草原矿区排土场不同植被配置类型生态恢复
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摘要
以典型草原大型露天煤矿排土场为对象,研究不同植被配置类型人工、半人工植物群落的植物组成、群落结构、物种多样性及土壤主要养分变化。结果表明,自然恢复的排土场边坡主要以一、二年生植物为主,种类单一,草本层低矮,采取人工植被恢复措施的试验区植物种类明显增加,4种不同植被配置类型试验样地内共出现34种植物,分属13科33属。排土场边坡人工植被恢复一段时期后(4～5 a),植物群落优势种主要以人工种植的植物为主,主要伴生种为多年生杂类草草木樨状黄芪(Astragalus melilotoides)、蒙古虫实(Corispermum mongolicum),禾本科植物克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)、狼尾草(Pennisetum alopecuroides),以及一、二年生植物刺藜(Chenopodium aristatum)、猪毛菜(Salsola collina)等。4种不同植被配置类型中,灌草群落(Ⅱ) Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数数值均最大,土壤全氮、有机质含量也较高,说明排土场采取柠条+紫花苜蓿的灌草植被配置模式生态恢复效果较好,研究结果可为草原矿区植被恢复提供参考依据。
The botanical composition,community structure,species diversity and soil nutrients of artificial and semi-artificial plant community were investigated under different vegetation collocation conditions in coal mine dumps of a typical steppe. The results showed that annuals and biennials dominated in exposed slopes under natural restoration,with simple species composition and low height of community. Plant species richness significantly increased in the artificial vegetation recovery area. There were 34 species belonging to 13 genera and 33 families observed in the four experimental sites of different vegetation collocations. The plant community was dominated by planted species,accompanied with Astragalus melilotoides,Corispermum mongolicum,Stipa krylovii,Pennisetum alopecuroide,Chenopodium aristatum,and Salsola collina after restoration on coal mine dump slope( 4-5 a). Among the four different vegetation collocations,the community collocation of shrubs and herbs( Ⅱ) had the highest Shannon diversity index and Margalef richness index,and soil total nitrogen and organic matter contents. Our results indicated that artificial collocation of shrubs and herbs of Medicago sativa + Caragana korshinskii had better performance in ecological restoration of coal mine dump in typical steppe,which provided reference for the vegetation restoration of coal mining area in the steppe.
The botanical composition,community structure,species diversity and soil nutrients of artificial and semi-artificial plant community were investigated under different vegetation collocation conditions in coal mine dumps of a typical steppe. The results showed that annuals and biennials dominated in exposed slopes under natural restoration,with simple species composition and low height of community. Plant species richness significantly increased in the artificial vegetation recovery area. There were 34 species belonging to 13 genera and 33 families observed in the four experimental sites of different vegetation collocations. The plant community was dominated by planted species,accompanied with Astragalus melilotoides,Corispermum mongolicum,Stipa krylovii,Pennisetum alopecuroide,Chenopodium aristatum,and Salsola collina after restoration on coal mine dump slope( 4-5 a). Among the four different vegetation collocations,the community collocation of shrubs and herbs( Ⅱ) had the highest Shannon diversity index and Margalef richness index,and soil total nitrogen and organic matter contents. Our results indicated that artificial collocation of shrubs and herbs of Medicago sativa + Caragana korshinskii had better performance in ecological restoration of coal mine dump in typical steppe,which provided reference for the vegetation restoration of coal mining area in the steppe.
引文
鲍士旦.2008.土壤农化分析(第三版).北京:中国农业出版社.
常学向,赵文智,赵爱芬.2004.祁连山区不同海拔草地群落的物种多样性.应用生态学报,15(9):1599-1603.
戈峰.2002.现代生态学.北京:科学出版社.
郭逍宇,张金屯,宫辉力,等.2005.安太堡矿区复垦地植被恢复过程多样性变化.生态学报,25(4):763-770.
韩煜,赵伟,张淇翔,等.2018.不同植被恢复模式下矿山废弃地的恢复效果研究.水土保持研究,25(1):120-125.
晶晶.2009.内蒙古煤炭资源开发利用的负面影响及其对策研究(硕士学位论文).呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学.
康萨如拉,牛建明,张庆,等.2014.草原区矿产开发对景观格局和初级生产力的影响---以黑岱沟露天煤矿为例.生态学报,34(11):2855-2867.
李博.2000.生态学.北京:高等教育出版社.
李娟,赵竟英,陈伟强.2004.矿区废弃地复垦与生态环境重建.国土与自然资源研究,(1):27-28.
