基于组网观测的那曲土壤湿度不同时间尺度的变化特征
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摘要
利用第三次青藏高原大气科学试验的土壤湿度观测数据,分析了那曲多空间尺度组网观测的28个站2、5、10、20和30 cm5个不同深度土壤湿度的季节变化和日变化特征,并对比讨论了土壤湿度站点间的差异。分析表明,各层土壤湿度均存在显著的季节变化。冬春季节,20 cm以上土壤湿度随深度变浅而减小。夏秋季节土壤湿度随深度增加而减小,并分别在7月上、中旬和9月出现两个峰值。10月以后进入土壤湿度衰减期。土壤温度和土壤湿度存在协同变化关系。在一定的温度范围内,土壤发生冻结-融化过程,引起土壤湿度变化。在太阳辐射加热下,土壤表层水分蒸发,进而影响土壤温度。不同观测站间土壤湿度差异较大,夏秋季离散性大于冬春季。不同季节土壤湿度的日变化存在差异。春季10 cm以上土壤湿度日变化明显,08—10时(北京时)达到最低,19—20时达到最高。夏季土壤湿度日变化较为平缓。秋季2 cm深度土壤湿度日变化明显。线性拟合结果表明,1、4、10月土壤湿度和土壤温度为正相关关系。但是在夏季,土壤湿度与土壤温度为负相关。站点间土壤湿度变化的离散性表明,多测站才能全面体现青藏高原某区域的陆面状态。文中结果为青藏高原地区土壤湿度卫星参数验证和数值模式参数化提供了多角度的观测依据。
Based on the soil observations under the support of the Third Tibetan Plateau project,the seasonal and diurnal variations of soil moisture measured at 2,5,10,20 and 30 cm depths at 28 stations in Nagqu are analyzed.The results show that in the winter and spring,the soil moisture decreased from20 cm depth upward;in the summer and autumn,the soil moisture decreased with the increase of depth.Two peaks of soil moisture occurred in early-to-mid-July and from early September to early October,respectively,followed by a decreasing period.Soil temperature and soil moisture changes were closely related to each other.Freezing-thawing process occurred within a certain range of soil temperature,causing changes in soil moisture.Soil temperature was affected by soil surface evaporation.The discreteness of soil moisture observed at different stations was larger in the summer and autumn than in the spring and winter.The diurnal variation of soil moisture above 10 cm depth in the spring was obvious,and the minimum and maximum values appeared at 08:00 to 10:00 and 19:00 to 20:00 BT,respectively.The diurnal variation of soil moisture was relatively weak in the summer and became obvious at 2 cm depth in the autumn.The linear fit results show that soil moisture and soil temperature were positively correlated in January,April and October,and negatively correlated in July.The soil moisture discreteness among the sites indicates that observations from only a few observational sites cannot reflect the comprehensive status of land surface in the Tibetan Plateau.The current study provides a basis for the validation of satellite observations and numerical model parameterizations of soil moisture in the Tibetan Plateau.
Based on the soil observations under the support of the Third Tibetan Plateau project,the seasonal and diurnal variations of soil moisture measured at 2,5,10,20 and 30 cm depths at 28 stations in Nagqu are analyzed.The results show that in the winter and spring,the soil moisture decreased from20 cm depth upward;in the summer and autumn,the soil moisture decreased with the increase of depth.Two peaks of soil moisture occurred in early-to-mid-July and from early September to early October,respectively,followed by a decreasing period.Soil temperature and soil moisture changes were closely related to each other.Freezing-thawing process occurred within a certain range of soil temperature,causing changes in soil moisture.Soil temperature was affected by soil surface evaporation.The discreteness of soil moisture observed at different stations was larger in the summer and autumn than in the spring and winter.The diurnal variation of soil moisture above 10 cm depth in the spring was obvious,and the minimum and maximum values appeared at 08:00 to 10:00 and 19:00 to 20:00 BT,respectively.The diurnal variation of soil moisture was relatively weak in the summer and became obvious at 2 cm depth in the autumn.The linear fit results show that soil moisture and soil temperature were positively correlated in January,April and October,and negatively correlated in July.The soil moisture discreteness among the sites indicates that observations from only a few observational sites cannot reflect the comprehensive status of land surface in the Tibetan Plateau.The current study provides a basis for the validation of satellite observations and numerical model parameterizations of soil moisture in the Tibetan Plateau.
