城市生态系统污染氮足迹与灰水足迹综合评价
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摘要
水足迹和氮足迹指标的运用可定量分析人类水资源与氮元素消费对环境造成的影响,但联合双足迹指标评价城市发展对环境造成的多重负效应的研究尚缺.基于污染氮足迹及灰水足迹理论与内涵,以城市化程度较高的深圳市为例,分别对其城市污染氮足迹及灰水足迹进行核算与评价,综合评估城市快速发展导致的氮污染与水污染潜在风险的耦合关系.结果表明:2005—2015年深圳城市污染氮足迹呈波动下降趋势,年均约3万t.水体活性氮流失为主要的城市污染氮足迹来源.同时,深圳城市灰水足迹却呈波动上升趋势,年均约15亿m~3,生活灰水足迹为城市灰水足迹主要构成部分,也是城市剩余灰水足迹的主要来源.研究期间,城市污染氮足迹与灰水足迹呈协同变化趋势,但2012年后两者出现"脱耦"情况.城市污水处理能力与再生水利用率为影响未来深圳城市灰水足迹增加的主要因素,优先快速提高城市生活污水再生利用率和全面提高城市污水脱氮率,可应对城市发展过程水资源与氮元素利用带来的环境风险.
The indicators of the water footprint and nitrogen footprint are widely applied in the environmental assessments of anthropogenic consumptions of water resources and nitrogen elements, however, the studies involved jointing dual-footprint indicators are still lacked in the impact assessment on urban environment. This study constructed a framework, based on the theories of nitrogen pollution footprint and grey water footprint, to quantify the dual-footprints of Shenzhen city with higher urbanization degree and then assess the coupling relationships between the potential risks resulting from nitrogen and water pollutions in urban environment with rapid urbanization. The results show that: during 2005—2015, the nitrogen pollution footprints of Shenzhen city decreased with fluctuation with annual average of 3×10~4 t, and the reactive nitrogen discharge to aquatic environment was the main source of urban nitrogen pollution footprints. Meanwhile, the grey water footprints of Shenzhen city is on rising with an average of 1.5×10~8 m~3·a~(-1), and the residential grey water footprint was the main component of urban grey water footprints, as well as residual grey water footprints. The changing trends in urban nitrogen pollution footprints and grey water footprints presented coordinated, but this coupling relationship was broken after 2012. The urban sewage treatment capacity and the rate of reclaimed water reusing were the main factors influencing future increasing in urban grey water footprints of Shenzhen city, therefore, priority to rise the rate of residential sewage reusing and improve nitrogen removal efficiency during wastewater treatment are the key measures to mitigate the environmental risks brought by water resources and nitrogen elements utilizations during urban development.
The indicators of the water footprint and nitrogen footprint are widely applied in the environmental assessments of anthropogenic consumptions of water resources and nitrogen elements, however, the studies involved jointing dual-footprint indicators are still lacked in the impact assessment on urban environment. This study constructed a framework, based on the theories of nitrogen pollution footprint and grey water footprint, to quantify the dual-footprints of Shenzhen city with higher urbanization degree and then assess the coupling relationships between the potential risks resulting from nitrogen and water pollutions in urban environment with rapid urbanization. The results show that: during 2005—2015, the nitrogen pollution footprints of Shenzhen city decreased with fluctuation with annual average of 3×10~4 t, and the reactive nitrogen discharge to aquatic environment was the main source of urban nitrogen pollution footprints. Meanwhile, the grey water footprints of Shenzhen city is on rising with an average of 1.5×10~8 m~3·a~(-1), and the residential grey water footprint was the main component of urban grey water footprints, as well as residual grey water footprints. The changing trends in urban nitrogen pollution footprints and grey water footprints presented coordinated, but this coupling relationship was broken after 2012. The urban sewage treatment capacity and the rate of reclaimed water reusing were the main factors influencing future increasing in urban grey water footprints of Shenzhen city, therefore, priority to rise the rate of residential sewage reusing and improve nitrogen removal efficiency during wastewater treatment are the key measures to mitigate the environmental risks brought by water resources and nitrogen elements utilizations during urban development.
