荒漠藓类结皮斑块中土壤理化性质、酶活性及微生物生物量分布的边缘效应
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摘要
藓类结皮是荒漠地表生物土壤结皮的主要类型之一,能影响荒漠地表稳定、土壤水分与养分以及种子植物生长等。自然状态下,藓类结皮通常呈现出典型的斑块状分布特征。本研究以新疆北部古尔班通古特沙漠藓类结皮为对象,在斑块尺度上,将藓类结皮斑块从中心至边缘划分3个圈层,分析了藓类结皮斑块中心到边缘不同圈层土壤理化性质、酶活性及微生物生物量的变化特征。结果表明:土壤有机质、全氮、全钾显著受边缘效应影响,中心圈层含量显著高于边缘圈层,其他土壤指标在3个圈层无显著差异;边缘圈层处脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著低于内部2个圈层,而蔗糖酶及碱性磷酸酶活性在3个圈层均无显著差异;微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物生物量氮(SMBN)从中心向边缘圈层均呈降低的趋势,且边缘圈层显著低于内部2个圈层;同时,各土壤理化性质、酶活性和微生物生物量在斑块内部2个圈层均无显著差异;通径分析表明,影响脲酶活性的直接因素和主要因素均为有机质;过氧化氢酶活性与SMBC更易受边缘效应的影响,各因素中距离对二者的直接通径系数最高,分别达到-1.108及-1.224;有机质、p H值、速效K以及全K对SMBN直接通径系数均较大,但各因素通过有机质对SMBN的间接通径系数也较大,SMBN受土壤理化性质及距离多个因素的直接及间接影响;此外,过氧化氢酶活性及SMBC的剩余项的通径系数均较大,表明受其他未被考虑因素的较大影响。
Moss crust,one of the main types of biological soil crust in deserts,influences sand surface stability,soil water and nutrition distribution,and the growth of vascular plants. In natural conditions,moss crusts mainly occur in patches with different sizes. However,the horizontal distribution pattern and edge effect of the patches remain unclear. In this study,three circles with different distances( r = 3.5,7,and 10 cm,respectively) from the center to the edge of the moss crust patch( about r = 10 cm) were settled,and soil physicochemical properties,enzyme activities,and microbial biomass were analyzed. The results showed that:( 1) Soil organic matter,total nitrogen and total potassium concentrations were significantly influenced by the edge effect,being higher in the inner and middle circles and lower in the outer circle. There was no significant difference of other soil indicators in the three circles.( 2) The activities of urease and catalase in the outer circle were significantly lower than that in the middle and inner circles,while the activities of sucrase and alkaline phosphatase had no significant difference among the three circles. Soil microbial biomass carbon( SMBC) and nitrogen( SMBN) significantly decreased from inner to outer circle,while there was no significant difference between the inner and middle circles.( 3) Results from the path analysis showed that soil organic matter concentration was the direct and main factor influencing urease activity. Catalase activity and SMBC were more sensitive to the edge effect,with the direct path coefficient of distance to these two variables being higher than other direct path coefficients(-1. 108 and -1. 224,respectively). The soil organic matter concentration,p H,and available and total K concentrations had high direct path coefficients for SMBN,with high indirect path coefficients for SMBN via organic matter concentration. Therefore,SMBN was affected by multiple physical and chemical factors and distance. In addition,the residual path coefficients of catalase activity and SMBC were relatively high,implying that other factors being not considered had strong influence on the two variables.
Moss crust,one of the main types of biological soil crust in deserts,influences sand surface stability,soil water and nutrition distribution,and the growth of vascular plants. In natural conditions,moss crusts mainly occur in patches with different sizes. However,the horizontal distribution pattern and edge effect of the patches remain unclear. In this study,three circles with different distances( r = 3.5,7,and 10 cm,respectively) from the center to the edge of the moss crust patch( about r = 10 cm) were settled,and soil physicochemical properties,enzyme activities,and microbial biomass were analyzed. The results showed that:( 1) Soil organic matter,total nitrogen and total potassium concentrations were significantly influenced by the edge effect,being higher in the inner and middle circles and lower in the outer circle. There was no significant difference of other soil indicators in the three circles.( 2) The activities of urease and catalase in the outer circle were significantly lower than that in the middle and inner circles,while the activities of sucrase and alkaline phosphatase had no significant difference among the three circles. Soil microbial biomass carbon( SMBC) and nitrogen( SMBN) significantly decreased from inner to outer circle,while there was no significant difference between the inner and middle circles.( 3) Results from the path analysis showed that soil organic matter concentration was the direct and main factor influencing urease activity. Catalase activity and SMBC were more sensitive to the edge effect,with the direct path coefficient of distance to these two variables being higher than other direct path coefficients(-1. 108 and -1. 224,respectively). The soil organic matter concentration,p H,and available and total K concentrations had high direct path coefficients for SMBN,with high indirect path coefficients for SMBN via organic matter concentration. Therefore,SMBN was affected by multiple physical and chemical factors and distance. In addition,the residual path coefficients of catalase activity and SMBC were relatively high,implying that other factors being not considered had strong influence on the two variables.
