孟德斯鸠的政治品德思想研究——以近代政治哲学中政治与道德关系为视角
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摘要
在对待政治与道德关系问题上,孟德斯鸠在近代政治哲学中独树一帜,他既不同意政治与道德分离,也不主张政治与道德融合,而是提倡政治品德。政治品德以爱国家、爱法律为主要内容,它不同于个人道德抑或宗教道德,而是政治的运转所需要的道德。这一思路具有重要意义,它开阔了道德的领域,推动了现代社会性道德的发展。但在政治品德以及政治本身的道德基础问题上,孟德斯鸠的学说也面临着难以克服的理论困境。
Montesquieu is unique among modern political philosophers in treating the relationship between the politics and morality. He neither agrees to the separation of politics and morality, nor sides with their fusion, but instead advocates political virtue. The main content of political virtue is love of state and love of law, which, different from personal moralty or religious morality, means the morality necessary in the functioning of politics. This idea is important in broadening the field of morality, and promoting the development of modern social morality. His doctrine faces insurmountable theoretical difficulties on the issue of the moral foundations of the political virtue and politics.
Montesquieu is unique among modern political philosophers in treating the relationship between the politics and morality. He neither agrees to the separation of politics and morality, nor sides with their fusion, but instead advocates political virtue. The main content of political virtue is love of state and love of law, which, different from personal moralty or religious morality, means the morality necessary in the functioning of politics. This idea is important in broadening the field of morality, and promoting the development of modern social morality. His doctrine faces insurmountable theoretical difficulties on the issue of the moral foundations of the political virtue and politics.
引文
[1]孟德斯鸠.罗马盛衰原因论[M].婉玲译.北京:商务印书馆,2011.
[2]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神·上册[M].张雁深译.北京:商务印书馆,2005.
[3]爱弥儿·涂尔干.孟德斯鸠与卢梭[M].李鲁宁译.上海:上海人民出版社,2003.
[4]萨尔沃·马斯泰罗内.欧洲民主史:从孟德斯鸠到凯尔森[M].黄华光译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,1990:5.
[5]黑格尔.法哲学原理[M].范扬,张企泰译.北京:商务印书馆,2007:289.
[6]列奥·斯特劳斯,约瑟夫·克罗波西.政治哲学史[M].李天然译.石家庄:河北人民出版社,1998.
[7]李泽厚.两种道德论[C]//李泽厚.哲学纲要.北京:北京大学出版社,2011.
[8]爱弥儿·涂尔干.职业伦理与公民道德[M].渠东,付德根译.上海:世纪出版集团,2006.
[9]扬-维尔纳·米勒.宪法爱国主义的一般理论[J].清华法制论衡,2009(2):178-210.
[10]伯林.孟德斯鸠[C]//反潮流.冯克利译.南京:译林出版社,2002:187.
1法语为vertu,目前学界通常把virtue译为德性,在孟德斯鸠著作中virtue不同于moral,所以中译本翻译为品德以示区分,为保持与当前孟德斯鸠研究的一致性,本文也称为品德。
2李泽厚先生在《两种道德沦》一文中提出了“宗教性道德”与“社会性道德”的区分,认为社会性道德主要指根据社会需要而建立社会规范,它为社会运转所必须,但不具备形上基础,不关注个人私德。笔者同意这样的区分和“社会性道德”这一称谓。
[2]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神·上册[M].张雁深译.北京:商务印书馆,2005.
[3]爱弥儿·涂尔干.孟德斯鸠与卢梭[M].李鲁宁译.上海:上海人民出版社,2003.
[4]萨尔沃·马斯泰罗内.欧洲民主史:从孟德斯鸠到凯尔森[M].黄华光译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,1990:5.
[5]黑格尔.法哲学原理[M].范扬,张企泰译.北京:商务印书馆,2007:289.
[6]列奥·斯特劳斯,约瑟夫·克罗波西.政治哲学史[M].李天然译.石家庄:河北人民出版社,1998.
[7]李泽厚.两种道德论[C]//李泽厚.哲学纲要.北京:北京大学出版社,2011.
[8]爱弥儿·涂尔干.职业伦理与公民道德[M].渠东,付德根译.上海:世纪出版集团,2006.
[9]扬-维尔纳·米勒.宪法爱国主义的一般理论[J].清华法制论衡,2009(2):178-210.
[10]伯林.孟德斯鸠[C]//反潮流.冯克利译.南京:译林出版社,2002:187.
1法语为vertu,目前学界通常把virtue译为德性,在孟德斯鸠著作中virtue不同于moral,所以中译本翻译为品德以示区分,为保持与当前孟德斯鸠研究的一致性,本文也称为品德。
2李泽厚先生在《两种道德沦》一文中提出了“宗教性道德”与“社会性道德”的区分,认为社会性道德主要指根据社会需要而建立社会规范,它为社会运转所必须,但不具备形上基础,不关注个人私德。笔者同意这样的区分和“社会性道德”这一称谓。