引文
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Crab R, Avnimelech Y, Defoirdt T, et al. 2007. Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production[J]. Aquaculture, 207(1/4):1-14
Ene S A, Teodosiu C. 2011. Grey water footprint assessment and challenges for its implementation[J]. Environmental Engineering & Management Journal, 10(3): 333-340
方恺. 2015. 足迹家族研究综述[J]. 生态学报, 35(24):7974-7986
付永虎, 刘黎明, 袁承程. 2016. 农业土地利用系统氮足迹与灰水足迹综合评价[J].农业工程学报, 32(S1):312-319
付永虎, 刘黎明, 王加升, 等. 2017. 高集约化农区投入减量化与环境风险降低潜势的时空分异特征[J]. 农业工程学报, 33(2):266-275
Galloway J N, Aber J D, Erisman J W, et al. 2003. The nitrogen cascade[J]. Bioscience, 53(4): 341-356
高伟, 郭怀成, 后希康. 2014. 中国大陆市域人类活动净氮输入量(NANI)评估[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版), 50(5):951-959
Hoekstra A Y, Chapagain A K, Aldaya M M, et al. 2011. The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard[M]. London: Routledge
Hoekstra A Y, Mekonnen M M. 2012. The water footprint of humanity[J]. PNAS, 109(9): 3232-3237
焦雯珺, 闵庆文, 李文华, 等. 2014. 基于生态系统服务的生态足迹模型构建与应用[J]. 资源科学, 36(11):2392-2400
李允洁. 2017. 杭州市灰水足迹研究[D]. 金华:浙江师范大学
李彦旻, 高兵, 汤剑雄,等. 2019. 厦门市氮素流动与水环境负荷演变特征[J]. 环境科学学报, 39(2): 610-623
梁鸿, 潘晓峰, 余欣繁, 等. 2016. 深圳市水生态系统服务功能价值评估[J]. 自然资源学报, 31(9):1474-1487
吕越, 陈忠清. 2016. 氮排放量评估及降氮潜力研究—以浙江省为例[J].中国科技论坛, (6):102-107
马晶, 彭建. 2013. 水足迹研究进展[J].生态学报, 33(18):5458-5466
Ma L, Velthof G L, Wang F H, et al. 2012. Nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies and losses in the food chain in China at regional scales in 1980 and 2005[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 434(15): 51-61
Oita A, Malik A, Kanemoto K, et al. 2016. Substantial nitrogen pollution embedded in international trade[J]. Nature Geoscience, 9(2): 111-115
深圳市人居环境委员会. 2011-2015. 深圳市环境质量报告书[M]. 深圳:深圳市人居环境委员会编制
深圳市人民政府. 2017.关于印发大气环境质量提升计划(2017-2020年)的通知[EB/OL]. http://www.sz.gov.cn/zfgb/2017/gb995/201702/t20170227_6015649.htm
深圳市社会科学院. 2015. 深圳推进城市化的实践与经验研究[EB/OL]. https://max.book118.com/html/2017/0808/126668775.shtm
苏瑀, 王仰麟, 张小飞, 等. 2016. 基于氮排放估算的城市发展过程生态影响分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 26(S1):139-143
孙才志, 韩琴, 郑德凤. 2016. 中国省际灰水足迹测度及荷载系数的空间关联分析[J].生态学报, 36(1):86-97
王丹阳, 李景保, 叶亚亚, 等. 2015. 一种改进的灰水足迹计算方法[J].自然资源学报, 30(12):2120-2130
王琛, 尹沙沙, 于世杰, 等. 2018. 河南省2013年大气氨排放清单建立及分布特征[J].环境科学, 39(3):1023-1030
冼超凡, 欧阳志云. 2016. 城乡居民食物氮足迹估算及其动态分析—以北京市为例[J]. 生态学报, 36(8):2413-2421
徐昌城, 曾悦. 2016. 氮足迹模型应用进展研究[J].环境科学与管理, 41(8):47-51
尹沙沙, 郑君瑜, 张礼俊, 等. 2010. 珠江三角洲人为氨源排放清单及特征[J].环境科学, 31(5):1146-1151
张玉珍, 洪华生, 陈能汪, 等. 2003. 水产养殖氮磷污染负荷估算初探[J]. 厦门大学学报(自然科学版), (2):223-227
张千湖, 高兵, 黄葳, 等. 2017. 福建省地级市人为源活性氮排放及其特征分析[J]. 环境科学, 38(9):3610-3619.