引文
陈立明,满秀玲.2010.小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林土壤酶活性的异质性.森林工程,26(1):1-6.
陈玉福,董鸣.2003.生态学系统的空间异质性.生态学报,23(2):346-352.
高福元,赵成章,卓玛兰草.2012.高寒山地甘肃臭草斑块特征与土壤水分的关系.应用与环境生物学报,18(4):571-574.
关松荫.1986.土壤酶及其研究方法.北京:中国农业科技出版社.
郭振,王小利,徐虎,等.2017.长期施用有机肥增加黄壤稻田土壤微生物量碳氮.植物营养与肥料学报,23(5):1168-1174.
胡小平,王长发.2001.SAS基础及统计实例教程.西安:西安地图出版社.
吉雪花,张元明,陶冶,等.2013.藓类结皮斑块面积与环境因子的关系.中国沙漠,33(6):1803-1809.
吉雪花,张元明,周小兵,等.2014.不同尺度苔藓结皮土壤性状的空间分布特征.生态学报,34(14):4006-4016.
玛伊努尔·依克木,张丙昌,买买提明·苏来曼.2013.古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮中微生物量与土壤酶活性的季节变化.中国沙漠,33(4):1091-1097.
田琴,牛春梅,谷口武士,等.2017.黄土丘陵区植被类型与土壤微生物区系及生物量的关系.生态学报,23(5):1168-1174.
王雪芹,张元明,张伟民,等.2004.古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮对地表风蚀作用影响的风洞实验.冰川冻土,26(5):632-638.
乌云娜,雒文涛,霍光伟,等.2014.草原群落退化演替过程中微斑块土壤碳氮的空间异质动态.生态学报,34(19):5549-5557.
吴楠,张元明.2010.古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮影响下的土壤酶分布特征.中国沙漠,30(5):1128-1136.
徐杰,白学良,田桂泉,等.2005.干旱半干旱地区生物结皮层藓类植物氨基酸和营养物质组成特征及适应性分析.生态学报,25(6):1247-1255.
杨瑞,刘帅,王紫泉,等.2016.秦岭山脉典型林分土壤酶活性与土壤养分关系的探讨.土壤学报,53(4):1037-1046.
张卫国,黄文冰,杨振宇.2003.草地微斑块与草地退化关系的研究.草业学报,12(3):44-50.
张元明,陈晋,王雪芹,等.2005a.古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮的分布特征.地理学报,28(1):53-60.
张元明,杨维康,王雪芹,等.2005b.生物结皮影响下的土壤有机质分异特征.生态学报,25(12):3420-3425.
赵彦敏.2014.陕北黄土生物结皮种群特征及对土壤生物活性的影响(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学.
周晓兵,张元明,陶冶,等.2011.古尔班通古特沙漠土壤酶活性和微生物量氮对模拟氮沉降的响应.生态学报,31(12):3340-3349.
Aguiar MR,Sala OE.1999.Patch structure,dynamics and implications for the functioning of arid ecosystems.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,14:273-277.
Belnap J,Gardner JS.1993.Soil microstructure in soils of the Colorado Plateau:The role of the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus.Great Basin Naturalist,53:40-47.
Bestelmeyer BT,Ward JP,Havstad KM.2006.Soil-geomorphic heterogeneity governs patchy vegetation dynamics at an arid ecotone.Ecology,87:963-973.
Bowker MA,Maestre FT.2012.Inferring local competition intensity from patch size distributions:A test using biological soil crusts.Oikos,121:1914-1922.
Brotherson JD,Rushforth SR.1983.Influence of cryptogamic crusts on moisture relationships of soils in Navajo National Monument,Arizona.Western North American Naturalist,43:73-78.
Cornelissen JH,Lang SI,Soudzilovskaia NA,et al.2007.Comparative cryptogam ecology:A review of bryophyte and lichen traits that drive biogeochemistry.Annals of Botany,99:987-1001.
Halleraker JH,Reimann C,Caritat PD.1998.Reliability of moss(Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi)as a bioindicator of atmospheric chemistry in the Barents region:Interspecies and field duplicate variability.Science of the Total Environment,218:123-139.
Kidron GJ,Vonshak A,Abeliovich A.2009.Microbiotic crusts as biomarkers for surface stability and wetness duration in the Negev Desert.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,34:1594-1604.
Nunan N,Mogan MA,Herlihy M.1998.Ultraviolet absorbance(280 nm)of compounds released from soil during chloroform fumigation as an estimate of the microbial biomass.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,30:1599-1603.
Otvos E,Pazmandi T,Tuba Z.2003.First national survey of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Hungary by the analysis of mosses.Science of the Total Environment,309:151-160.
Webster R.1985.Quantitative spatial analysis of soil in the field.Advance in Soil Science,3:1-70.
West NE.1990.Structure and function of microphytic soil crusts in wildland ecosystems of arid to semi-arid regions.Advances in Ecological Research,20:179-223.
Wu J,Joergensen RG,Pommerening B,et al.1990.Measurement of soil microbial biomass C by fumigation extraction:An automated procedure.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,22:1167-1169.
