基于SVR-GA算法的跌扩型消力池优化研究
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摘要
消力池的优化设计一直是水利工程中的热点课题。传统的消力池优化方法往往采用试错法。试错法不但效率低,而且在设计过程中很难兼顾多个优化目标。因此,建立一套系统性的、目标定向的优化方法十分必要。研究以位于四川省广元市的大寨水库消力池为例,采用SVR回归模型(support vector regression,SVR)建立优化变量(跌坎高度d、突扩比β和尾坎坡度θ)与优化目标(消能率ΔE/E1、临底流速v)之间的近似模型,并采用遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)求解该近似模型,得到一个优化后的消力池体型。对比优化前体型,优化后的消力池消能率几乎不变,但最大临底流速明显降低,底板时均压强分布趋于均匀,消力池综合性能得到了提高。结果表明,提出的优化方法同样适用于类似水工建筑物的体型优化设计问题。
Optimization of stilling basin designs has attracted research efforts in hydraulic engineering. In the optimization, the widely used trial-and-error approach is not only inefficient, but difficult to take multi-objectives into account. Thus it is essential to design a systematic and goal-oriented optimization approach. This study adopts the support vector regression(SVR) to construct an approximate model for the relationship of optimized variables(height of falling step, expansion ratio, and end sill slope) versus optimization targets(energy dissipation ratio and near-bottom velocity) through a case study of designing a stilling basin for the Dazhai reservoir in Sichuan. And we solve it using a genetic algorithm(GA) and obtain an optimized scheme. Comparison with the pre-optimized design shows that the energy dissipation ratio of this optimized design is roughly the same, while its overall performance is significantly improved, particularly the near-bottom velocity that has a much lower peak and the time-average pressure that tends to be uniform along the bottom wall. This study indicates that our new optimization approach would be applicable to other similar hydraulic structures.
Optimization of stilling basin designs has attracted research efforts in hydraulic engineering. In the optimization, the widely used trial-and-error approach is not only inefficient, but difficult to take multi-objectives into account. Thus it is essential to design a systematic and goal-oriented optimization approach. This study adopts the support vector regression(SVR) to construct an approximate model for the relationship of optimized variables(height of falling step, expansion ratio, and end sill slope) versus optimization targets(energy dissipation ratio and near-bottom velocity) through a case study of designing a stilling basin for the Dazhai reservoir in Sichuan. And we solve it using a genetic algorithm(GA) and obtain an optimized scheme. Comparison with the pre-optimized design shows that the energy dissipation ratio of this optimized design is roughly the same, while its overall performance is significantly improved, particularly the near-bottom velocity that has a much lower peak and the time-average pressure that tends to be uniform along the bottom wall. This study indicates that our new optimization approach would be applicable to other similar hydraulic structures.
引文
[1]Hager W H,Li D M.Sill-controlled energy dissipator[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,1992,30(2):165-181.
[2]刘沛清,冬俊瑞.消力池及辅助消能工设计的探讨[J].水利学报,1996(6):48-56.LIU Peiqing,DONG Junrui.Discussion on design of stilling basin and its supplementary devices[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1996(6):48-56.(in Chinese)
[3]孙双科,柳海涛,夏庆福,等.跌坎型底流消力池的水力特性与优化研究[J].水利学报,2005,36(10):1188-1193.SUN Shuangke,LIU Haitao,XIA Qingfu,et al.Study on stilling basin with step-down floor for energy dissipation of hydraulic jump in high dams[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,36(10):1188-1193.(in Chinese)
[4]Shearin-Feimster L.Impacts of tailwater on the design of several stilling basins in the USA[C]//Crookston B,Tullis B.Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management.6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures,Portland,OR,27-30 June,2016:188-194.Doi:10.15142/T3260628160853(ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).
