尿素硝酸铵调节碳氮比促进小麦秸秆堆肥腐熟
|
摘要
[目的]高温堆肥可以加快秸秆腐解并浓缩其养分含量,是秸秆综合利用的有效措施之一。通常采用畜禽粪便来调节秸秆堆肥的C/N比,但由于重金属和抗生素问题限制了其在高价值经济作物上的应用。为此选择绿色无污染的尿素硝酸铵溶液(UAN)作为氮素调理剂开展堆肥试验,为生产高品质秸秆有机肥提供科学依据。[方法]设置4个处理,按照UAN添加量由多到少分别将堆肥C/N调节为15、20、25和30,进行50 d堆肥,监测堆肥过程中温度、pH、EC、有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮、纤维素组成、种子发芽率指数等指标的动态变化,并综合判定堆肥腐熟效果。[结果]C/N25和C/N30的处理最高温度分别达到63.4℃和65.9℃,50℃以上高温持续时间分别为7d和8d,而C/N15、C/N20处理高温持续仅1～2d,未达到无害化处理要求。堆肥初始pH值随着UAN添加量的增大而升高,范围在6.79～7.94,堆肥后pH值范围在7.63～7.89,各处理间没有明显差异。堆肥后各处理有机碳含量下降了8.29%～13.5%,且C/N25、C/N30的处理有机碳降解率显著高于C/N15和C/N20的处理。全氮含量较堆肥初增加53.3%～83.7%。秸秆中有机物组成表现为纤维素>半纤维素>木质素,堆肥后半纤维素、纤维素和木质素含量分别较堆肥初下降了30.5%～50.9%、42.%～55.8%和15.3%～29.4%。堆肥过程中由氨气挥发造成的氮素损失率随着C/N比升高而降低,分别为34.9%、29.0%、22.1%和7.37%;堆肥过程中无机氮占总氮的比例逐渐降低,由初始的52.4%～75.8%下降到结束时的25.4%～63.1%,而对应有机氮的比例则较堆肥初提高了52.4%～66.0%,表明小麦秸秆堆肥中氮素的稳定性增强。经过50 d的堆肥处理,C/N25和C/N30的处理种子发芽率指数均达到彻底腐熟(GI≥80%),C/N20的处理达到基本腐熟(GI≥50%),而C/N15的处理未腐熟。[结论]采用尿素硝酸铵溶液作为氮素调理剂可有效降低小麦秸秆堆肥C/N比,促进小麦秸秆腐解,以C/N30处理腐熟效果最好。
[Objectives]Composting is one of the most effective methods in plant straw recycling attributing to the accelerated degradation and concentrated available nutrients. In this study, urea ammonium nitrate solution(UAN) was attempted as a pollution-free nitrogen conditioner to regulating the C/N ratio for rapid production of wheat straw compost.[Methods ]Four C/N ratio levels of 15, 20, 25 and 30 were designed in wheat straw composting mixture by supplementing UAN. The temperature, pH value, electrical conductivity(EC), total organic carbon(TOC),ammonium-N,nitrate-N and germination index(GI) were continuously measured during the 50 days' composting process.[Results]The maximum temperature in treatments of C/N25 and C/N30 were63.4℃ and 65.9℃, and the thermophilic period(≥ 50℃) lasted for 7 d and 8 d, respectively. While the treatments of C/N15 and C/N20 generated temperature not high enough for the hygienic requirements for harmless disposal of plant straw. At the initial, the pH value of compost mixture increased with the increase of C/N, ranging from 6.79 to 7.94, and became close after 50 days composting, ranging from 7.63 to 7.89. Among all treatments, there was 8.29%-13.5% of decrease in TOC and 53.3%-83.7% of increase in the total N content after composting. C/N25 and C/N30 treatments showed significantly higher organic matter degradation rate than the other twos(P < 0.05). Polymer components of lignocellulose in wheat straw showed the tendency of cellulose > hemicellulose > lignin in concentration. After composting, concentration of hemicelluloses,cellulose and lignin decreased by 30.5%-50.9%, 42.4%-55.8% and 15.3%-29.4%. The nitrogen volatile losses after composting process were 34.9%(in C/N15), 29.0%(in C/N20), 22.1%(in C/N25) and 7.37%(in C/N30),respectively. Transformation of inorganic nitrogen to organic nitrogen was promoted during the process.Content of inorganic nitrogen decreased from 52.4%-75.8%(before composting) to 25.4%-63.1%(after composting). The germination indexes of C/N15, C/N20, C/N25 and C/N30 treatments were 3.55%, 51.6%,81.5% and 109%, respectively.[Conclusions ]UAN is an effective nitrogen regulator to adjust the C/N ratio in wheat straw composting. The C/N ratio of 30 produces the most rapid composting process.
