产犊季节对北京地区荷斯坦奶牛Wood泌乳曲线参数的影响探究
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摘要
本研究通过对北京地区1998—2016年28个场区的奶牛生产性能测定(DHI)数据进行分析,旨在比较不同产犊季节对1～3胎奶牛泌乳曲线相关参数的影响。使用Wood模型对1～3胎不同产犊季节群体和个体泌乳曲线进行拟合,并获得相应胎次下不同产犊季节奶牛泌乳曲线参数a、b、c(分别代表泌乳潜力、产奶量上升至顶峰速率、产奶量达到顶峰后下降速率)、泌乳曲线二级参数Per、PY(分别代表泌乳持续力、泌乳峰值)及305d产奶量(305MY)。群体和个体水平的曲线拟合采用SAS 9.2中NLIN模块进行,采用混合线性模型分析不同产犊季节对各胎次奶牛泌乳曲线参数的影响。结果显示:产犊季节对Wood泌乳曲线的泌乳潜力、达到峰值的上升速率、达到峰值后的下降速率、泌乳峰值及305MY均有显著影响(P<0.05),对于泌乳持续力没有显著影响(P>0.05)。夏季产犊牛泌乳曲线整体低于其他产犊季节,且胎次越高趋势越明显,1胎牛受到的影响较小;从胎次上分析,头胎牛泌乳持续力极显著高于经产牛(P<0.01);头胎牛夏季产犊305MY比其他产犊季节的低274.33～490.17kg,经产牛夏季产犊305MY比其他产犊季节的低440.76～930.68kg。以上结果提示,北京地区牛场应注重做好经产牛和头胎牛的防暑降温工作,注意调整配种时间,避免夏季产犊牛过多,造成损失。
This study was conducted to compare the effects of calving season on the parameters of lactation curve of Holstein dairy cow for parity 1 to 3 in Beijing 28 farm based on the dairy herd improvement(DHI)data from 1998 to 2016.Wood model was used to fit the lactation curve of parity 1 to 3 in different calving season groups and individuals,and obtain lactation curve parameters of dairy cows in different calving seasons under different parity.Lactation parameters include lactation potential(a),the rate of milk production increased to peak(b),milk production decline rate(c),lactation persistence(Per),lactation peak(PY)and estimated 305 d milk yield(305 MY).The NLIN modules in SAS 9.2 were used for fitting Wood model lactation curve at group and individual level.The parameters of Wood curve were analyzed using a mixed linear model.The results showed that the calving season had a significant effect on parameters of lactation curve,derived parameters of PY and 305 MY in the Wood lactation curve(P<0.05),but had no significant effect on derived parameters of Per(P>0.05).At the same time,for different calving seasons,the lactation curve of calves produced in summer was lower than that of other calving seasons,and the higher the parity,the more obvious the trend was.The impact on the first parity cow was relatively small.From the analysis of the parity,the first lactation persistence was significantly higher than that of multiple parity cows(P<0.05).In the first parity cow,the305 MY of summer calving was 274.33～490.17 kg lower than that of other calving season cows,while for the delivered cows,it was lower than the other calving seasons by 440.76～930.68 kg.Based on the above analysis results,dairy farms in Beijing should pay more attention to multiple lactation cows and fresh cows to prevent heat stress,while adjust breeding plan to avoid serious loss due to too many cows calving in the summer.
This study was conducted to compare the effects of calving season on the parameters of lactation curve of Holstein dairy cow for parity 1 to 3 in Beijing 28 farm based on the dairy herd improvement(DHI)data from 1998 to 2016.Wood model was used to fit the lactation curve of parity 1 to 3 in different calving season groups and individuals,and obtain lactation curve parameters of dairy cows in different calving seasons under different parity.Lactation parameters include lactation potential(a),the rate of milk production increased to peak(b),milk production decline rate(c),lactation persistence(Per),lactation peak(PY)and estimated 305 d milk yield(305 MY).The NLIN modules in SAS 9.2 were used for fitting Wood model lactation curve at group and individual level.The parameters of Wood curve were analyzed using a mixed linear model.The results showed that the calving season had a significant effect on parameters of lactation curve,derived parameters of PY and 305 MY in the Wood lactation curve(P<0.05),but had no significant effect on derived parameters of Per(P>0.05).At the same time,for different calving seasons,the lactation curve of calves produced in summer was lower than that of other calving seasons,and the higher the parity,the more obvious the trend was.The impact on the first parity cow was relatively small.From the analysis of the parity,the first lactation persistence was significantly higher than that of multiple parity cows(P<0.05).In the first parity cow,the305 MY of summer calving was 274.33～490.17 kg lower than that of other calving season cows,while for the delivered cows,it was lower than the other calving seasons by 440.76～930.68 kg.Based on the above analysis results,dairy farms in Beijing should pay more attention to multiple lactation cows and fresh cows to prevent heat stress,while adjust breeding plan to avoid serious loss due to too many cows calving in the summer.