张智雄, 孙才志. 2018. 中国人均灰水生态足迹变化驱动效应测度及时空分异[J].生态学报, 38(13):4596-4608
赵银慧,李莉娜,景立新,等. 2015. 污水处理厂氮排放特征[J].中国环境监测, 31(4):58-61
曾昭,刘俊国.2013. 北京市灰水足迹评价[J].自然资源学报,28(7):1169-1178
程国栋. 2003. 虚拟水-中国水资源安全战略的新思路[J].中国科学院院刊,4: 260-265
Crab R, Avnimelech Y, Defoirdt T, et al. 2007. Nitrogen removal techniques in aquaculture for a sustainable production[J]. Aquaculture, 207(1/4):1-14
Ene S A, Teodosiu C. 2011. Grey water footprint assessment and challenges for its implementation[J]. Environmental Engineering & Management Journal, 10(3): 333-340
方恺. 2015. 足迹家族研究综述[J]. 生态学报, 35(24):7974-7986
付永虎, 刘黎明, 袁承程. 2016. 农业土地利用系统氮足迹与灰水足迹综合评价[J].农业工程学报, 32(S1):312-319
付永虎, 刘黎明, 王加升, 等. 2017. 高集约化农区投入减量化与环境风险降低潜势的时空分异特征[J]. 农业工程学报, 33(2):266-275
Galloway J N, Aber J D, Erisman J W, et al. 2003. The nitrogen cascade[J]. Bioscience, 53(4): 341-356
高伟, 郭怀成, 后希康. 2014. 中国大陆市域人类活动净氮输入量(NANI)评估[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版), 50(5):951-959
Hoekstra A Y, Chapagain A K, Aldaya M M, et al. 2011. The water footprint assessment manual: Setting the global standard[M]. London: Routledge
Hoekstra A Y, Mekonnen M M. 2012. The water footprint of humanity[J]. PNAS, 109(9): 3232-3237
焦雯珺, 闵庆文, 李文华, 等. 2014. 基于生态系统服务的生态足迹模型构建与应用[J]. 资源科学, 36(11):2392-2400
李允洁. 2017. 杭州市灰水足迹研究[D]. 金华:浙江师范大学
李彦旻, 高兵, 汤剑雄,等. 2019. 厦门市氮素流动与水环境负荷演变特征[J]. 环境科学学报, 39(2): 610-623
梁鸿, 潘晓峰, 余欣繁, 等. 2016. 深圳市水生态系统服务功能价值评估[J]. 自然资源学报, 31(9):1474-1487
吕越, 陈忠清. 2016. 氮排放量评估及降氮潜力研究—以浙江省为例[J].中国科技论坛, (6):102-107
马晶, 彭建. 2013. 水足迹研究进展[J].生态学报, 33(18):5458-5466
Ma L, Velthof G L, Wang F H, et al. 2012. Nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies and losses in the food chain in China at regional scales in 1980 and 2005[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 434(15): 51-61
Oita A, Malik A, Kanemoto K, et al. 2016. Substantial nitrogen pollution embedded in international trade[J]. Nature Geoscience, 9(2): 111-115
深圳市人居环境委员会. 2011-2015. 深圳市环境质量报告书[M]. 深圳:深圳市人居环境委员会编制
深圳市人民政府. 2017.关于印发大气环境质量提升计划(2017-2020年)的通知[EB/OL]. http://www.sz.gov.cn/zfgb/2017/gb995/201702/t20170227_6015649.htm
深圳市社会科学院. 2015. 深圳推进城市化的实践与经验研究[EB/OL]. https://max.book118.com/html/2017/0808/126668775.shtm
苏瑀, 王仰麟, 张小飞, 等. 2016. 基于氮排放估算的城市发展过程生态影响分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 26(S1):139-143
孙才志, 韩琴, 郑德凤. 2016. 中国省际灰水足迹测度及荷载系数的空间关联分析[J].生态学报, 36(1):86-97
王丹阳, 李景保, 叶亚亚, 等. 2015. 一种改进的灰水足迹计算方法[J].自然资源学报, 30(12):2120-2130
王琛, 尹沙沙, 于世杰, 等. 2018. 河南省2013年大气氨排放清单建立及分布特征[J].环境科学, 39(3):1023-1030
冼超凡, 欧阳志云. 2016. 城乡居民食物氮足迹估算及其动态分析—以北京市为例[J]. 生态学报, 36(8):2413-2421
徐昌城, 曾悦. 2016. 氮足迹模型应用进展研究[J].环境科学与管理, 41(8):47-51
尹沙沙, 郑君瑜, 张礼俊, 等. 2010. 珠江三角洲人为氨源排放清单及特征[J].环境科学, 31(5):1146-1151
张玉珍, 洪华生, 陈能汪, 等. 2003. 水产养殖氮磷污染负荷估算初探[J]. 厦门大学学报(自然科学版), (2):223-227
张千湖, 高兵, 黄葳, 等. 2017. 福建省地级市人为源活性氮排放及其特征分析[J]. 环境科学, 38(9):3610-3619.
张智雄, 孙才志. 2018. 中国人均灰水生态足迹变化驱动效应测度及时空分异[J].生态学报, 38(13):4596-4608
赵银慧,李莉娜,景立新,等. 2015. 污水处理厂氮排放特征[J].中国环境监测, 31(4):58-61
曾昭,刘俊国.2013. 北京市灰水足迹评价[J].自然资源学报,28(7):1169-1178