[Objectives]Composting is one of the most effective methods in plant straw recycling attributing to the accelerated degradation and concentrated available nutrients. In this study, urea ammonium nitrate solution(UAN) was attempted as a pollution-free nitrogen conditioner to regulating the C/N ratio for rapid production of wheat straw compost.[Methods ]Four C/N ratio levels of 15, 20, 25 and 30 were designed in wheat straw composting mixture by supplementing UAN. The temperature, pH value, electrical conductivity(EC), total organic carbon(TOC),ammonium-N,nitrate-N and germination index(GI) were continuously measured during the 50 days' composting process.[Results]The maximum temperature in treatments of C/N25 and C/N30 were63.4℃ and 65.9℃, and the thermophilic period(≥ 50℃) lasted for 7 d and 8 d, respectively. While the treatments of C/N15 and C/N20 generated temperature not high enough for the hygienic requirements for harmless disposal of plant straw. At the initial, the pH value of compost mixture increased with the increase of C/N, ranging from 6.79 to 7.94, and became close after 50 days composting, ranging from 7.63 to 7.89. Among all treatments, there was 8.29%-13.5% of decrease in TOC and 53.3%-83.7% of increase in the total N content after composting. C/N25 and C/N30 treatments showed significantly higher organic matter degradation rate than the other twos(P < 0.05). Polymer components of lignocellulose in wheat straw showed the tendency of cellulose > hemicellulose > lignin in concentration. After composting, concentration of hemicelluloses,cellulose and lignin decreased by 30.5%-50.9%, 42.4%-55.8% and 15.3%-29.4%. The nitrogen volatile losses after composting process were 34.9%(in C/N15), 29.0%(in C/N20), 22.1%(in C/N25) and 7.37%(in C/N30),respectively. Transformation of inorganic nitrogen to organic nitrogen was promoted during the process.Content of inorganic nitrogen decreased from 52.4%-75.8%(before composting) to 25.4%-63.1%(after composting). The germination indexes of C/N15, C/N20, C/N25 and C/N30 treatments were 3.55%, 51.6%,81.5% and 109%, respectively.[Conclusions ]UAN is an effective nitrogen regulator to adjust the C/N ratio in wheat straw composting. The C/N ratio of 30 produces the most rapid composting process.
引文
[1]宋大利,侯胜鹏,王秀斌,等.中国秸秆养分资源数量及替代化肥潜力[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018, 24(1):1-21.Song D L, Hou S P, Wang X B, et al. Nutrient resource quantity of crop straw and its potential of substituting[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2018, 24(1):1-21.
[2]董印丽,李振峰,王若伦,等.华北地区小麦、玉米两季秸秆还田存在的问题及对策研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018,(1):159-163.Dong Y L, Li Z F, Wang R L, et al. Study on the problems and countermeasures of returning wheat and corn stalks into the soil in north China[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2018,(1):159-163.
[3]赵建荣,高德才,汪建飞,等.不同C/N下鸡粪麦秸高温堆肥腐熟过程研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011, 30(5):1014-1020.Zhao J R, Gao D C, Wang J F, et al. The high-rate composting of chicken manure and wheat straw in different C/N[J]. Journal of AgroEnvironment Science, 2011, 30(5):1014-1020.
[4] Qian X Y, Shen G X, Wang Z Q, et al. Co-composting of livestock manure with rice straw:Characterization and establishment of maturity evaluation system[J]. Waste Management, 2014, 34(2):530-535.
[5]李书田,刘荣乐,陕红.我国主要畜禽粪便养分含量及变化分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2009, 28(1):179-184.Li S T, Liu R L, Shan H. Nutrient contents in main animal manures in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2009, 28(1):179-184.