引文
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[2]CANKAYA S,UNALAN A,SOYDAN E.Selection of a mathematical model to describe the lactation curves of Jersey cattle[J].Archiv Fur Tierzucht,2011,21(1):121-127.
[3]WOOD P D P.Algebraic models of the lactation curves for milk,fat and protein production,with estimates of seasonal variation[J].Animal Production,1976,24(1):35-40.
[4]郭智群,陈幼春,张斌,等.奶牛泌乳曲线数学模型的遗传分析[J].畜牧兽医学报,1993,12(2):136-142.GUO Z Q,CHEN Y C,ZHANG B,et al.Genetic analysis of the mathematical model of dairy cattle lactation curve[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,1993,12(2):136-142.(in Chinese)
[5]王前,林玲,林继生,等.广州地区黑白花奶牛泌乳曲线数学模型的研究[J].畜牧与兽医,1994,10(2):52-54.WANG Q,LIN L,LIN J S,et al.Study on mathematical model of milking curve of black-and-white dairy cows in Guangzhou area[J].Livestock and Veterinary,1994,10(2):52-54.(in Chinese)
[6]王雅春,陈幼春,柏荣,等.奶牛泌乳曲线的拟合及其模型参数的遗传分析[J].畜牧兽医学报,1999,9(5):399-404.WANG Y C,CHEN Y C,BO R,et al.The fitting of dairy cows’lactation curves and genetic analysis of its model parameters[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,1999,9(5):399-404.(in Chinese)
[7]赵智华,彭顺清,李凤翔,等.用Wood模型拟合四川地区黑白花奶牛泌乳曲线的研究[J].四川畜牧兽医,2000,6(S1):19-20.ZHAO Z H,PENG S Q,LI F X,et al.Wood model fitting the milking curves of black-and-white dairy cows in sichuan province[J].Livestock and Veterinary of Sichuan,2000,6(S1):19-20.(in Chinese)
[8]滕晓红.中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶量校正系数的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2006.TENG X H.Study on the correction factor of milk yield of chinese holstein dairy cows[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2006.(in Chinese)
[9]马光辉,张文龙,黄锡霞,等.新疆地区西门塔尔牛不同模型泌乳曲线拟合效果分析[J].新疆农业科学,2013,12(10):1931-1936.MA G H,ZHANG W L,HUANG X X,et al.Analysis of fitting effect on different models of lactation curve for simmental cattle in Xinjiang[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2013,12(10):1931-1936.(in Chinese)
[10]田雨泽,熊本海,庞之洪,等.中国荷斯坦奶牛第一泌乳期泌乳曲线模型的研究[J].农业网络信息,2010,21(6):24-26.TIAN Y Z,XIONG B H,PANG Z H,et al.Study on lactation curve models of chinese holstein for the first parity[J].Agriculture Network Information,2010,21(6):24-26.(in Chinese)
[11]罗清尧,熊本海,马毅,等.中国荷斯坦奶牛第二泌乳期泌乳曲线模型的研究[J].中国农业科学,2010,11(23):4910-4916.LUO Q R,XIONG B H,MA Y,et al.Study on lactation curve models of chinese holstein for the second parity[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,11(23):4910-4916.(in Chinese)
[12]熊本海,马毅,罗清尧,等.中国荷斯坦奶牛第三泌乳期泌乳曲线模型的研究[J].中国农业科学,2011,12(2):402-408.XIONG B H,MA Y,LUO Q R,et al.Study on lactation curve models of chinese holstein for the third parity[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011(2):402-408.(in Chinese)
[13]贾先波,陈世毅,王杰,等.中国荷斯坦牛泌乳曲线数学模型拟合及应用[J].南京农业大学学报,2016,14(1):133-138.JIA X B,CHEN S Y,WANG J,et al.Application of different models to the lactation curves in chinese holstein[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2016,14(1):133-138.(in Chinese)
[14]周卫东.中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳曲线的数学模型及其遗传特性研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2001.ZHOU W D.Mathematical model and genetic characteristics of the milking curve of Chinese Holstein dairy cows[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2001.(in Chinese)
[15]储明星,张卫东,阚远征,等.Wood模型和多元线性回归对奶牛个体泌乳曲线的拟合、预测及分析[J].中国奶牛,1991,22(2):29-31.CHU M X,ZHANG W D,KAN Y Z,et al.Wood model and multiple linear regression fitting,prediction and analysis of dairy cattle individual lactation curve[J].China Dairy Cattle,1991,22(2):29-31.(in Chinese)
[16]KADZERE C T,MURPHY M R,SILANIKOVE N,et al.Heat stress in lactating dairy cows:A review[J].Livestock Production Science,2002,77(1):59-91.
