治疗性血管新生在心肌梗死后的应用进展
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摘要
心肌梗死(MI)是一种急性缺血性心脏病,其病理特点是各种原因引起的心肌血管狭窄和堵塞,可并发心律失常、休克和心力衰竭,严重时危及患者生命。因此,促血管新生成为治疗MI的有效方法之一。近年来,随着对血管生长因子和血管新生研究的不断深入,治疗性血管新生已成为MI后治疗研究的新领域,在恢复血运重建方面起到重要作用。治疗性血管新生的方法主要包括蛋白质治疗、基因治疗和细胞治疗。本文就治疗性血管新生在MI后的应用做一综述。
Myocardial infarction is an acute ischemic heart abnormality that can be complicated by arrhythmia, shock, and heart failure. In severe cases, it endangers the lives of many patients. Its pathological features are myocardial vascular stenosis and blockage caused by various reasons, which may lead to myocardial infarction. Angiogenesis is one of the effective methods for the treatment of myocardial infarction. In recent years, with research on angiogenic factors and angiogenesis, therapeutic angiogenesis has become a new specialized research field for post-myocardial treatment and potentially may play an important role in restoring revascularization. Methods for therapeutic angiogenesis include protein therapy, gene therapy, and cell therapy. This article reviews the application of therapeutic angiogenesis after myocardial infarction.
Myocardial infarction is an acute ischemic heart abnormality that can be complicated by arrhythmia, shock, and heart failure. In severe cases, it endangers the lives of many patients. Its pathological features are myocardial vascular stenosis and blockage caused by various reasons, which may lead to myocardial infarction. Angiogenesis is one of the effective methods for the treatment of myocardial infarction. In recent years, with research on angiogenic factors and angiogenesis, therapeutic angiogenesis has become a new specialized research field for post-myocardial treatment and potentially may play an important role in restoring revascularization. Methods for therapeutic angiogenesis include protein therapy, gene therapy, and cell therapy. This article reviews the application of therapeutic angiogenesis after myocardial infarction.
引文
[1] Fr?hlich GM,Meier P,White SK,et al.Myocardial reperfusion injury:looking beyond primary PCI[J].Eur Heart J,2013,34(23):1714-1722.
[2] Jugdutt BI.Ischemia/Infarction[J].Heart Fail Clin,2012,8(1):43-51.
[3] Moran AE,Roth GA,Narula J,et al.1990-2010 Global Cardiovascular Disease Atlas[J].Glob Heart,2014,9(1):3-16.
[4] Bonetti PO,Holmes DJA,Barsness GW.Enhanced external counterpulsation for ischemic heart disease:what's behind the curtain?[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,41(11):1918-1925.
[5] Nessa A,Latif SA,Siddiqui NI,et al.Angiogenesis-a novel therapeutic approach for ischemic heart disease[J].Mymensingh Med J,2009,18(2):264-272.
[6] Rubanyi GM.Mechanistic,technical,and clinical perspectives in therapeutic stimulation of coronary collateral development by angiogenic growth factors[J].Mol Ther,2013,21(4):725-738.
[7] Bosisio D,Salvi V,Gagliostro V,et al.Angiogenic and antiangiogenic chemokines[J].Chem Immunol Allergy,2014,99:89-104.
[8] Adams RH,Alitalo K.Molecular regulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis[J].Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2007,8(6):464-478.
[9] Weckbach LT,Preissner KT,Deindl E.The role of midkine in arteriogenesis,involving mechanosensing,endothelial cell proliferation,and vasodilation[J].Int J Mol Sci,2018,19(9).pii:E2559.doi:10.3390/ijms19092559.
[10]Hermanides RS,Kilic S,Hof AWJ.Optimal pharmacological therapy in ST-elevation myocardial infarction-a review[J].Neth Heart J,2018,26(6):1-13.
[11]Robich MP,Chu LM,Oyamada S,et al.Myocardial therapeutic angiogenesis:a Review of the state of development and future obstacles[J].Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther,2014,9(11):1469-1479.
[12]Bates DO.Vascular endothelial growth factors and vascular permeability[J].Cardiovasc Res,2010,87(2):262-271.
[13]Lecouter J,Lin R,Ferrara N.EG‐VEGF:A novel mediator of endocrine‐specific angiogenesis,endothelial phenotype,and function[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2004,1014(1):50-57.