[6] Xun Q, Jie G, Wei S, et al. Diversity, abundance, and persistence of antibiotic resistance genes in various types of animal manure following industrial composting[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017, 344(2):716-722.
[7] Quan W, Zhen W, Mukesh K A, et al. Evaluation of medical stone amendment for the reduction of nitrogen loss and bioavailability of heavy metals during pig manure composting[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016, 220(11):297-304.
[8]张亚宁,李国学.化肥作为补充N源对堆肥碳素转化和污染物去除的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005, 24(1):154-157.Zhang Y N, Li G X. Effect of supplementary nitrogen chemical fertilizer on carbon change and degradation of organic pollutants during composting[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2005,24(1):154-157.
[9]徐智,汤利.尿素作为补充氮源对西番莲果渣高温堆肥进程的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010, 29(7):1399-1402.Xu Z, Tang L. Effects of adding urea supplementary nitrogen on high-temperature composting process of passion fruit marc[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010, 29(7):1399-1402.
[10]王寅,徐卓,李博凝,等.尿素硝铵溶液对黑土区春玉米产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2018, 51(4):718-727.Wang Y, Xu Z, Li B N, et al. Effects of urea ammonium nitrate solution on grain yield and nitrogen uptake of spring maize in black soil region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(4):718-727.
[11]李波,叶菁,刘岑薇,等.生物炭添加对猪粪堆肥过程碳素转化与损失的影响[J].环境科学学报,2017, 37(9):3511-3518.Li B, Ye Q, Liu C W, et al. Effects of biochar addition on carbon transformation during composting of pig manure[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017, 37(9):3511-3518.
[12]李帆,钱坤,武际,等.过磷酸钙用量对猪粪堆肥过程及磷形态变化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017, 23(4):1037-1044.Li F, Qian K, Wu J, et al. Influence of applying calcium superphosphate on swine manure composting and phosphorus transformation[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017,23(4):1037-1044.
[13] Soest P J V, Robertson J B, Lewis B A. Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[14]陈同斌,黄启飞,高定,等.城市污泥好氧堆肥过程中积温规律的探讨[J].生态学报,2002, 22(6):911-915.Chen T B, Huang Q F, Gao D, et al. Accumulated temperature as an indicator to predict the stabilizing process in sewage sludge composting[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2002, 22(6):911-915.
[15] Paredes C, Roig A, Bernal M P, et al. Evolution of organic matter and nitrogen during co-composting of olive mill wastewater with solid organic wastes[J]. Biology&Fertility of Soils, 2000, 32(3):222-227.
[16]李荣华,张广杰,秦睿,等.添加钝化剂对猪粪好氧堆肥过程中理化特性的影响[J].环境科学学报,2012, 32(10):2591-2599.Li R H, Zhang G J, Qin R, et al. Influence of heavy metal passive agents on the compost physicochemical properties during the swine manure composting[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2012, 32(10):2591-2599.
[17] NY/T1168-2006.畜禽粪便无害化处理技术规范[S].北京:中华人民共和国农业部,2006.NY/T 1168-2006. Technical requirement for non-hazardous treatment of animal manure[S]. Beijing:Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, 2006.
[18] Zucconi F, Pera A, Forte M, et al. Evaluating toxicity of immature compost[J]. Biocycle,1981,22(2):54-57.
[19] Guardia A D. Composting in a laboratory reactor:a review[J].Compost Science&Utilization, 2004, 12(1):69-79.
[20]徐智,张陇利,梁丽娜,等.不同体积堆肥装置下的鸡粪堆肥效果研究[J].农业工程学报,2008, 24(10):205-208.Xu Z, Zhang L L, Liang L N, et al. Impacts of different sized labbased reactors on the aerobic composting of chicken manure[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2008, 24(10):205-208.
[21] Zhao X L, Li B Q, Ni J P, et al. Effect of four crop straws on transformation of organic matter during sewage sludge composting[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2016, 15(1):232-240.
[22]王永江,黄光群,韩鲁佳.自由空域对猪粪麦秸好氧堆肥的影响实验分析[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(6):122-126.Wang Y J, Huang G Q, Han L J. Effects analysis of free airspace to pig slurry wheat straw aerobic composting in laboratory reactor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(6):122-126.