[17]VITALI A,FELICI A,ESPOSITO S,et al.The effect of heat waves on dairy cow mortality[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(7):4572-4579.
[18]SCHNEEBERGER M.Inheritance of lactation curve in Swiss Brown cattle[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1981,64(3):475-483.
[19]CONGLETON W R,EVERETT R W.Application of the incomplete gamma function to predict cumulative milk production[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1980,63(1):109-119.
[20]李雨鸿.北京夏季高温特征、成因及其模拟研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2012.LI Y H.Characteristics,causes and simulation of summer high temperature over beijing[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,2012.(in Chinese)
[21]SHANKS R D,BERGER P J,FREEMAN A E,et al.Genetic aspects of lactation curves[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1981.64(9):1852-1860.
[22]廉红霞,周亚丽,高腾云,等.胎次对荷斯坦牛产奶量及乳脂率的影响[J].畜牧兽医杂志,2013,17(6):26-28.LIAN H X,ZHOU Y L,GAO T Y,et al.Effects of parity on milk production and fat percentage of Holstein cows[J].Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2013,17(6):26-28.(in Chinese)
[23]魏琳琳,杨继业,秦雪,等.季节、胎次、泌乳时期与奶牛产奶量及乳成分的相关分析[J].中国奶牛,2015,9(Z3):10-14.WEI L L,YANG J Y,QIN X,et al.Seasonal,parity,lactation and milk production and milk composition related analysis[J].China Dairy,2015,9(Z3):10-14.(in Chinese)
[24]WEST J W.Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(6):2131-2144.
[25]贾文彬,张子淇,高登宏,等.热应激对奶牛影响的研究进展[J].中国乳业,2016,21(5):38-41.JIA W B,ZAHNG Z Q,GAO D H,et al.Research progress of heat stress on dairy cows[J].China Dairy,2016,21(5):38-41.(in Chinese)
[26]董晓霞,刘浩淼,张超,等.北京市气候变化对奶牛热、冷应激的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,18(16):198-205.DONG X X,LIU H M,ZHANG C,et al.Effects of climate change in Beijing on cold and hot stress of dairy cows[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,18(16):198-205.(in Chinese)
[27]曹露,李想,董刚辉,等.北京地区荷斯坦奶牛不同产犊季节与胎次泌乳曲线拟合[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2016,21(15):98-101.CAO L,LI X,DONG G H,et al.Fitting curves of different calving seasons and parity lactation of Holstein dairy cows in Beijing area[J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2016,21(15):98-101.(in Chinese)
[28]毛永江,张亚琴,许兆君,等.中国荷斯坦牛泌乳曲线拟合研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2011,14(9):1239-1248.MAO Y J,ZHANG Y Q,XU Z J,et al.Fitting lactation curves for Chinese Holstein[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2011,14(9):1239-1248.(in Chinese)
[29]李志才,齐文娟.提高产后奶牛配种受胎率的综合技术措施[J].中国乳业,2015,17(3):58-61.LI Z C,QI W J.Comprehensive technical measures to increase postpartum dairy cows’fertility rate[J].China Dairy,2015,17(3):58-61.(in Chinese)
[30]刘坤.大型牛场奶牛繁殖性能调查及提高奶牛受胎率的研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012.LIU K.Investigation on reproductive performance of dairy cattle dairy and improvement of conception rate of dairy cows[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2012.(in Chinese)
[2]CANKAYA S,UNALAN A,SOYDAN E.Selection of a mathematical model to describe the lactation curves of Jersey cattle[J].Archiv Fur Tierzucht,2011,21(1):121-127.