[5]屈高见,韩建新.安康水电站表孔消力池病害处治[J].水利水电施工,2008(4):51-54.QU Gaojian,HAN Jianxin.Treatment of the stilling basin for the Ankang Hydropower Station[J].Journal of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Construction,2008(4):51-54.(in Chinese)
[6]刘沛清,高季章,李桂芬.五强溪水电站右消力池底板块失事分析[J].水利学报,1999(1):8-16.LIU Peiqing,GAO Jizhang,LI Guifen.Study on failure cause of bottom slabs in stilling basin for Wu Qiangxi Hydropower Station[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1999(1):8-16.(in Chinese)
[7]赫洛彭科夫,滕流惠.苏联萨扬舒申斯克水电站消力池的修复及其预防破坏的措施[J].广西水利水电,1988(3):75-77.HELOPENKOV,TENG Liuhui.Repairs and measures of the stilling pool in Sayano-Shushenskaya hydropower station[J].Guangxi Water Resources&Hydropower Engineering,1988(3):75-77.(in Chinese)
[8]金峰,陈济生,余建民.陆水蒲圻水利枢纽溢流坝消力池空化与空蚀问题研究[J].长江志季刊,2004:60-63.JIN Feng,CHEN Jisheng,YU Jianmin.Research on cavitation and erosion problems of Lushui and Puhua project[J].Yangtze River Log,2004:60-63.(in Chinese)
[9]谢世平,黄国兵.消力池运行中的主要问题及解决措施[J].水电与新能源,2011(4):22-25.XIE Shiping,HUANG Guobing.The hydraulic problems in operation of underflow stilling basin and solutions[J].Technical Supervision in Water Resources,2011(4):22-25.(in Chinese)
[10]Iwao Ohtsu,Youichi Yasuda,Yasushi Yamanaka.Drag on vertical sill of forced jump[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,1991,29(1):29-47.
[11]Alikhani A,Behrozi-Rad R,Fathi-Moghadam M.Hydraulic jump in stilling basin with vertical end sill[J].International Journal of Physical Sciences,2010,5(1):25-29.
[12]Nettleton P C,Mccorquodale J A.Radial flow stilling basins with baffle blocks[J].Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering,2011,16(16):489-497.
[13]褥勇伸,廖华胜,李连侠,等.浅水垫消力池的数值模拟与实验研究[J].水力发电学报,2010,29(2):36-41.RU Yongshen,LIAO Huasheng,LI Lianxia,et al.Numerical simulation and experimental investigation on stilling basin with shallow-water cushion[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2010,29(2):36-41.(in Chinese)
[14]Babaali H,Shamsai A,Vosoughifar H.Computational modeling of the hydraulic jump in the stilling basin with convergence walls using CFD codes[J].Arabian Journal for Science&Engineering,2015,40(2):381-395.
[15]Vapnik,Vladimir N.The nature of statistical learning theory[J].Technometrics,2002,8(6):1564.
[16]丁世飞,齐丙娟,谭红艳.支持向量机理论与算法研究综述[J].电子科技大学学报,2011,40(1):2-10.DING Shifei,QI Bingjuan,TAN Hongyan.An overview on theory and algorithm of support vector machines[J].Journal of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,2011,40(1):2-10.(in Chinese)
[17]陈传亮,田英杰,别荣芳.基于粒子群优化的SVR算法与BP网络的比较研究[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2008,44(5):449-453.CHEN Chuanliang,TIAN Yingjie,BIE Rongfang.Research of SVR optimized by PSO compared with BPnetwork trained by PSO[J].Journal of Beijing Normal University(Natural Science),2008,44(5):449-453.(in Chinese)
[18]Goyal M K,Bharti B,Quilty J,et al.Modeling of daily pan evaporation in sub tropical climates using ANN,LS-SVR,Fuzzy Logic,and ANFIS[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2014,41(11):5267-5276.
[19]Baylar A,Hanbay D,Batan M.Application of least square support vector machines in the prediction of aeration performance of plunging overfall jets from weirs[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2009,36(4):8368-8374.
[20]Hong J H,Goyal M K,Chiew Y M,et al.Predicting timedependent pier scour depth with support vector regression[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,468-469:241-248.
[21]Yu P S,Chen S T,Chang I F.Real-time flood stage forecasting using support vector regression[M].Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2009.