引文
高荣,韦志刚,董文杰等.2003.20世纪后期青藏高原积雪和冻土变化及其与气候变化的关系.高原气象,22(2):191-196.Gao R,Wei Z G,Dong W J,et al.2003.Variation of the snow and frozen soil over Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in the late twentieth century and their relations to climatic change.Plateau Meteor,22(2):191-196(in Chinese)
高志球,卞林根,张雅斌等.2002.土壤热传导方程解析解和那曲地区土壤热扩散率研究.气象学报,60(3):352-360.Gao Z Q,Bian L G,Zhang Y B,et al.2002.Study on Analytical resolution to soil thermal conductive equation and soil thermal diffusivity over Nagqu area.Acta Meteor Sinica,60(3):352-360(in Chinese)
李丁华,吴敬之,季国良等.1987.1982年8月-1983年7月拉萨、那曲、改则、甘孜地面热量平衡分析.气象学报,45(3):370-373.Li D H,Wu J Z,Ji G L,et al.1987.The heat balance in the Lhasa,Nagqu,Gerze and Garze during August 1982to July1983.Acta Meteor Sinica,45(3):370-373(in Chinese)
李巧萍,丁一汇,董文杰.2007.土壤湿度异常对区域短期气候影响的数值模拟试验.应用气象学报,18(1):1-11.Li Q P,Ding Y H,Dong W J.2007.A numerical study on effects of the soil moisture upon the regional short-term climate.J Appl Meteor Sci,18(1):1-11(in Chinese)
李若麟,保鸿燕,李课臣等.2016.全球土壤湿度的记忆性及其气候效应.冰川冻土,38(6):1470-1481.Li R L,Bao H Y,Li KC.et al.2016.The memory and climate effects of global soil moisture.J Glaciol Geocryol,38(6):1470-1481(in Chinese)
林洁,陈效民,张勇.2012.气候变化与土壤湿度关系的研究进展.土壤通报,43(5):1271-1276.Lin J,Chen X M,Zhang Y.2012.Progress in the research on the relationship between climate change and soil moisture.Chinese J Soil Sci,43(5):1271-1276(in Chinese)
马柱国,符淙斌,谢力等.2001.土壤湿度和气候变化关系研究中的某些问题.地球科学进展,16(4):563-566.Ma Z G,Fu CB,Xie L,et al.2001.Some problems in the study on the relationship between soil moisture and climatic change.Adv Earth Sci,16(4):563-566(in Chinese)
沈丹,王磊.2015.青藏高原土壤湿度对中国夏季降水与气温影响的敏感试验.气象科技,43(6):1095-1103,1120.Shen D,Wang L.2015.A sensitivity test of effect of Tibet Plateau soil moisture on summer precipitation and temperature over China.Meteor Sci Technol,43(6):1095-1103,1120(in Chinese)
宋晓君,陈海山,刘鹏.2016.中国夏季气温对东亚土壤湿度异常响应的统计评估.气象科学,36(5):581-592.Song X J,Chen H S,Liu P.2016.Response of summer air temperature in China to soil moisture anomalies in East Asia and its statistical assessment.J Meteor Sci,36(5):581-592(in Chinese)
万国宁,杨梅学,王学佳等.2012.青藏高原中部BJ站土壤湿度不同时间尺度的变化.土壤通报,43(2):286-293.Wan G N,Yang M X,Wang X J,et al.2012.Variations in soil moisture at different time scales of BJ site on the central Tibetan Plateau.Chinese J Soil Sci,43(2):286-293(in Chinese)
王澄海,尚大成.2007a.藏北高原土壤温、湿度变化在高原干湿季转换中的作用.高原气象,26(4):677-685.Wang C H,Shang D C.2007a.Effect of the variation of the soil temperature and moisture in the transition from dry-season to wet-season over northern Tibet Plateau.Plateau Meteor,26(4):677-685(in Chinese)
王澄海,师锐.2007b.青藏高原西部陆面过程特征的模拟分析.冰川冻土,29(1):73-81.Wang C H,Shi R.2007b.Simulation of the land surface processes in the western Tibetan Plateau in summer.J Glaciol Geocryol,29(1):73-81(in Chinese)