[14]Harada K,Friedman M,Lopez JJ,et al.Vascular endothelial growth factor administration in chronic myocardial ischemia[J].Am J Physiol,1996,270(5 Pt 2):H1791-H1802.
[15]Lopez JJ,Laham RJ,Stamler A,et al.VEGF administration in chronic myocardial ischemia in pigs[J].Cardiovasc Res,1998,40(2):272-281.
[16]Stewart DJ,Kutryk MJ,Fitchett D,et al.VEGF gene therapy fails to improve perfusion of ischemic myocardium in patients with advanced coronary disease:results of the NORTHERN trial[J].Mol Ther,2009,17(6):1109-1115.
[17]Zhao Q,Li Z.Angiogenesis[J].Biomed Res Int,2015,2015:135861.
[18]Cochain C,Channon KM,Silvestre JS.Angiogenesis in the infarcted myocardium[J].Antioxid Redox Signal,2013,18(9):1100-1113.
[19]Henry TD,Annex BH,Mckendall GR,et al.The VIVA trial:Vascular endothelial growth factor in Ischemia for Vascular Angiogenesis[J].Circulation,2003,12(3):68-69.
[20]Rubanyi GM.Identifying and overcoming obstacles in angiogenic gene therapy for myocardial ischemia[J].J Cardiovasc Pharmacol,2014,64(2):109-119.
[21]Lu H,Xu X,Zhang M,et al.Combinatorial protein therapy of angiogenic and arteriogenic factors remarkably improves collaterogenesis and cardiac function in pigs[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2007,104(29):12140-12145.
[22]Karvinen H,Yl?-Herttuala S.New aspects in vascular gene therapy[J].Curr Opin Pharmacol,2010,10(2):208-211.
[23]Yl?-Herttuala S,Bridges C,Katz MG,et al.Angiogenic gene therapy in cardiovascular diseases:dream or vision?[J].Eur Heart J,2017,38(18):1365-1371.
[24]Losordo DW,Vale PR,Symes JF,et al.Gene therapy for myocardial angiogenesis:initial clinical results with direct myocardial injection of phVEGF165 as sole therapy for myocardial ischemia[J].Circulation,1998,98(25):2800-2804.
[25]Symes JF,Losordo DW,Vale PR,et al.Gene therapy with vascular endothelial growth factor for inoperable coronary artery disease[J].Ann Thorac Surg,1999,68(3):830-836.
[26]Vale PR,Losordo DW,Milliken CE,et al.Left ventricular electromechanical mapping to assess efficacy of phVEGF(165) gene transfer for therapeutic angiogenesis in chronic myocardial ischemia[J].Circulation,2000,102(9):965-974.
[27]Fortuin FD,Vale P,Losordo DW,et al.One-year follow-up of direct myocardial gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor-2 using naked plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid by way of thoracotomy in no-option patients[J].Am J Cardiol,2003,92(4):436-439.
[28]Kastrup J,J?rgensen E,Rück A,et al.Direct intramyocardial plasmid vascular endothelial growth factor-A 165 gene therapy in patients with stable severe angina pectoris:A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study:The Euroinject One trial[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,45(7):982-988.
[29]Khan TA,Sellke FW,Laham RJ.Gene therapy progress and prospects:therapeutic angiogenesis for limb and myocardial ischemia[J].Gene Ther,2003,10(4):285-291.
[30]Wu P,Chen H,Jin R,et al.Non-viral gene delivery systems for tissue repair and regeneration[J].J Transl Med,2018,16(1):29.
[31]Aoki M,Morishita R,Taniyama Y,et al.Angiogenesis induced by hepatocyte growth factor in non-infarcted myocardium and infarcted myocardium:up-regulation of essential transcription factor for angiogenesis,ets[J].Gene Ther,2000,7(5):417-427.
[32]Zachary I,Morgan RD.Therapeutic angiogenesis for cardiovascular disease:biological context,challenges,prospects[J].Heart,2011,97(3):181-189.
[33]Hartikainen J,Hassinen I,Hedman A,et al.Adenoviral intramyocardial VEGF-DDeltaNDeltaC gene transfer increases myocardial perfusion reserve in refractory angina patients:a phase I/IIa study with 1-year follow-up[J].Eur Heart J,2017,38(33):2547-2555.
[34]Fuchs S,Dib N,Cohen BM,et al.A randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,multicenter,pilot study of the safety and feasibility of catheter-based intramyocardial injection of AdVEGF121 in patients with refractory advanced coronary artery disease[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2006,68(3):372-378.