[22]王海军,赵伟,杨红宣,等.坎深和入池角度对跌坎型底流消能工水力特性影响的试验研究[J].昆明理工大学学报(自然科学版),2007,32(5):87-90.WANG Haijun,ZHAO Wei,YANG Hongxuan,et al.Test study on the influence of step depth and intake angle to hydraulic characteristic of the lip energy dissipater of hydraulic jump[J].Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition),2007,32(5):87-90.(in Chinese)
[23]张功育,汤健,王海军,等.跌坎式底流消能工的消能机理分析与研究[J].南水北调与水利科技,2005,3(6):43-45.ZHANG Gongyu,TANG Jian,WANG Haijun,et al.Analysis and research of energy dissipation for falling-sill bottom-flow[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2005,3(6):43-45.(in Chinese)
[24]郑铁刚,戴会超,丁全林.不同突扩比下空间淹没水跃的水力计算[J].排灌机械工程学报,2012,30(6):670-676.ZHENG Tiegang,DAI Huichao,DING Quanlin.Computation of spatial submerged hydraulic jump with different abrupt expansion ratios[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2012,30(6):670-676.(in Chinese)
[25]张春妮,田忠,王韦.消力池尾坎坡度对水跃及排砂效果影响的试验研究[J].水力发电,2016,42(1):107-110.ZHANG Chunni,TIAN Zhong,WANG Wei.Experimental study on hydraulic jumps and desanding efficiency of stilling basin with different end slope[J].Water Power,2016,42(1):107-110.(in Chinese)
[26]王海军,杨红宣,王立辉.跌坎型底流消能工控制临底流速的跌坎最小深度[J].水利水运工程学报,2008(1):78-81.WANG Haijun,YANG Hongxuan,WANG Lihui.Minimum depth of falling-sill aiming at controlling underflow speed of falling-sill of falling-sill bottom-flow dissipation[J].Hydro-Science and Engineering,2008(1):78-81.(in Chinese)
[27]何为,薛卫东,唐斌.优化试验设计方法及数据分析[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2012.HE Wei,XUE Weidong,TANG Bin,et al.Optimized test design methods and data analysis[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2012.(in Chinese)
[28]Carvalho R F,Lemos C M,Ramos C M.Numerical computation of the flow in hydraulic jump stilling basins[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2008,46(6):739-752.
[29]王玲玲,严忠民.石梁河水库消力池强紊动水流的数值模拟[J].水科学进展,2002,13(3):363-367.WANG Lingling,YAN Zhongmin.Numerical simulation of energy dissipator flow field for Shilianghe Reservoir[J].Advances in Water Science,2002,13(3):363-367.(in Chinese)
[30]刘达,李连侠,黄本胜,等.双浅水垫消力池水力特性的数值模拟与试验研究[J].水利学报,2012,39(5):623-630.LIU Da,LI Lianxia,HUANG Bensheng,et al.Numerical simulation and experimental investigation on stilling basin with double shallow-water cushions[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2012,39(5):623-630.(in Chinese)
[31]黎义斌,胡鹏林,李仁年,等.不同叶顶间隙对斜流泵性能影响的数值分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(23):86-93.LI Yibin,HU Penglin,LI Rennian,et al.Numerical analysis for effects of different blade tip clearance on performance in mixed-flow pump[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(23):86-93.(in Chinese)
[32]Vohr H W.Systemic vascular resistance(SVR)[M].Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2005.
[33]吉根林.遗传算法研究综述[J].计算机应用与软件,2004,21(2):69-73.JI Genlin.Survey on genetic algorithm[J].Computer Applications and Software,2004,21(2):69-73.(in Chinese)
[34]Goldberg D E.Genetic algorithms in search[M].Optimization&Machinelearning,1989.
[35]刘永,张立毅.BP和RBF神经网络的实现及其性能比较[J].电子测量技术,2007,30(4):77-80.LIU Yong,ZHANG Liyi.Implementation of BP and RBFneural network and their performance comparison[J].Electronic Measurement Technology,2007,30(4):77-80.(in Chinese)
[2]刘沛清,冬俊瑞.消力池及辅助消能工设计的探讨[J].水利学报,1996(6):48-56.LIU Peiqing,DONG Junrui.Discussion on design of stilling basin and its supplementary devices[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1996(6):48-56.(in Chinese)
[3]孙双科,柳海涛,夏庆福,等.跌坎型底流消力池的水力特性与优化研究[J].水利学报,2005,36(10):1188-1193.SUN Shuangke,LIU Haitao,XIA Qingfu,et al.Study on stilling basin with step-down floor for energy dissipation of hydraulic jump in high dams[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,36(10):1188-1193.(in Chinese)
[4]Shearin-Feimster L.Impacts of tailwater on the design of several stilling basins in the USA[C]//Crookston B,Tullis B.Hydraulic Structures and Water System Management.6th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures,Portland,OR,27-30 June,2016:188-194.Doi:10.15142/T3260628160853(ISBN 978-1-884575-75-4).