王澄海,师锐,左洪超.2008.青藏高原西部冻融期陆面过程的模拟分析.高原气象,27(2):239-248.Wang C H,Shi R,Zuo HC.2008.Analysis on simulation of characteristic of land surface in western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau during frozen and thawing.Plateau Meteor,27(2):239-248(in Chinese)
徐栋,孔莹,王澄海.2016.西北干旱区水汽收支变化及其与降水的关系.干旱气象,34(3):431-439.Xu D,Kong Y,Wang CH.2016.Changes of water vapor budget in arid area of northwest China and its relationship with precipitation.J Arid Meteor,34(3):431-439(in Chinese)
杨健,马耀明.2012.青藏高原典型下垫面的土壤温湿特征.冰川冻土,34(4):813-820.Yang J,Ma Y M.2012.Soil temperature and moisture features of typical underlying surface in the Tibetan Plateau.J Glaciol Geocryol,34(4):813-820(in Chinese)
杨梅学,姚檀栋,何元庆.2002.青藏高原土壤水热分布特征及冻融过程在季节转换中的作用.山地学报,20(5):553-558.Yang M X,Yao T D,He Y Q.2002.The role of soil moistureenergy distribution and melting-freezing processes on seasonal shift in Tibetan Plateau.J Mt Sci,20(5):553-558(in Chinese)
杨与广,刘志辉,乔鹏.2012.天山北坡融雪期土壤湿度特征及其影响因子.干旱区研究,29(1):173-178.Yang Y G,Liu Z H,Qiao P.2012.Study on soil humidity and its affecting factors on northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in snow melting season.Arid Zone Res,29(1):173-178(in Chinese)
张庚军,卢立新,蒋玲梅等.2013.SiB2和SiB3对高寒草甸和茶树地表能量通量模拟的比较.气象学报,71(4):692-708.Zhang G J,Lu L X,Jiang L M,et al.2013.Study of the surface energy flux at the three different sites over China based on SiB2and SiB3.Acta Meteor Sinica,71(4):692-708(in Chinese)
张蕾,吕厚荃,王良宇等.2016.中国土壤湿度的时空变化特征.地理学报,71(9):1494-1508.Zhang L,LüH Q,Wang L Y,et al.2016.Spatial-temporal characteristics of soil moisture in China.Acta Geogr Sinica,71(9):1494-1508(in Chinese)
张人禾,刘栗,左志燕.2016.中国土壤湿度的变异及其对中国气候的影响.自然杂志,38(5):313-319.Zhang R H,Liu L,Zuo Z Y.2016.Variations of soil moisture over China and their influences on Chinese climate.Chinese J Nat,38(5):313-319(in Chinese)
张文君,周天军,宇如聪.2008.中国土壤湿度的分布与变化I:多种资料间的比较.大气科学,32(3):581-597.Zhang W J,Zhou T J,Yu R C.2008.Spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil moisture over China.Part I:Multi-data inter-comparison.Chinese J Atmos Sci,32(3):581-597(in Chinese)
Crow W T,Berg A A,Cosh M H,et al.2012.Upscaling sparse ground-based soil moisture observations for the validation of coarse-resolution satellite soil moisture products.Rev Geophys,50(2):RG2002,doi:10.1029/2011RG000372
Delworth T,Manabe S,Stouffer R J.1993.Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model.J Climate,6(11):1993-2011
Kang J,Jin R,Li X,et al.2018.Spatial upscaling of sparse soil moisture observations based on ridge regression.Remote Sens,10(2):192
Ma C F,Li X,Wei L,et al.2017.Multi-scale validation of SMAPsoil moisture products over cold and arid regions in northwestern China using distributed ground observation data.Remote Sens,9(4):327
Ma Y M,Kang S C,Zhu L P,et al.2008.Tibetan observation and research platform.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,89(10):1487-1492
Numaguti A.1999.Origin and recycling processes of precipitating water over the Eurasian continent:Experiments using an atmospheric general circulation model.J Geophys Res,104(D2):1957-1972