[23]张强,孙向阳,任忠秀,等.调节C/N及添加菌剂与木酢液对园林绿化废弃物堆肥效果的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012, 18(4):990-998.Zhang Q, Sun X Y, Ren Z X, et al. Effect of regulating of C/N ratio and adding different concentrations of microbe fungus and wood vinegar on composting of landscaping waste[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2012, 18(4):990-998.
[24]王亚,李子富,冯瑞,等.沉水植物与2种不同辅料混合好氧堆肥[J].环境工程学报,2017, 11(6):3759-3766.Wang Y, Li Z F, Feng R, et al. Aerobic co-composting of submerged plants with two different auxiliary materials[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2017, 11(6):3759-3766.
[25] Li R H, Wang J J, Zhang Z Q, et al. Nutrient transformations during composting of pig manure with bentonite[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 121:362-368.
[26]黄绍文,唐继伟,李春花.我国商品有机肥和有机废弃物中重金属、养分和盐分状况[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017, 23(1):162-173.Huang S W, Tang J W, Li C H. Status of heavy metals, nutrients, and total salts in commercial organic fertilizers and organic wastes in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017, 23(1):162-173.
[27]胡雨彤,时连辉,刘登民,等.添加硫酸对牛粪堆肥过程及其养分变化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014, 20(3):718-725.Hu Y T, Shi L H, Liu D M, et al. Effects of adding sulphuric acid on composting process of cattle manure and changes of mainnutrients[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014, 20(3):718-725.
[28] Bernal M P, Alburquerque J A, Moral R. Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2009, 100(22):5444-53.
[29]徐路魏,王旭东.生物质炭对蔬菜废弃物堆肥化过程氮素转化的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016, 35(6):1160-1166.Xu L W, Wang X D. Effect of biochar on nitrogen transformation in vegetable wastes during composting[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2016, 35(6):1160-1166.
[30]黄向东,韩志英,石德智,等.畜禽粪便堆肥过程中氮素的损失与控制[J].应用生态学报,2010, 21(1):247-254.Huang X D, Han Z Y, Shi D Z, et al. Nitrogen loss and its control during livestock manure c ompo sting[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010, 21(1):247-254.
[31]贺琪,李国学,张亚宁,等.高温堆肥过程中的氮素损失及其变化规律[J].农业环境科学学报,2005, 24(1):169-173.He Q, Li G X, Zhang Y N, et al. N loss and its characteristics during high temperature composting[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2005,24(1):169-173.
[32]鲍艳宇,周启星,娄翼来,等.奶牛粪好氧堆肥过程中不同含碳有机物的变化特征以及腐熟评价[J].生态学杂志,2010, 29(11):2111-2116.Bao Y Y, Zhou Q X, Lou Y L, et al. Change patterns of different carbon containing compounds in dairy manure during its aerobic composting and assessment of composting maturity[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2010, 29(11):2111-2116.
[33]徐杰,许修宏,门梦琪,等.木质纤维素降解菌剂DN-1促进堆肥腐熟度的评估[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016,(6):146-151.Xu J, Xu X H, Men M Q, et al. Evaluation on the maturity of the compost promoted by lignocellulose degradation inoculum DN-1[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2016,(6):146-151.
[34]席北斗,刘鸿亮,白庆中,等.堆肥中纤维素和木质素的生物降解研究现状[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2002, 3(3):19-23.Xi B D, Liu H L, Bai Q Z, et al. Study on current status of lignin and cellulose biodegradation in composting process[J]. Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2002, 3(3):19-23.
[2]董印丽,李振峰,王若伦,等.华北地区小麦、玉米两季秸秆还田存在的问题及对策研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018,(1):159-163.Dong Y L, Li Z F, Wang R L, et al. Study on the problems and countermeasures of returning wheat and corn stalks into the soil in north China[J]. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2018,(1):159-163.
[3]赵建荣,高德才,汪建飞,等.不同C/N下鸡粪麦秸高温堆肥腐熟过程研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011, 30(5):1014-1020.Zhao J R, Gao D C, Wang J F, et al. The high-rate composting of chicken manure and wheat straw in different C/N[J]. Journal of AgroEnvironment Science, 2011, 30(5):1014-1020.