李晋川,白中科.2000.露天煤矿土地复垦与生态重建:平朔露天矿的研究与实践.北京:科学出版社.
李晋川,王翔,岳建英,等.2015.安太堡露天矿植被恢复过程中土壤生态肥力评价.水土保持研究,22(1):66-72.
李青丰,曹江营,张树礼,等.1997.准格尔煤田露天矿植被恢复的研究---排土场植被自然恢复的观察研究.中国草地学报,(2):23-25.
刘灿然,马克平.1997.生物群落多样性的测度方法.V.生物群落物种数目的估计方法.生态学报,17(6):601-610.
刘伟民,邢万昱.2009.胜利东二露天矿排土工艺研究.露天采矿技术,(4):14-16.
刘卫华,赵冰清,白中科,等.2014.半干旱区露天矿生态复垦土壤养分与植物群落相关分析.生态学杂志,33(9):2369-2375.
牛星,蒙仲举,高永,等.2011.伊敏露天煤矿排土场自然恢复植被群落特征研究.水土保持通报,31(1):215-221.
齐雁冰,常庆瑞,田康,等.2013.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被恢复模式土壤无机磷形态分布特征.农业环境科学学报,32(1):56-62.
珊丹,何京丽,刘艳萍,等.2017a.草原矿区排土场恢复重建人工植被变化.生态科学,36(2):57-62.
珊丹,何京丽,邢恩德,等.2017b.微生物菌肥对草原矿区排土场土壤微生物与土壤酶活性的影响.水土保持通报,37(3):81-85.
王改玲,白中科.2002.安太堡露天煤矿排土场植被恢复的主要限制因子及对策.水土保持研究,9(1):38-40.
王志宏,刘志斌,陈建平.2003.黑岱沟露天煤矿土地复垦及生态重建规划研究.露天采矿技术,(1):19-21.
项元和,于晓杰,魏勇明.2013.露天矿排土场生态修复与植被重建技术.中国水土保持科学,(s1):48-54.
谢春平,方彦,方炎明.2011.乌冈栎群落垂直结构与重要值分析.安徽农业大学学报,38(2):176-184.
杨勤学,赵冰清,郭东罡.2015.中国北方露天煤矿区植被恢复研究进展.生态学杂志,34(4):1152-1157.
袁雪红,高照良,张翔,等.2016.不同豆科植物对黄土高原弃土场的改良效果.中国水土保持科学,14(4):121-127.
原野,赵中秋,白中科,等.2016.安太堡露天煤矿不同复垦模式下草本植物优势种生态位.生态学杂志,35(12):3215-3222.
张成梁,Li Larry B.2011.美国煤矿废弃地的生态修复.生态学报,31(1):276-285.
章家恩.2007.生态学常用实验研究方法与技术.北京:化学工业出版社.
朱丽,秦富仓.2008.露天煤矿开采项目水土流失量预测.水土保持通报,28(4):111-116.
Alday JG,Marrs RH,Martinez-Ruiz C.2011.Vegetation succession on reclaimed coal wastes in Spain:The influence of soil and environmental factors.Applied Vegetation Science,14:84-94.
Burton CM,Burton PJ,Hebda R,et al.2006.Determining the optimal sowing density for a mixture of native plants used to revegetate degraded ecosystems.Restoration Ecology,14:379-390.
Grime JP.1997.Biodiversity and ecosystem function:The debate deepens.Science,277:1260-1261.
Guo DG,Zhao BQ,Shangguan TL,et al.2013.Dynamic parameters of plant communities partially reflect the soil quality improvement in eco-reclamation area of an opencast coal mine.Clean:Soil,Air,Water,41:1018-1026.
HodacovaD,Prach K.2003.Spoil heaps from brown coal mining:Technical reclamation versus spontaneous revegetation.Restoration Ecology,11:385-391.
Zuo X,Zhao X,Zhao H,et al.2009.Spatial heterogeneity of soil properties and vegetation-soil relationships following vegetation restoration of mobile dunes in Horqin Sandy Land,Northern China.Plant and Soil,318:153-167.
常学向,赵文智,赵爱芬.2004.祁连山区不同海拔草地群落的物种多样性.应用生态学报,15(9):1599-1603.
戈峰.2002.现代生态学.北京:科学出版社.
郭逍宇,张金屯,宫辉力,等.2005.安太堡矿区复垦地植被恢复过程多样性变化.生态学报,25(4):763-770.
韩煜,赵伟,张淇翔,等.2018.不同植被恢复模式下矿山废弃地的恢复效果研究.水土保持研究,25(1):120-125.