Ochsner T E,Cosh M H,Cuenca R H,et al.2013.State of the art in large-scale soil moisture monitoring.Soil Sci Soc Am J,77(6):1888-1919
Seneviratne S I,Corti T,Davin E L,et al.2010.Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate:A review.Earth Sci Rev,99(3-4):125-161
Su Z,Wen J,Dente L,et al.2011.The Tibetan Plateau observatory of plateau scale soil moisture and soil temperature(TibetObs)for quantifying uncertainties in coarse resolution satellite and model products.Hydrol Earth Syst Sci,15(7):2303-2316
Tuttle S,Salvucci G.2016.Empirical evidence of contrasting soil moisture-precipitation feedbacks across the United States.Science,352(6287):825-828
Xu X D,Zhang R H,Koike T,et al.2008.A new integrated observational system over the Tibetan Plateau.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,89(10):1492-1496
Yang K,Qin J,Zhao L,et al.2013.A multiscale soil moisture and freeze-thaw monitoring network on the third pole.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,94(12):1907-1916
Yang M X,Yao T D,Guo X H,et al.2007.Diurnal freeze/thaw cycles of the ground surface on the Tibetan Plateau.Chinese Sci Bull,52(1):136-139
Zeng J Y,Li Z,Chen Q,et al.2015.Evaluation of remotely sensed and reanalysis soil moisture products over the Tibetan Plateau using in-situ observations.Remote Sens Environ,163:91-110
Zhang R H,Koike T,Xu X D,et al.2012.A China-Japan cooperative JICA atmospheric observing network over the Tibetan Plateau(JICA/Tibet Project):An overview.J Meteor Soc Japan,90C:1-16
Zhao L,Yang K,Qin J,et al.2013.Spatiotemporal analysis of soil moisture observations within a Tibetan mesoscale area and its implication to regional soil moisture measurements.J Hydrol,482:92-104
高志球,卞林根,张雅斌等.2002.土壤热传导方程解析解和那曲地区土壤热扩散率研究.气象学报,60(3):352-360.Gao Z Q,Bian L G,Zhang Y B,et al.2002.Study on Analytical resolution to soil thermal conductive equation and soil thermal diffusivity over Nagqu area.Acta Meteor Sinica,60(3):352-360(in Chinese)
李丁华,吴敬之,季国良等.1987.1982年8月-1983年7月拉萨、那曲、改则、甘孜地面热量平衡分析.气象学报,45(3):370-373.Li D H,Wu J Z,Ji G L,et al.1987.The heat balance in the Lhasa,Nagqu,Gerze and Garze during August 1982to July1983.Acta Meteor Sinica,45(3):370-373(in Chinese)
李巧萍,丁一汇,董文杰.2007.土壤湿度异常对区域短期气候影响的数值模拟试验.应用气象学报,18(1):1-11.Li Q P,Ding Y H,Dong W J.2007.A numerical study on effects of the soil moisture upon the regional short-term climate.J Appl Meteor Sci,18(1):1-11(in Chinese)
李若麟,保鸿燕,李课臣等.2016.全球土壤湿度的记忆性及其气候效应.冰川冻土,38(6):1470-1481.Li R L,Bao H Y,Li KC.et al.2016.The memory and climate effects of global soil moisture.J Glaciol Geocryol,38(6):1470-1481(in Chinese)
林洁,陈效民,张勇.2012.气候变化与土壤湿度关系的研究进展.土壤通报,43(5):1271-1276.Lin J,Chen X M,Zhang Y.2012.Progress in the research on the relationship between climate change and soil moisture.Chinese J Soil Sci,43(5):1271-1276(in Chinese)