[4] Qian X Y, Shen G X, Wang Z Q, et al. Co-composting of livestock manure with rice straw:Characterization and establishment of maturity evaluation system[J]. Waste Management, 2014, 34(2):530-535.
[5]李书田,刘荣乐,陕红.我国主要畜禽粪便养分含量及变化分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2009, 28(1):179-184.Li S T, Liu R L, Shan H. Nutrient contents in main animal manures in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2009, 28(1):179-184.
[6] Xun Q, Jie G, Wei S, et al. Diversity, abundance, and persistence of antibiotic resistance genes in various types of animal manure following industrial composting[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2017, 344(2):716-722.
[7] Quan W, Zhen W, Mukesh K A, et al. Evaluation of medical stone amendment for the reduction of nitrogen loss and bioavailability of heavy metals during pig manure composting[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016, 220(11):297-304.
[8]张亚宁,李国学.化肥作为补充N源对堆肥碳素转化和污染物去除的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005, 24(1):154-157.Zhang Y N, Li G X. Effect of supplementary nitrogen chemical fertilizer on carbon change and degradation of organic pollutants during composting[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2005,24(1):154-157.
[9]徐智,汤利.尿素作为补充氮源对西番莲果渣高温堆肥进程的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2010, 29(7):1399-1402.Xu Z, Tang L. Effects of adding urea supplementary nitrogen on high-temperature composting process of passion fruit marc[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010, 29(7):1399-1402.
[10]王寅,徐卓,李博凝,等.尿素硝铵溶液对黑土区春玉米产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].中国农业科学,2018, 51(4):718-727.Wang Y, Xu Z, Li B N, et al. Effects of urea ammonium nitrate solution on grain yield and nitrogen uptake of spring maize in black soil region[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(4):718-727.
[11]李波,叶菁,刘岑薇,等.生物炭添加对猪粪堆肥过程碳素转化与损失的影响[J].环境科学学报,2017, 37(9):3511-3518.Li B, Ye Q, Liu C W, et al. Effects of biochar addition on carbon transformation during composting of pig manure[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2017, 37(9):3511-3518.
[12]李帆,钱坤,武际,等.过磷酸钙用量对猪粪堆肥过程及磷形态变化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017, 23(4):1037-1044.Li F, Qian K, Wu J, et al. Influence of applying calcium superphosphate on swine manure composting and phosphorus transformation[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017,23(4):1037-1044.
[13] Soest P J V, Robertson J B, Lewis B A. Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[14]陈同斌,黄启飞,高定,等.城市污泥好氧堆肥过程中积温规律的探讨[J].生态学报,2002, 22(6):911-915.Chen T B, Huang Q F, Gao D, et al. Accumulated temperature as an indicator to predict the stabilizing process in sewage sludge composting[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2002, 22(6):911-915.
[15] Paredes C, Roig A, Bernal M P, et al. Evolution of organic matter and nitrogen during co-composting of olive mill wastewater with solid organic wastes[J]. Biology&Fertility of Soils, 2000, 32(3):222-227.
[16]李荣华,张广杰,秦睿,等.添加钝化剂对猪粪好氧堆肥过程中理化特性的影响[J].环境科学学报,2012, 32(10):2591-2599.Li R H, Zhang G J, Qin R, et al. Influence of heavy metal passive agents on the compost physicochemical properties during the swine manure composting[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2012, 32(10):2591-2599.
[17] NY/T1168-2006.畜禽粪便无害化处理技术规范[S].北京:中华人民共和国农业部,2006.NY/T 1168-2006. Technical requirement for non-hazardous treatment of animal manure[S]. Beijing:Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, 2006.
[18] Zucconi F, Pera A, Forte M, et al. Evaluating toxicity of immature compost[J]. Biocycle,1981,22(2):54-57.
[19] Guardia A D. Composting in a laboratory reactor:a review[J].Compost Science&Utilization, 2004, 12(1):69-79.
[20]徐智,张陇利,梁丽娜,等.不同体积堆肥装置下的鸡粪堆肥效果研究[J].农业工程学报,2008, 24(10):205-208.Xu Z, Zhang L L, Liang L N, et al. Impacts of different sized labbased reactors on the aerobic composting of chicken manure[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE), 2008, 24(10):205-208.