[35]Hua S,Takagawa J,Yu H,et al.Additive effect of AAV-mediated angiopoietin-1 and VEGF expression on the therapy of infarcted heart[J].Int J Cardiol,2009,133(2):191-197.
[36]Young PP,Vaughan DE,Hatzopoulos AK.Biologic Properties of Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Their Potential for Cell Therapy[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2007,49(6):421-429.
[37]Hkh H,Jiang S,Idris NM,et al.IGF-1-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells accelerate bone marrow stem cell mobilization via paracrine activation of SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 signaling to promote myocardial repair[J].Circ Res,2008,103(11):1300-1308.
[38]Jimenez-Quevedo P,Gonzalez-Ferrer JJ,Sabate M,et al.Selected CD133(+) progenitor cells to promote angiogenesis in patients with refractory angina:final results of the PROGENITOR randomized trial[J].Circ Res,2014,115(11):950-960.
[39]Fisher SA,Zhang H,Doree C,et al.Stem cell treatment for acute myocardial infarction[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2015(9):CD006536.
[40]Singla DK,Hacker TA,Ma L,et al.Transplantation of embryonic stem cells into the infarcted mouse heart:formation of multiple cell types[J].J Mol Cell Cardiol,2006,40(1):195-200.
[41]Boudoulas KD,Hatzopoulos AK.Cardiac repair and regeneration:the Rubik’s cube of cell therapy for heart disease[J].Dis Model Mech,2009,2(7-8):344-358.
[42]Peran M,Marchal J,Lopez E,et al.Human cardiac tissue induces transdifferentiation of adult stem cells towards cardiomyocytes[J].Cytotherapy,2010,12(3):332-337.
[43]Wang S,Qin X,Sun D,et al.Effects of hepatocyte growth factor overexpressed bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on prevention from left ventricular remodelling and functional improvement in infarcted rat hearts[J].Cell Biochem Funct,2012,30(7):574-581.
[44]Wu J,Greely HT,Jaenisch R,et al.Stem cells and interspecies chimaeras[J].Nature,2016,540(7631):51-59.
[45]Liu BW,Lü AL,Hou J,et al.Cardiac differentiation and electrophysiology characteristics of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells[J].Chin Med J (Engl),2012,125(18):3318-3324.
[46]Sun L,Cui M,Wang Z,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells modified with angiopoietin-1 improve remodeling in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2007,357(3):779-784.
[47]Li Q,Wang Z.Influence of mesenchymal stem cells with endothelial progenitor cells in co-culture on osteogenesis and angiogenesis:an in vitro study[J].Arch Med Res,2013,44(7):504-513.
[48]Beeres SL,Bax JJ,Dibbets-Schneider P,et al.Intramyocardial injection of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with chronic myocardial infarction and severe left ventricular dysfunction[J].Am J Cardiol,2007,100(7):1094-1098.
[49]Zhang M,Zhang H,Feng W,et al.Endothelial progenitor cells promote osteogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells in a paracrine manner[J].Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi,2015,95(16):1253-1257.
[50]Kinnaird T,Stabile E,Burnett MS,et al.Marrow-derived stromal cells express genes encoding a broad spectrum of arteriogenic cytokines and promote in vitro and in vivo arteriogenesis through paracrine mechanisms[J].Circ Res,2004,94(5):678-685.
[51]Ilic D,Ogilvie C.Concise review:Human embryonic stem cells-What have we done?What are we doing?Where are we going?[J].Stem Cells,2017,35(1):17-25.
[52]Assmus B,Honold J,Sch?chinger V,et al.Transcoronary transplantation of progenitor cells after myocardial infarction[J].N Engl J Med,2006,355(12):1222-1232.
[53]San Roman JA,Sánchez PL,Villa A,et al.Comparison of different bone marrow-derived stem cell approaches in reperfused STEMI.A multicenter,prospective,randomized,open-labeled TECAM trial[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2015,65(22):2372-2382.
[54]Zhang C,Sun A,Zhang S,et al.Efficacy and safety of intracoronary autologous bone marrow-derived cell transplantation in patients with acute myocardial infarction:insights from randomized controlled trials with 12 or more months follow-up[J].Clin Cardiol,2010,33(6):353-360.