[5]屈高见,韩建新.安康水电站表孔消力池病害处治[J].水利水电施工,2008(4):51-54.QU Gaojian,HAN Jianxin.Treatment of the stilling basin for the Ankang Hydropower Station[J].Journal of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Construction,2008(4):51-54.(in Chinese)
[6]刘沛清,高季章,李桂芬.五强溪水电站右消力池底板块失事分析[J].水利学报,1999(1):8-16.LIU Peiqing,GAO Jizhang,LI Guifen.Study on failure cause of bottom slabs in stilling basin for Wu Qiangxi Hydropower Station[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1999(1):8-16.(in Chinese)
[7]赫洛彭科夫,滕流惠.苏联萨扬舒申斯克水电站消力池的修复及其预防破坏的措施[J].广西水利水电,1988(3):75-77.HELOPENKOV,TENG Liuhui.Repairs and measures of the stilling pool in Sayano-Shushenskaya hydropower station[J].Guangxi Water Resources&Hydropower Engineering,1988(3):75-77.(in Chinese)
[8]金峰,陈济生,余建民.陆水蒲圻水利枢纽溢流坝消力池空化与空蚀问题研究[J].长江志季刊,2004:60-63.JIN Feng,CHEN Jisheng,YU Jianmin.Research on cavitation and erosion problems of Lushui and Puhua project[J].Yangtze River Log,2004:60-63.(in Chinese)
[9]谢世平,黄国兵.消力池运行中的主要问题及解决措施[J].水电与新能源,2011(4):22-25.XIE Shiping,HUANG Guobing.The hydraulic problems in operation of underflow stilling basin and solutions[J].Technical Supervision in Water Resources,2011(4):22-25.(in Chinese)
[10]Iwao Ohtsu,Youichi Yasuda,Yasushi Yamanaka.Drag on vertical sill of forced jump[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,1991,29(1):29-47.
[11]Alikhani A,Behrozi-Rad R,Fathi-Moghadam M.Hydraulic jump in stilling basin with vertical end sill[J].International Journal of Physical Sciences,2010,5(1):25-29.
[12]Nettleton P C,Mccorquodale J A.Radial flow stilling basins with baffle blocks[J].Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering,2011,16(16):489-497.
[13]褥勇伸,廖华胜,李连侠,等.浅水垫消力池的数值模拟与实验研究[J].水力发电学报,2010,29(2):36-41.RU Yongshen,LIAO Huasheng,LI Lianxia,et al.Numerical simulation and experimental investigation on stilling basin with shallow-water cushion[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2010,29(2):36-41.(in Chinese)
[14]Babaali H,Shamsai A,Vosoughifar H.Computational modeling of the hydraulic jump in the stilling basin with convergence walls using CFD codes[J].Arabian Journal for Science&Engineering,2015,40(2):381-395.
[15]Vapnik,Vladimir N.The nature of statistical learning theory[J].Technometrics,2002,8(6):1564.
[16]丁世飞,齐丙娟,谭红艳.支持向量机理论与算法研究综述[J].电子科技大学学报,2011,40(1):2-10.DING Shifei,QI Bingjuan,TAN Hongyan.An overview on theory and algorithm of support vector machines[J].Journal of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China,2011,40(1):2-10.(in Chinese)
[17]陈传亮,田英杰,别荣芳.基于粒子群优化的SVR算法与BP网络的比较研究[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2008,44(5):449-453.CHEN Chuanliang,TIAN Yingjie,BIE Rongfang.Research of SVR optimized by PSO compared with BPnetwork trained by PSO[J].Journal of Beijing Normal University(Natural Science),2008,44(5):449-453.(in Chinese)
[18]Goyal M K,Bharti B,Quilty J,et al.Modeling of daily pan evaporation in sub tropical climates using ANN,LS-SVR,Fuzzy Logic,and ANFIS[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2014,41(11):5267-5276.
[19]Baylar A,Hanbay D,Batan M.Application of least square support vector machines in the prediction of aeration performance of plunging overfall jets from weirs[J].Expert Systems with Applications,2009,36(4):8368-8374.
[20]Hong J H,Goyal M K,Chiew Y M,et al.Predicting timedependent pier scour depth with support vector regression[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,468-469:241-248.