[3]WOOD P D P.Algebraic models of the lactation curves for milk,fat and protein production,with estimates of seasonal variation[J].Animal Production,1976,24(1):35-40.
[4]郭智群,陈幼春,张斌,等.奶牛泌乳曲线数学模型的遗传分析[J].畜牧兽医学报,1993,12(2):136-142.GUO Z Q,CHEN Y C,ZHANG B,et al.Genetic analysis of the mathematical model of dairy cattle lactation curve[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,1993,12(2):136-142.(in Chinese)
[5]王前,林玲,林继生,等.广州地区黑白花奶牛泌乳曲线数学模型的研究[J].畜牧与兽医,1994,10(2):52-54.WANG Q,LIN L,LIN J S,et al.Study on mathematical model of milking curve of black-and-white dairy cows in Guangzhou area[J].Livestock and Veterinary,1994,10(2):52-54.(in Chinese)
[6]王雅春,陈幼春,柏荣,等.奶牛泌乳曲线的拟合及其模型参数的遗传分析[J].畜牧兽医学报,1999,9(5):399-404.WANG Y C,CHEN Y C,BO R,et al.The fitting of dairy cows’lactation curves and genetic analysis of its model parameters[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,1999,9(5):399-404.(in Chinese)
[7]赵智华,彭顺清,李凤翔,等.用Wood模型拟合四川地区黑白花奶牛泌乳曲线的研究[J].四川畜牧兽医,2000,6(S1):19-20.ZHAO Z H,PENG S Q,LI F X,et al.Wood model fitting the milking curves of black-and-white dairy cows in sichuan province[J].Livestock and Veterinary of Sichuan,2000,6(S1):19-20.(in Chinese)
[8]滕晓红.中国荷斯坦奶牛产奶量校正系数的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2006.TENG X H.Study on the correction factor of milk yield of chinese holstein dairy cows[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2006.(in Chinese)
[9]马光辉,张文龙,黄锡霞,等.新疆地区西门塔尔牛不同模型泌乳曲线拟合效果分析[J].新疆农业科学,2013,12(10):1931-1936.MA G H,ZHANG W L,HUANG X X,et al.Analysis of fitting effect on different models of lactation curve for simmental cattle in Xinjiang[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2013,12(10):1931-1936.(in Chinese)
[10]田雨泽,熊本海,庞之洪,等.中国荷斯坦奶牛第一泌乳期泌乳曲线模型的研究[J].农业网络信息,2010,21(6):24-26.TIAN Y Z,XIONG B H,PANG Z H,et al.Study on lactation curve models of chinese holstein for the first parity[J].Agriculture Network Information,2010,21(6):24-26.(in Chinese)
[11]罗清尧,熊本海,马毅,等.中国荷斯坦奶牛第二泌乳期泌乳曲线模型的研究[J].中国农业科学,2010,11(23):4910-4916.LUO Q R,XIONG B H,MA Y,et al.Study on lactation curve models of chinese holstein for the second parity[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,11(23):4910-4916.(in Chinese)
[12]熊本海,马毅,罗清尧,等.中国荷斯坦奶牛第三泌乳期泌乳曲线模型的研究[J].中国农业科学,2011,12(2):402-408.XIONG B H,MA Y,LUO Q R,et al.Study on lactation curve models of chinese holstein for the third parity[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011(2):402-408.(in Chinese)
[13]贾先波,陈世毅,王杰,等.中国荷斯坦牛泌乳曲线数学模型拟合及应用[J].南京农业大学学报,2016,14(1):133-138.JIA X B,CHEN S Y,WANG J,et al.Application of different models to the lactation curves in chinese holstein[J].Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University,2016,14(1):133-138.(in Chinese)
[14]周卫东.中国荷斯坦奶牛泌乳曲线的数学模型及其遗传特性研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2001.ZHOU W D.Mathematical model and genetic characteristics of the milking curve of Chinese Holstein dairy cows[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2001.(in Chinese)
[15]储明星,张卫东,阚远征,等.Wood模型和多元线性回归对奶牛个体泌乳曲线的拟合、预测及分析[J].中国奶牛,1991,22(2):29-31.CHU M X,ZHANG W D,KAN Y Z,et al.Wood model and multiple linear regression fitting,prediction and analysis of dairy cattle individual lactation curve[J].China Dairy Cattle,1991,22(2):29-31.(in Chinese)
[16]KADZERE C T,MURPHY M R,SILANIKOVE N,et al.Heat stress in lactating dairy cows:A review[J].Livestock Production Science,2002,77(1):59-91.