[55]Brickwedel J,Gulbins H,Reichenspurner H.Long-term follow-up after autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation in ischaemic heart disease[J].Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2014,18(1):61-66.
[56]Hagège AA,Marolleau JP,Vilquin JT,et al.Skeletal myoblast transplantation in ischemic heart failure:long-term follow-up of the first phase I cohort of patients[J].Circulation,2006,114(1 Suppl):I108-I113.
[57]Menasché P.Stem cell therapy for heart failure:are arrhythmias a real safety concern?[J].Circulation,2009,119(20):2735-2740.
[58]Tongers J,Losordo DW,Landmesser U.Stem and progenitor cell-based therapy in ischaemic heart disease:promise,uncertainties,and challenges[J].Eur Heart J,2011,32(10):1197-1206.
[59]Mill JG,Stefanon I,Dos SL,et al.Remodeling in the ischemic heart:the stepwise progression for heart failure[J].Braz J Med Biol Res,2011,44(9):890-898.
[60]Annex BH.Therapeutic angiogenesis for critical limb ischaemia[J].Nat Rev Cardiol,2013,10(7):387-396.
[2] Jugdutt BI.Ischemia/Infarction[J].Heart Fail Clin,2012,8(1):43-51.
[3] Moran AE,Roth GA,Narula J,et al.1990-2010 Global Cardiovascular Disease Atlas[J].Glob Heart,2014,9(1):3-16.
[4] Bonetti PO,Holmes DJA,Barsness GW.Enhanced external counterpulsation for ischemic heart disease:what's behind the curtain?[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2003,41(11):1918-1925.
[5] Nessa A,Latif SA,Siddiqui NI,et al.Angiogenesis-a novel therapeutic approach for ischemic heart disease[J].Mymensingh Med J,2009,18(2):264-272.
[6] Rubanyi GM.Mechanistic,technical,and clinical perspectives in therapeutic stimulation of coronary collateral development by angiogenic growth factors[J].Mol Ther,2013,21(4):725-738.
[7] Bosisio D,Salvi V,Gagliostro V,et al.Angiogenic and antiangiogenic chemokines[J].Chem Immunol Allergy,2014,99:89-104.
[8] Adams RH,Alitalo K.Molecular regulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis[J].Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2007,8(6):464-478.
[9] Weckbach LT,Preissner KT,Deindl E.The role of midkine in arteriogenesis,involving mechanosensing,endothelial cell proliferation,and vasodilation[J].Int J Mol Sci,2018,19(9).pii:E2559.doi:10.3390/ijms19092559.
[10]Hermanides RS,Kilic S,Hof AWJ.Optimal pharmacological therapy in ST-elevation myocardial infarction-a review[J].Neth Heart J,2018,26(6):1-13.
[11]Robich MP,Chu LM,Oyamada S,et al.Myocardial therapeutic angiogenesis:a Review of the state of development and future obstacles[J].Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther,2014,9(11):1469-1479.
[12]Bates DO.Vascular endothelial growth factors and vascular permeability[J].Cardiovasc Res,2010,87(2):262-271.
[13]Lecouter J,Lin R,Ferrara N.EG‐VEGF:A novel mediator of endocrine‐specific angiogenesis,endothelial phenotype,and function[J].Ann N Y Acad Sci,2004,1014(1):50-57.
[14]Harada K,Friedman M,Lopez JJ,et al.Vascular endothelial growth factor administration in chronic myocardial ischemia[J].Am J Physiol,1996,270(5 Pt 2):H1791-H1802.
[15]Lopez JJ,Laham RJ,Stamler A,et al.VEGF administration in chronic myocardial ischemia in pigs[J].Cardiovasc Res,1998,40(2):272-281.
[16]Stewart DJ,Kutryk MJ,Fitchett D,et al.VEGF gene therapy fails to improve perfusion of ischemic myocardium in patients with advanced coronary disease:results of the NORTHERN trial[J].Mol Ther,2009,17(6):1109-1115.
[17]Zhao Q,Li Z.Angiogenesis[J].Biomed Res Int,2015,2015:135861.
[18]Cochain C,Channon KM,Silvestre JS.Angiogenesis in the infarcted myocardium[J].Antioxid Redox Signal,2013,18(9):1100-1113.
[19]Henry TD,Annex BH,Mckendall GR,et al.The VIVA trial:Vascular endothelial growth factor in Ischemia for Vascular Angiogenesis[J].Circulation,2003,12(3):68-69.
