周代史官劝谏讲史与早期文学活动
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摘要
周代史官口头讲解历史,吸取经验教训,以古今善败献言劝谏君王、监察贵族,成为其职事的重要内容。这种劝谏讲史,已经属于早期文学活动的范畴。这是因为:一、为了更好地达成劝诫目的,在口头讲述中运用了诸如比兴之类的文学手法;二、出于使君王感兴趣和容易接受的需要,通常会联系主题、发挥情节、加工史实,而这种发挥情节、加工史实的行为,开了后世文学创作之先声;三、往往将史实与神话互渗,人神合一,用奇异故事装饰历史,不仅显示出了口述历史中传奇性的特点,同时也已经具备了后世传奇小说的雏形;四、周代史官的口头讲述具有即兴性、灵活性的特点,整体上呈现出了一种文采飞扬、捷敏辩给的文学语言色彩。
The historiographers in the Zhou Dynasty explained history orally, advised the king with the lessons from experience of the past and the present and monitored the nobles, which became an important part of their duties. This kind of remonstrance and explanation of history already belongs to the early literature activity category. The reasons are as follows: firstly, in order to better achieve the purpose of exhortation, literary techniques such as Bixing were used in oral narration; Secondly, to make the monarch interested and easy to accept, they usually related to the theme, played the plot, and processed historical facts. This kind of action of giving full play to plots and processing historical facts opened the forerunner of later literary creation. Thirdly, historical facts and myths were often interpenetrated, human and god were integrated, and strange stories were used to decorate history, which not only shows the legendary characteristics of oral history, but also has the embryonic form of later legendary novels; Fourthly, the oral narration of the Zhou Dynasty historiographers has the characteristics of improvisation and flexibility, which presents a literary language color with great literary talent and eloquence.
The historiographers in the Zhou Dynasty explained history orally, advised the king with the lessons from experience of the past and the present and monitored the nobles, which became an important part of their duties. This kind of remonstrance and explanation of history already belongs to the early literature activity category. The reasons are as follows: firstly, in order to better achieve the purpose of exhortation, literary techniques such as Bixing were used in oral narration; Secondly, to make the monarch interested and easy to accept, they usually related to the theme, played the plot, and processed historical facts. This kind of action of giving full play to plots and processing historical facts opened the forerunner of later literary creation. Thirdly, historical facts and myths were often interpenetrated, human and god were integrated, and strange stories were used to decorate history, which not only shows the legendary characteristics of oral history, but also has the embryonic form of later legendary novels; Fourthly, the oral narration of the Zhou Dynasty historiographers has the characteristics of improvisation and flexibility, which presents a literary language color with great literary talent and eloquence.
引文
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[3][5]黄怀信,张懋镕,田旭东.逸周书汇校集注[M].上海:上海古籍出版社,2007:945,945-971.
[4]孙诒让.周礼正义[M].北京:中华书局,1987:1724.
[6]章太炎.章太炎全集:卷3[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1984:171.
[7]丁山.中国古代宗教与神话考[M].上海:上海世纪出版集团,2011:8.
[8][10]〔英〕杰克·古迪.神话、仪式与口述[M].李源,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2014:50,52.
[9]姜广辉.中国经学思想史[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2003:421.
[11]杨伯峻.论语译注[M].北京:中华书局,1980:224.
[12]沈立岩.先秦语言活动之形态观念及其文学意义[M].北京:人民出版社,2005:366.
[13]徐中舒.左传选[M].北京:中华书局1985:344.
[14]李零.简帛古书与学术源流[M].北京:三联书店,2004:276.