马柱国,符淙斌,谢力等.2001.土壤湿度和气候变化关系研究中的某些问题.地球科学进展,16(4):563-566.Ma Z G,Fu CB,Xie L,et al.2001.Some problems in the study on the relationship between soil moisture and climatic change.Adv Earth Sci,16(4):563-566(in Chinese)
沈丹,王磊.2015.青藏高原土壤湿度对中国夏季降水与气温影响的敏感试验.气象科技,43(6):1095-1103,1120.Shen D,Wang L.2015.A sensitivity test of effect of Tibet Plateau soil moisture on summer precipitation and temperature over China.Meteor Sci Technol,43(6):1095-1103,1120(in Chinese)
宋晓君,陈海山,刘鹏.2016.中国夏季气温对东亚土壤湿度异常响应的统计评估.气象科学,36(5):581-592.Song X J,Chen H S,Liu P.2016.Response of summer air temperature in China to soil moisture anomalies in East Asia and its statistical assessment.J Meteor Sci,36(5):581-592(in Chinese)
万国宁,杨梅学,王学佳等.2012.青藏高原中部BJ站土壤湿度不同时间尺度的变化.土壤通报,43(2):286-293.Wan G N,Yang M X,Wang X J,et al.2012.Variations in soil moisture at different time scales of BJ site on the central Tibetan Plateau.Chinese J Soil Sci,43(2):286-293(in Chinese)
王澄海,尚大成.2007a.藏北高原土壤温、湿度变化在高原干湿季转换中的作用.高原气象,26(4):677-685.Wang C H,Shang D C.2007a.Effect of the variation of the soil temperature and moisture in the transition from dry-season to wet-season over northern Tibet Plateau.Plateau Meteor,26(4):677-685(in Chinese)
王澄海,师锐.2007b.青藏高原西部陆面过程特征的模拟分析.冰川冻土,29(1):73-81.Wang C H,Shi R.2007b.Simulation of the land surface processes in the western Tibetan Plateau in summer.J Glaciol Geocryol,29(1):73-81(in Chinese)
王澄海,师锐,左洪超.2008.青藏高原西部冻融期陆面过程的模拟分析.高原气象,27(2):239-248.Wang C H,Shi R,Zuo HC.2008.Analysis on simulation of characteristic of land surface in western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau during frozen and thawing.Plateau Meteor,27(2):239-248(in Chinese)
徐栋,孔莹,王澄海.2016.西北干旱区水汽收支变化及其与降水的关系.干旱气象,34(3):431-439.Xu D,Kong Y,Wang CH.2016.Changes of water vapor budget in arid area of northwest China and its relationship with precipitation.J Arid Meteor,34(3):431-439(in Chinese)
杨健,马耀明.2012.青藏高原典型下垫面的土壤温湿特征.冰川冻土,34(4):813-820.Yang J,Ma Y M.2012.Soil temperature and moisture features of typical underlying surface in the Tibetan Plateau.J Glaciol Geocryol,34(4):813-820(in Chinese)
杨梅学,姚檀栋,何元庆.2002.青藏高原土壤水热分布特征及冻融过程在季节转换中的作用.山地学报,20(5):553-558.Yang M X,Yao T D,He Y Q.2002.The role of soil moistureenergy distribution and melting-freezing processes on seasonal shift in Tibetan Plateau.J Mt Sci,20(5):553-558(in Chinese)
杨与广,刘志辉,乔鹏.2012.天山北坡融雪期土壤湿度特征及其影响因子.干旱区研究,29(1):173-178.Yang Y G,Liu Z H,Qiao P.2012.Study on soil humidity and its affecting factors on northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in snow melting season.Arid Zone Res,29(1):173-178(in Chinese)
张庚军,卢立新,蒋玲梅等.2013.SiB2和SiB3对高寒草甸和茶树地表能量通量模拟的比较.气象学报,71(4):692-708.Zhang G J,Lu L X,Jiang L M,et al.2013.Study of the surface energy flux at the three different sites over China based on SiB2and SiB3.Acta Meteor Sinica,71(4):692-708(in Chinese)
