微生态调节技术在感染性疾病预防中的应用
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摘要
人体共生微生物数量远超过人体自身细胞数量,其编码基因数量甚至是人类的数百倍。人体可以看做是微生物与自身细胞共同形成的复杂生态系统。这些分布在人体皮肤、呼吸道、口腔、胃肠道、泌尿生殖道等部位的微生物群落之间的动态平衡与人体健康息息相关。随着各国人体微生物研究计划的先后开展,引发了新一轮微生物组技术研究和开发的热潮。人体微生物群落生态调节的新工具、新方法和新技术正在大量出现,改善人体微生态和预防感染性疾病的手段将变得更加丰富。本文就目前已有的微生态调节技术在人类感染性疾病预防中的研究进展作一综述。
The microbe is small in volume, but large in quantity and species. The symbiotic microbe, which is far more than human cells, code millions times of genes than human being. Somatic cells and these symbiotic microbe distributing in human body skin, respiratory tract, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract and other parts form a complex ecosystem whose dynamic balance is highly related to body health. With the successful implementation of Human Microbiome Project, more attentions have been paid to the next generation microbiome technologies. New tools and methods for ecological regulation of human microbiome are emerging. The way we improve the world of human microbiology will be more convenient. This paper will make a review on the modulation techniques of human microbiome.
The microbe is small in volume, but large in quantity and species. The symbiotic microbe, which is far more than human cells, code millions times of genes than human being. Somatic cells and these symbiotic microbe distributing in human body skin, respiratory tract, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract and other parts form a complex ecosystem whose dynamic balance is highly related to body health. With the successful implementation of Human Microbiome Project, more attentions have been paid to the next generation microbiome technologies. New tools and methods for ecological regulation of human microbiome are emerging. The way we improve the world of human microbiology will be more convenient. This paper will make a review on the modulation techniques of human microbiome.
引文
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[24]Blanton LV, Charbonneau MR, Salih T, et al. Gut bacteria that prevent growth impairments transmitted by microbiota from malnourished children[J]. Science, 2016, 351(6275):aad3311.
[25]Suez J, Elinav E. The path towards microbiome-based metabolite treatment[J]. Nat Microbiol, 2017, 2:17075.
[26]Brandt LJ, Aroniadis OC. An overview of fecal microbiota transplantation:techniques, indications, and outcomes[J].Gastrointest Endosc, 2013, 78(2):240-249.
[27]van der Oost J, Jore MM, Westra ER, et al. CRISPR-based adaptive and heritable immunity in prokaryotes[J]. Trends Biochem Sci, 2009, 34(8):401-407.
[28]Ledford H. CRISPR:gene editing is just the beginning[J].Nature, 2016, 531(7593):156-159.
[29]Citorik RJ, Mimee M, Lu TK. Sequence-specific antimicrobials using efficiently delivered RNA-guided nucleases[J].Nat Biotechnol, 2014, 32(11):1141-1145.
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[2]Lynch SV, Pedersen O. The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 2016, 375(24):2369-2379.
[3]周学东,肖晓蓉.口腔微生物学[M].成都:四川大学出版社, 2002:210.Zhou XD, Xiao XR. Oral microbiology[M]. Chengdu:Sichuan University Press, 2002:210.
[4]Flemming HC, Wingender J, Szewzyk U, et al. Biofilms:an emergent form of bacterial life[J]. Nat Rev Microbiol,2016, 14(9):563-575.
[5]戴自英.实用抗菌药物学[M]. 2版.上海:上海科学技术出版社, 1998:23-24.Dai ZY. Practical antibacterial drugs[M]. 2nd ed. Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 1998:23-24.
[6]Palmer RJ Jr. Composition and development of oral bacterial communities[J]. Periodontol 2000, 2014, 64(1):20-39.
[7]Lloyd-Price J, Abu-Ali G, Huttenhower C. The healthy human microbiome[J]. Genome Med, 2016, 8(1):51.
[8]徐欣,何金枝,周学东.口腔微生物群落在口腔与全身疾病预警中的作用[J].华西口腔医学杂志, 2015, 33(6):555-560.Xin X, He JZ, Zhou XD. Oral microbiota:a promising predictor of human oral and systemic diseases[J]. West Chin J Stomatol, 2015, 33(6):555-560.
[9]Guo L, McLean JS, Yang Y, et al. Precision-guided antimicrobial peptide as a targeted modulator of human microbial ecology[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2015, 112(24):7569-7574.