[17]VITALI A,FELICI A,ESPOSITO S,et al.The effect of heat waves on dairy cow mortality[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(7):4572-4579.
[18]SCHNEEBERGER M.Inheritance of lactation curve in Swiss Brown cattle[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1981,64(3):475-483.
[19]CONGLETON W R,EVERETT R W.Application of the incomplete gamma function to predict cumulative milk production[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1980,63(1):109-119.
[20]李雨鸿.北京夏季高温特征、成因及其模拟研究[D].南京:南京信息工程大学,2012.LI Y H.Characteristics,causes and simulation of summer high temperature over beijing[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,2012.(in Chinese)
[21]SHANKS R D,BERGER P J,FREEMAN A E,et al.Genetic aspects of lactation curves[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1981.64(9):1852-1860.
[22]廉红霞,周亚丽,高腾云,等.胎次对荷斯坦牛产奶量及乳脂率的影响[J].畜牧兽医杂志,2013,17(6):26-28.LIAN H X,ZHOU Y L,GAO T Y,et al.Effects of parity on milk production and fat percentage of Holstein cows[J].Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2013,17(6):26-28.(in Chinese)
[23]魏琳琳,杨继业,秦雪,等.季节、胎次、泌乳时期与奶牛产奶量及乳成分的相关分析[J].中国奶牛,2015,9(Z3):10-14.WEI L L,YANG J Y,QIN X,et al.Seasonal,parity,lactation and milk production and milk composition related analysis[J].China Dairy,2015,9(Z3):10-14.(in Chinese)
[24]WEST J W.Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2003,86(6):2131-2144.
[25]贾文彬,张子淇,高登宏,等.热应激对奶牛影响的研究进展[J].中国乳业,2016,21(5):38-41.JIA W B,ZAHNG Z Q,GAO D H,et al.Research progress of heat stress on dairy cows[J].China Dairy,2016,21(5):38-41.(in Chinese)
[26]董晓霞,刘浩淼,张超,等.北京市气候变化对奶牛热、冷应激的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,18(16):198-205.DONG X X,LIU H M,ZHANG C,et al.Effects of climate change in Beijing on cold and hot stress of dairy cows[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,18(16):198-205.(in Chinese)
[27]曹露,李想,董刚辉,等.北京地区荷斯坦奶牛不同产犊季节与胎次泌乳曲线拟合[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2016,21(15):98-101.CAO L,LI X,DONG G H,et al.Fitting curves of different calving seasons and parity lactation of Holstein dairy cows in Beijing area[J].Heilongjiang Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine,2016,21(15):98-101.(in Chinese)
[28]毛永江,张亚琴,许兆君,等.中国荷斯坦牛泌乳曲线拟合研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2011,14(9):1239-1248.MAO Y J,ZHANG Y Q,XU Z J,et al.Fitting lactation curves for Chinese Holstein[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2011,14(9):1239-1248.(in Chinese)
[29]李志才,齐文娟.提高产后奶牛配种受胎率的综合技术措施[J].中国乳业,2015,17(3):58-61.LI Z C,QI W J.Comprehensive technical measures to increase postpartum dairy cows’fertility rate[J].China Dairy,2015,17(3):58-61.(in Chinese)
[30]刘坤.大型牛场奶牛繁殖性能调查及提高奶牛受胎率的研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012.LIU K.Investigation on reproductive performance of dairy cattle dairy and improvement of conception rate of dairy cows[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2012.(in Chinese)