[21] Zhao X L, Li B Q, Ni J P, et al. Effect of four crop straws on transformation of organic matter during sewage sludge composting[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2016, 15(1):232-240.
[22]王永江,黄光群,韩鲁佳.自由空域对猪粪麦秸好氧堆肥的影响实验分析[J].农业机械学报,2011,42(6):122-126.Wang Y J, Huang G Q, Han L J. Effects analysis of free airspace to pig slurry wheat straw aerobic composting in laboratory reactor[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2011,42(6):122-126.
[23]张强,孙向阳,任忠秀,等.调节C/N及添加菌剂与木酢液对园林绿化废弃物堆肥效果的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012, 18(4):990-998.Zhang Q, Sun X Y, Ren Z X, et al. Effect of regulating of C/N ratio and adding different concentrations of microbe fungus and wood vinegar on composting of landscaping waste[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2012, 18(4):990-998.
[24]王亚,李子富,冯瑞,等.沉水植物与2种不同辅料混合好氧堆肥[J].环境工程学报,2017, 11(6):3759-3766.Wang Y, Li Z F, Feng R, et al. Aerobic co-composting of submerged plants with two different auxiliary materials[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2017, 11(6):3759-3766.
[25] Li R H, Wang J J, Zhang Z Q, et al. Nutrient transformations during composting of pig manure with bentonite[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 121:362-368.
[26]黄绍文,唐继伟,李春花.我国商品有机肥和有机废弃物中重金属、养分和盐分状况[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2017, 23(1):162-173.Huang S W, Tang J W, Li C H. Status of heavy metals, nutrients, and total salts in commercial organic fertilizers and organic wastes in China[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017, 23(1):162-173.
[27]胡雨彤,时连辉,刘登民,等.添加硫酸对牛粪堆肥过程及其养分变化的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014, 20(3):718-725.Hu Y T, Shi L H, Liu D M, et al. Effects of adding sulphuric acid on composting process of cattle manure and changes of mainnutrients[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014, 20(3):718-725.
[28] Bernal M P, Alburquerque J A, Moral R. Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2009, 100(22):5444-53.
[29]徐路魏,王旭东.生物质炭对蔬菜废弃物堆肥化过程氮素转化的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016, 35(6):1160-1166.Xu L W, Wang X D. Effect of biochar on nitrogen transformation in vegetable wastes during composting[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2016, 35(6):1160-1166.
[30]黄向东,韩志英,石德智,等.畜禽粪便堆肥过程中氮素的损失与控制[J].应用生态学报,2010, 21(1):247-254.Huang X D, Han Z Y, Shi D Z, et al. Nitrogen loss and its control during livestock manure c ompo sting[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2010, 21(1):247-254.
[31]贺琪,李国学,张亚宁,等.高温堆肥过程中的氮素损失及其变化规律[J].农业环境科学学报,2005, 24(1):169-173.He Q, Li G X, Zhang Y N, et al. N loss and its characteristics during high temperature composting[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2005,24(1):169-173.
[32]鲍艳宇,周启星,娄翼来,等.奶牛粪好氧堆肥过程中不同含碳有机物的变化特征以及腐熟评价[J].生态学杂志,2010, 29(11):2111-2116.Bao Y Y, Zhou Q X, Lou Y L, et al. Change patterns of different carbon containing compounds in dairy manure during its aerobic composting and assessment of composting maturity[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2010, 29(11):2111-2116.
[33]徐杰,许修宏,门梦琪,等.木质纤维素降解菌剂DN-1促进堆肥腐熟度的评估[J].中国土壤与肥料,2016,(6):146-151.Xu J, Xu X H, Men M Q, et al. Evaluation on the maturity of the compost promoted by lignocellulose degradation inoculum DN-1[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 2016,(6):146-151.
[34]席北斗,刘鸿亮,白庆中,等.堆肥中纤维素和木质素的生物降解研究现状[J].环境污染治理技术与设备,2002, 3(3):19-23.Xi B D, Liu H L, Bai Q Z, et al. Study on current status of lignin and cellulose biodegradation in composting process[J]. Techniques and Equipment for Environmental Pollution Control, 2002, 3(3):19-23.