张蕾,吕厚荃,王良宇等.2016.中国土壤湿度的时空变化特征.地理学报,71(9):1494-1508.Zhang L,LüH Q,Wang L Y,et al.2016.Spatial-temporal characteristics of soil moisture in China.Acta Geogr Sinica,71(9):1494-1508(in Chinese)
张人禾,刘栗,左志燕.2016.中国土壤湿度的变异及其对中国气候的影响.自然杂志,38(5):313-319.Zhang R H,Liu L,Zuo Z Y.2016.Variations of soil moisture over China and their influences on Chinese climate.Chinese J Nat,38(5):313-319(in Chinese)
张文君,周天军,宇如聪.2008.中国土壤湿度的分布与变化I:多种资料间的比较.大气科学,32(3):581-597.Zhang W J,Zhou T J,Yu R C.2008.Spatial distribution and temporal variation of soil moisture over China.Part I:Multi-data inter-comparison.Chinese J Atmos Sci,32(3):581-597(in Chinese)
Crow W T,Berg A A,Cosh M H,et al.2012.Upscaling sparse ground-based soil moisture observations for the validation of coarse-resolution satellite soil moisture products.Rev Geophys,50(2):RG2002,doi:10.1029/2011RG000372
Delworth T,Manabe S,Stouffer R J.1993.Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model.J Climate,6(11):1993-2011
Kang J,Jin R,Li X,et al.2018.Spatial upscaling of sparse soil moisture observations based on ridge regression.Remote Sens,10(2):192
Ma C F,Li X,Wei L,et al.2017.Multi-scale validation of SMAPsoil moisture products over cold and arid regions in northwestern China using distributed ground observation data.Remote Sens,9(4):327
Ma Y M,Kang S C,Zhu L P,et al.2008.Tibetan observation and research platform.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,89(10):1487-1492
Numaguti A.1999.Origin and recycling processes of precipitating water over the Eurasian continent:Experiments using an atmospheric general circulation model.J Geophys Res,104(D2):1957-1972
Ochsner T E,Cosh M H,Cuenca R H,et al.2013.State of the art in large-scale soil moisture monitoring.Soil Sci Soc Am J,77(6):1888-1919
Seneviratne S I,Corti T,Davin E L,et al.2010.Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate:A review.Earth Sci Rev,99(3-4):125-161
Su Z,Wen J,Dente L,et al.2011.The Tibetan Plateau observatory of plateau scale soil moisture and soil temperature(TibetObs)for quantifying uncertainties in coarse resolution satellite and model products.Hydrol Earth Syst Sci,15(7):2303-2316
Tuttle S,Salvucci G.2016.Empirical evidence of contrasting soil moisture-precipitation feedbacks across the United States.Science,352(6287):825-828
Xu X D,Zhang R H,Koike T,et al.2008.A new integrated observational system over the Tibetan Plateau.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,89(10):1492-1496
Yang K,Qin J,Zhao L,et al.2013.A multiscale soil moisture and freeze-thaw monitoring network on the third pole.Bull Amer Meteor Soc,94(12):1907-1916
Yang M X,Yao T D,Guo X H,et al.2007.Diurnal freeze/thaw cycles of the ground surface on the Tibetan Plateau.Chinese Sci Bull,52(1):136-139
Zeng J Y,Li Z,Chen Q,et al.2015.Evaluation of remotely sensed and reanalysis soil moisture products over the Tibetan Plateau using in-situ observations.Remote Sens Environ,163:91-110
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