nitrogen and sulfur fertilization on yield components,seed and oil yields of canola.J Plant Nutr,2011,34:2069-2082.
[24]Amanullah,Hassan M,Malhi S S.Seed yield and yield components response of rape(B.napus)versus mustard(B.juncea)to sulfur and potassium fertilizer application in northwest Pakistan.J Plant Nutr,2011,34:1164-1174.
[25]Bruns H A,Ebellhar M W.Nutrient uptake of maize affected by nitrogen and potassium fertility in a humid subtropical environment.Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal,2006,37:275-293.
[26]Duncan E G,Sullivan C A O,Roper M M,Palta J,Whisson K,Peoples M B.Yield and nitrogen use efficiency of wheat increased with root length and biomass due to nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium interactions.J Plant Nutr Soil Sci,2018,181:364-373.
[27]Siebrecht S,Tischner R.Changes in the xylem exudate composition of poplar(Populus tremula×P.alba):dependent on the nitrogen and potassium supply.J Exp Bot,1999,50:1797-1806.
[28]Delaire M,Mauget J C,Beaujard F.Evidence for a strong correlation between season-dependent nitrate and potassium uptake in two deciduous trees.Trees,2014,28:769-776.
[29]Armengaud P,Sulpice R,Miller A J,Stitt M,Amtmann A,Gibon Y.Multilevel analysis of primary metabolism provides new insights into the role of potassium nutrition for glycolysis and nitrogen assimilation in Arabidopsis roots.Plant Physiol,2009,150:772-785.
[30]张智,丛日环,鲁剑巍.中国冬油菜产业氮肥减施增效潜力分析.植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23:1494-1504.Zhang Z,Cong R H,Lu J W.Potential analysis on winter oilseed rape production under reducing nitrogen input and increasing its efficiency in China.J Plant Nutr Fert,2017,23:1494-1504(in Chinese with English abstract).
[31]Ren T,Zou J,Lu J W,Chen F,Wu J S,Li X K.On-farm trials of optimal fertilizer recommendations for the maintenance of high seed yields in winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)production(fertilizers and soil amendments).Soil Sci Plant Nutr,2015,61:528-540.