[20]Rubanyi GM.Identifying and overcoming obstacles in angiogenic gene therapy for myocardial ischemia[J].J Cardiovasc Pharmacol,2014,64(2):109-119.
[21]Lu H,Xu X,Zhang M,et al.Combinatorial protein therapy of angiogenic and arteriogenic factors remarkably improves collaterogenesis and cardiac function in pigs[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2007,104(29):12140-12145.
[22]Karvinen H,Yl?-Herttuala S.New aspects in vascular gene therapy[J].Curr Opin Pharmacol,2010,10(2):208-211.
[23]Yl?-Herttuala S,Bridges C,Katz MG,et al.Angiogenic gene therapy in cardiovascular diseases:dream or vision?[J].Eur Heart J,2017,38(18):1365-1371.
[24]Losordo DW,Vale PR,Symes JF,et al.Gene therapy for myocardial angiogenesis:initial clinical results with direct myocardial injection of phVEGF165 as sole therapy for myocardial ischemia[J].Circulation,1998,98(25):2800-2804.
[25]Symes JF,Losordo DW,Vale PR,et al.Gene therapy with vascular endothelial growth factor for inoperable coronary artery disease[J].Ann Thorac Surg,1999,68(3):830-836.
[26]Vale PR,Losordo DW,Milliken CE,et al.Left ventricular electromechanical mapping to assess efficacy of phVEGF(165) gene transfer for therapeutic angiogenesis in chronic myocardial ischemia[J].Circulation,2000,102(9):965-974.
[27]Fortuin FD,Vale P,Losordo DW,et al.One-year follow-up of direct myocardial gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor-2 using naked plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid by way of thoracotomy in no-option patients[J].Am J Cardiol,2003,92(4):436-439.
[28]Kastrup J,J?rgensen E,Rück A,et al.Direct intramyocardial plasmid vascular endothelial growth factor-A 165 gene therapy in patients with stable severe angina pectoris:A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study:The Euroinject One trial[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2005,45(7):982-988.
[29]Khan TA,Sellke FW,Laham RJ.Gene therapy progress and prospects:therapeutic angiogenesis for limb and myocardial ischemia[J].Gene Ther,2003,10(4):285-291.
[30]Wu P,Chen H,Jin R,et al.Non-viral gene delivery systems for tissue repair and regeneration[J].J Transl Med,2018,16(1):29.
[31]Aoki M,Morishita R,Taniyama Y,et al.Angiogenesis induced by hepatocyte growth factor in non-infarcted myocardium and infarcted myocardium:up-regulation of essential transcription factor for angiogenesis,ets[J].Gene Ther,2000,7(5):417-427.
[32]Zachary I,Morgan RD.Therapeutic angiogenesis for cardiovascular disease:biological context,challenges,prospects[J].Heart,2011,97(3):181-189.
[33]Hartikainen J,Hassinen I,Hedman A,et al.Adenoviral intramyocardial VEGF-DDeltaNDeltaC gene transfer increases myocardial perfusion reserve in refractory angina patients:a phase I/IIa study with 1-year follow-up[J].Eur Heart J,2017,38(33):2547-2555.
[34]Fuchs S,Dib N,Cohen BM,et al.A randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,multicenter,pilot study of the safety and feasibility of catheter-based intramyocardial injection of AdVEGF121 in patients with refractory advanced coronary artery disease[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2006,68(3):372-378.
[35]Hua S,Takagawa J,Yu H,et al.Additive effect of AAV-mediated angiopoietin-1 and VEGF expression on the therapy of infarcted heart[J].Int J Cardiol,2009,133(2):191-197.
[36]Young PP,Vaughan DE,Hatzopoulos AK.Biologic Properties of Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Their Potential for Cell Therapy[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2007,49(6):421-429.
[37]Hkh H,Jiang S,Idris NM,et al.IGF-1-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells accelerate bone marrow stem cell mobilization via paracrine activation of SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 signaling to promote myocardial repair[J].Circ Res,2008,103(11):1300-1308.
[38]Jimenez-Quevedo P,Gonzalez-Ferrer JJ,Sabate M,et al.Selected CD133(+) progenitor cells to promote angiogenesis in patients with refractory angina:final results of the PROGENITOR randomized trial[J].Circ Res,2014,115(11):950-960.
[39]Fisher SA,Zhang H,Doree C,et al.Stem cell treatment for acute myocardial infarction[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2015(9):CD006536.