晶晶.2009.内蒙古煤炭资源开发利用的负面影响及其对策研究(硕士学位论文).呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学.
康萨如拉,牛建明,张庆,等.2014.草原区矿产开发对景观格局和初级生产力的影响---以黑岱沟露天煤矿为例.生态学报,34(11):2855-2867.
李博.2000.生态学.北京:高等教育出版社.
李娟,赵竟英,陈伟强.2004.矿区废弃地复垦与生态环境重建.国土与自然资源研究,(1):27-28.
李晋川,白中科.2000.露天煤矿土地复垦与生态重建:平朔露天矿的研究与实践.北京:科学出版社.
李晋川,王翔,岳建英,等.2015.安太堡露天矿植被恢复过程中土壤生态肥力评价.水土保持研究,22(1):66-72.
李青丰,曹江营,张树礼,等.1997.准格尔煤田露天矿植被恢复的研究---排土场植被自然恢复的观察研究.中国草地学报,(2):23-25.
刘灿然,马克平.1997.生物群落多样性的测度方法.V.生物群落物种数目的估计方法.生态学报,17(6):601-610.
刘伟民,邢万昱.2009.胜利东二露天矿排土工艺研究.露天采矿技术,(4):14-16.
刘卫华,赵冰清,白中科,等.2014.半干旱区露天矿生态复垦土壤养分与植物群落相关分析.生态学杂志,33(9):2369-2375.
牛星,蒙仲举,高永,等.2011.伊敏露天煤矿排土场自然恢复植被群落特征研究.水土保持通报,31(1):215-221.
齐雁冰,常庆瑞,田康,等.2013.黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被恢复模式土壤无机磷形态分布特征.农业环境科学学报,32(1):56-62.
珊丹,何京丽,刘艳萍,等.2017a.草原矿区排土场恢复重建人工植被变化.生态科学,36(2):57-62.
珊丹,何京丽,邢恩德,等.2017b.微生物菌肥对草原矿区排土场土壤微生物与土壤酶活性的影响.水土保持通报,37(3):81-85.
王改玲,白中科.2002.安太堡露天煤矿排土场植被恢复的主要限制因子及对策.水土保持研究,9(1):38-40.
王志宏,刘志斌,陈建平.2003.黑岱沟露天煤矿土地复垦及生态重建规划研究.露天采矿技术,(1):19-21.
项元和,于晓杰,魏勇明.2013.露天矿排土场生态修复与植被重建技术.中国水土保持科学,(s1):48-54.
谢春平,方彦,方炎明.2011.乌冈栎群落垂直结构与重要值分析.安徽农业大学学报,38(2):176-184.
杨勤学,赵冰清,郭东罡.2015.中国北方露天煤矿区植被恢复研究进展.生态学杂志,34(4):1152-1157.
袁雪红,高照良,张翔,等.2016.不同豆科植物对黄土高原弃土场的改良效果.中国水土保持科学,14(4):121-127.
原野,赵中秋,白中科,等.2016.安太堡露天煤矿不同复垦模式下草本植物优势种生态位.生态学杂志,35(12):3215-3222.
张成梁,Li Larry B.2011.美国煤矿废弃地的生态修复.生态学报,31(1):276-285.
章家恩.2007.生态学常用实验研究方法与技术.北京:化学工业出版社.
朱丽,秦富仓.2008.露天煤矿开采项目水土流失量预测.水土保持通报,28(4):111-116.
Alday JG,Marrs RH,Martinez-Ruiz C.2011.Vegetation succession on reclaimed coal wastes in Spain:The influence of soil and environmental factors.Applied Vegetation Science,14:84-94.
Burton CM,Burton PJ,Hebda R,et al.2006.Determining the optimal sowing density for a mixture of native plants used to revegetate degraded ecosystems.Restoration Ecology,14:379-390.
Grime JP.1997.Biodiversity and ecosystem function:The debate deepens.Science,277:1260-1261.
Guo DG,Zhao BQ,Shangguan TL,et al.2013.Dynamic parameters of plant communities partially reflect the soil quality improvement in eco-reclamation area of an opencast coal mine.Clean:Soil,Air,Water,41:1018-1026.
HodacovaD,Prach K.2003.Spoil heaps from brown coal mining:Technical reclamation versus spontaneous revegetation.Restoration Ecology,11:385-391.
Zuo X,Zhao X,Zhao H,et al.2009.Spatial heterogeneity of soil properties and vegetation-soil relationships following vegetation restoration of mobile dunes in Horqin Sandy Land,Northern China.Plant and Soil,318:153-167.