陈玉福,董鸣.2003.生态学系统的空间异质性.生态学报,23(2):346-352.
高福元,赵成章,卓玛兰草.2012.高寒山地甘肃臭草斑块特征与土壤水分的关系.应用与环境生物学报,18(4):571-574.
关松荫.1986.土壤酶及其研究方法.北京:中国农业科技出版社.
郭振,王小利,徐虎,等.2017.长期施用有机肥增加黄壤稻田土壤微生物量碳氮.植物营养与肥料学报,23(5):1168-1174.
胡小平,王长发.2001.SAS基础及统计实例教程.西安:西安地图出版社.
吉雪花,张元明,陶冶,等.2013.藓类结皮斑块面积与环境因子的关系.中国沙漠,33(6):1803-1809.
吉雪花,张元明,周小兵,等.2014.不同尺度苔藓结皮土壤性状的空间分布特征.生态学报,34(14):4006-4016.
玛伊努尔·依克木,张丙昌,买买提明·苏来曼.2013.古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮中微生物量与土壤酶活性的季节变化.中国沙漠,33(4):1091-1097.
田琴,牛春梅,谷口武士,等.2017.黄土丘陵区植被类型与土壤微生物区系及生物量的关系.生态学报,23(5):1168-1174.
王雪芹,张元明,张伟民,等.2004.古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮对地表风蚀作用影响的风洞实验.冰川冻土,26(5):632-638.
乌云娜,雒文涛,霍光伟,等.2014.草原群落退化演替过程中微斑块土壤碳氮的空间异质动态.生态学报,34(19):5549-5557.
吴楠,张元明.2010.古尔班通古特沙漠生物土壤结皮影响下的土壤酶分布特征.中国沙漠,30(5):1128-1136.
徐杰,白学良,田桂泉,等.2005.干旱半干旱地区生物结皮层藓类植物氨基酸和营养物质组成特征及适应性分析.生态学报,25(6):1247-1255.
杨瑞,刘帅,王紫泉,等.2016.秦岭山脉典型林分土壤酶活性与土壤养分关系的探讨.土壤学报,53(4):1037-1046.
张卫国,黄文冰,杨振宇.2003.草地微斑块与草地退化关系的研究.草业学报,12(3):44-50.
张元明,陈晋,王雪芹,等.2005a.古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮的分布特征.地理学报,28(1):53-60.
张元明,杨维康,王雪芹,等.2005b.生物结皮影响下的土壤有机质分异特征.生态学报,25(12):3420-3425.
赵彦敏.2014.陕北黄土生物结皮种群特征及对土壤生物活性的影响(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学.
周晓兵,张元明,陶冶,等.2011.古尔班通古特沙漠土壤酶活性和微生物量氮对模拟氮沉降的响应.生态学报,31(12):3340-3349.
Aguiar MR,Sala OE.1999.Patch structure,dynamics and implications for the functioning of arid ecosystems.Trends in Ecology&Evolution,14:273-277.
Belnap J,Gardner JS.1993.Soil microstructure in soils of the Colorado Plateau:The role of the cyanobacterium Microcoleus vaginatus.Great Basin Naturalist,53:40-47.
Bestelmeyer BT,Ward JP,Havstad KM.2006.Soil-geomorphic heterogeneity governs patchy vegetation dynamics at an arid ecotone.Ecology,87:963-973.
Bowker MA,Maestre FT.2012.Inferring local competition intensity from patch size distributions:A test using biological soil crusts.Oikos,121:1914-1922.
Brotherson JD,Rushforth SR.1983.Influence of cryptogamic crusts on moisture relationships of soils in Navajo National Monument,Arizona.Western North American Naturalist,43:73-78.
Cornelissen JH,Lang SI,Soudzilovskaia NA,et al.2007.Comparative cryptogam ecology:A review of bryophyte and lichen traits that drive biogeochemistry.Annals of Botany,99:987-1001.
Halleraker JH,Reimann C,Caritat PD.1998.Reliability of moss(Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi)as a bioindicator of atmospheric chemistry in the Barents region:Interspecies and field duplicate variability.Science of the Total Environment,218:123-139.
Kidron GJ,Vonshak A,Abeliovich A.2009.Microbiotic crusts as biomarkers for surface stability and wetness duration in the Negev Desert.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,34:1594-1604.
Nunan N,Mogan MA,Herlihy M.1998.Ultraviolet absorbance(280 nm)of compounds released from soil during chloroform fumigation as an estimate of the microbial biomass.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,30:1599-1603.
Otvos E,Pazmandi T,Tuba Z.2003.First national survey of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Hungary by the analysis of mosses.Science of the Total Environment,309:151-160.
Webster R.1985.Quantitative spatial analysis of soil in the field.Advance in Soil Science,3:1-70.
West NE.1990.Structure and function of microphytic soil crusts in wildland ecosystems of arid to semi-arid regions.Advances in Ecological Research,20:179-223.
Wu J,Joergensen RG,Pommerening B,et al.1990.Measurement of soil microbial biomass C by fumigation extraction:An automated procedure.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,22:1167-1169.