[40]Singla DK,Hacker TA,Ma L,et al.Transplantation of embryonic stem cells into the infarcted mouse heart:formation of multiple cell types[J].J Mol Cell Cardiol,2006,40(1):195-200.
[41]Boudoulas KD,Hatzopoulos AK.Cardiac repair and regeneration:the Rubik’s cube of cell therapy for heart disease[J].Dis Model Mech,2009,2(7-8):344-358.
[42]Peran M,Marchal J,Lopez E,et al.Human cardiac tissue induces transdifferentiation of adult stem cells towards cardiomyocytes[J].Cytotherapy,2010,12(3):332-337.
[43]Wang S,Qin X,Sun D,et al.Effects of hepatocyte growth factor overexpressed bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on prevention from left ventricular remodelling and functional improvement in infarcted rat hearts[J].Cell Biochem Funct,2012,30(7):574-581.
[44]Wu J,Greely HT,Jaenisch R,et al.Stem cells and interspecies chimaeras[J].Nature,2016,540(7631):51-59.
[45]Liu BW,Lü AL,Hou J,et al.Cardiac differentiation and electrophysiology characteristics of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells[J].Chin Med J (Engl),2012,125(18):3318-3324.
[46]Sun L,Cui M,Wang Z,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells modified with angiopoietin-1 improve remodeling in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2007,357(3):779-784.
[47]Li Q,Wang Z.Influence of mesenchymal stem cells with endothelial progenitor cells in co-culture on osteogenesis and angiogenesis:an in vitro study[J].Arch Med Res,2013,44(7):504-513.
[48]Beeres SL,Bax JJ,Dibbets-Schneider P,et al.Intramyocardial injection of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with chronic myocardial infarction and severe left ventricular dysfunction[J].Am J Cardiol,2007,100(7):1094-1098.
[49]Zhang M,Zhang H,Feng W,et al.Endothelial progenitor cells promote osteogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells in a paracrine manner[J].Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi,2015,95(16):1253-1257.
[50]Kinnaird T,Stabile E,Burnett MS,et al.Marrow-derived stromal cells express genes encoding a broad spectrum of arteriogenic cytokines and promote in vitro and in vivo arteriogenesis through paracrine mechanisms[J].Circ Res,2004,94(5):678-685.
[51]Ilic D,Ogilvie C.Concise review:Human embryonic stem cells-What have we done?What are we doing?Where are we going?[J].Stem Cells,2017,35(1):17-25.
[52]Assmus B,Honold J,Sch?chinger V,et al.Transcoronary transplantation of progenitor cells after myocardial infarction[J].N Engl J Med,2006,355(12):1222-1232.
[53]San Roman JA,Sánchez PL,Villa A,et al.Comparison of different bone marrow-derived stem cell approaches in reperfused STEMI.A multicenter,prospective,randomized,open-labeled TECAM trial[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2015,65(22):2372-2382.
[54]Zhang C,Sun A,Zhang S,et al.Efficacy and safety of intracoronary autologous bone marrow-derived cell transplantation in patients with acute myocardial infarction:insights from randomized controlled trials with 12 or more months follow-up[J].Clin Cardiol,2010,33(6):353-360.
[55]Brickwedel J,Gulbins H,Reichenspurner H.Long-term follow-up after autologous skeletal myoblast transplantation in ischaemic heart disease[J].Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2014,18(1):61-66.
[56]Hagège AA,Marolleau JP,Vilquin JT,et al.Skeletal myoblast transplantation in ischemic heart failure:long-term follow-up of the first phase I cohort of patients[J].Circulation,2006,114(1 Suppl):I108-I113.
[57]Menasché P.Stem cell therapy for heart failure:are arrhythmias a real safety concern?[J].Circulation,2009,119(20):2735-2740.
[58]Tongers J,Losordo DW,Landmesser U.Stem and progenitor cell-based therapy in ischaemic heart disease:promise,uncertainties,and challenges[J].Eur Heart J,2011,32(10):1197-1206.
[59]Mill JG,Stefanon I,Dos SL,et al.Remodeling in the ischemic heart:the stepwise progression for heart failure[J].Braz J Med Biol Res,2011,44(9):890-898.
[60]Annex BH.Therapeutic angiogenesis for critical limb ischaemia[J].Nat Rev Cardiol,2013,10(7):387-396.