[21]Yu P S,Chen S T,Chang I F.Real-time flood stage forecasting using support vector regression[M].Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2009.
[22]王海军,赵伟,杨红宣,等.坎深和入池角度对跌坎型底流消能工水力特性影响的试验研究[J].昆明理工大学学报(自然科学版),2007,32(5):87-90.WANG Haijun,ZHAO Wei,YANG Hongxuan,et al.Test study on the influence of step depth and intake angle to hydraulic characteristic of the lip energy dissipater of hydraulic jump[J].Journal of Kunming University of Science and Technology(Natural Science Edition),2007,32(5):87-90.(in Chinese)
[23]张功育,汤健,王海军,等.跌坎式底流消能工的消能机理分析与研究[J].南水北调与水利科技,2005,3(6):43-45.ZHANG Gongyu,TANG Jian,WANG Haijun,et al.Analysis and research of energy dissipation for falling-sill bottom-flow[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2005,3(6):43-45.(in Chinese)
[24]郑铁刚,戴会超,丁全林.不同突扩比下空间淹没水跃的水力计算[J].排灌机械工程学报,2012,30(6):670-676.ZHENG Tiegang,DAI Huichao,DING Quanlin.Computation of spatial submerged hydraulic jump with different abrupt expansion ratios[J].Journal of Drainage and Irrigation Machinery Engineering,2012,30(6):670-676.(in Chinese)
[25]张春妮,田忠,王韦.消力池尾坎坡度对水跃及排砂效果影响的试验研究[J].水力发电,2016,42(1):107-110.ZHANG Chunni,TIAN Zhong,WANG Wei.Experimental study on hydraulic jumps and desanding efficiency of stilling basin with different end slope[J].Water Power,2016,42(1):107-110.(in Chinese)
[26]王海军,杨红宣,王立辉.跌坎型底流消能工控制临底流速的跌坎最小深度[J].水利水运工程学报,2008(1):78-81.WANG Haijun,YANG Hongxuan,WANG Lihui.Minimum depth of falling-sill aiming at controlling underflow speed of falling-sill of falling-sill bottom-flow dissipation[J].Hydro-Science and Engineering,2008(1):78-81.(in Chinese)
[27]何为,薛卫东,唐斌.优化试验设计方法及数据分析[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2012.HE Wei,XUE Weidong,TANG Bin,et al.Optimized test design methods and data analysis[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2012.(in Chinese)
[28]Carvalho R F,Lemos C M,Ramos C M.Numerical computation of the flow in hydraulic jump stilling basins[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2008,46(6):739-752.
[29]王玲玲,严忠民.石梁河水库消力池强紊动水流的数值模拟[J].水科学进展,2002,13(3):363-367.WANG Lingling,YAN Zhongmin.Numerical simulation of energy dissipator flow field for Shilianghe Reservoir[J].Advances in Water Science,2002,13(3):363-367.(in Chinese)
[30]刘达,李连侠,黄本胜,等.双浅水垫消力池水力特性的数值模拟与试验研究[J].水利学报,2012,39(5):623-630.LIU Da,LI Lianxia,HUANG Bensheng,et al.Numerical simulation and experimental investigation on stilling basin with double shallow-water cushions[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2012,39(5):623-630.(in Chinese)
[31]黎义斌,胡鹏林,李仁年,等.不同叶顶间隙对斜流泵性能影响的数值分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(23):86-93.LI Yibin,HU Penglin,LI Rennian,et al.Numerical analysis for effects of different blade tip clearance on performance in mixed-flow pump[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(23):86-93.(in Chinese)
[32]Vohr H W.Systemic vascular resistance(SVR)[M].Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2005.
[33]吉根林.遗传算法研究综述[J].计算机应用与软件,2004,21(2):69-73.JI Genlin.Survey on genetic algorithm[J].Computer Applications and Software,2004,21(2):69-73.(in Chinese)
[34]Goldberg D E.Genetic algorithms in search[M].Optimization&Machinelearning,1989.
[35]刘永,张立毅.BP和RBF神经网络的实现及其性能比较[J].电子测量技术,2007,30(4):77-80.LIU Yong,ZHANG Liyi.Implementation of BP and RBFneural network and their performance comparison[J].Electronic Measurement Technology,2007,30(4):77-80.(in Chinese)