[10]KooH,XiaoJ,KleinMI.Extracellularpolysaccharides matrix—an often forgotten virulence factor in oral biofilm research[J]. Int J Oral Sci, 2009, 1(4):229-234.
[11]Takahashi N, Nyvad B. The role of bacteria in the caries process:ecological perspectives[J]. J Dent Res, 2011, 90(3):294-303.
[12]Ren Z, Cui T, Zeng J, et al. Molecule targeting glucosyltransferase inhibits Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and virulence[J]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2016, 60(1):126-135.
[13]Ren Z, Chen L, Li J, et al. Inhibition of Streptococcus mutanspolysaccharide synthesis by molecules targeting glycosyltransferase activity[J]. J Oral Microbiol, 2016, 8:31095.
[14]Xiao J, Zuo Y, Liu Y, et al. Effects of Nidus Vespae extract and chemical fractions on glucosyltransferases, adherence andbiofilmformationofStreptococcusmutans[J]. Arch Oral Biol, 2007, 52(9):869-875.
[15]Xie Q, Li J, Zhou X. Anticaries effect of compounds extracted from Galla chinensis in a multispecies biofilm model[J].Oral Microbiol Immunol, 2008, 23(6):459-465.
[16]Chu JP, Li JY, Hao YQ, et al. Effect of compounds of Galla chinensis on remineralisation of initial enamel carious lesions in vitro[J]. J Dent, 2007, 35(5):383-387.
[17]Thimothe J, Bonsi IA, Padilla-Zakour OI, et al. Chemical characterization of red wine grape(Vitis vinifera and Vitis interspecifichybrids)andpomacephenolicextractsand their biological activity against Streptococcus mutans[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2007, 55(25):10200-10207.
[18]慈向科,陈丽培,欧晓艳.葡萄籽原花青素对牙龈卟啉单胞菌内毒素的影响[J].上海口腔医学, 2015, 24(4):433-436.CiXK,ChenLP,OuXY.Grapeseedproanthocyanidin extracts inhibit lipopolysaccharide of Porphyromonas gingivalis[J]. Shanghai J Stomatol, 2015, 24(4):433-436.
[19]Murakami Y, Kawata A, Ito S, et al. The radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of resveratrol, orcinol and 4-Allylphenol and their inhibitory effects on Cox-2 gene expression and Nf-κB activation in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis-fimbriae[J]. In Vivo, 2015,29(3):341-349.
[20]Mu?oz-González I, Thurnheer T, BartoloméB, et al. Red wine and oenological extracts display antimicrobial effects in an oral bacteria biofilm model[J]. J Agric Food Chem,2014, 62(20):4731-4737.
[21]Furiga A, Lonvaud-Funel A, Badet C. In vitro study of antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity on oral anaerobes of a grape seed extract[J]. Food Chemistry, 2009, 113(4):1037-1040.
[22]TheHumanMicrobiomeProjectConsortium.Structure,function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome[J].Nature, 2012, 486(7402):207-214.
[23]Brown JM, Hazen SL. The gut microbial endocrine organ:bacterially derived signals driving cardiometabolic diseases[J]. Annu Rev Med, 2015, 66:343-359.
[24]Blanton LV, Charbonneau MR, Salih T, et al. Gut bacteria that prevent growth impairments transmitted by microbiota from malnourished children[J]. Science, 2016, 351(6275):aad3311.
[25]Suez J, Elinav E. The path towards microbiome-based metabolite treatment[J]. Nat Microbiol, 2017, 2:17075.
[26]Brandt LJ, Aroniadis OC. An overview of fecal microbiota transplantation:techniques, indications, and outcomes[J].Gastrointest Endosc, 2013, 78(2):240-249.
[27]van der Oost J, Jore MM, Westra ER, et al. CRISPR-based adaptive and heritable immunity in prokaryotes[J]. Trends Biochem Sci, 2009, 34(8):401-407.
[28]Ledford H. CRISPR:gene editing is just the beginning[J].Nature, 2016, 531(7593):156-159.
[29]Citorik RJ, Mimee M, Lu TK. Sequence-specific antimicrobials using efficiently delivered RNA-guided nucleases[J].Nat Biotechnol, 2014, 32(11):1141-1145.
[30]Qin N, Yang F, Li A, et al. Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis[J]. Nature, 2014, 513(7516):59-64.