旱塬区全生物降解地膜覆盖对冬小麦生长发育的影响
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摘要
为探明旱塬区全生物降解地膜(降解地膜)对冬小麦生长发育的影响,于2011—2016年连续5季设普通地膜覆土栽培、降解地膜覆土栽培和露地3个处理,分析冬小麦生育期土壤水分、温度和产量的差异。结果表明:冬小麦全生育期土壤贮水消耗量为露地>降解地膜>普通地膜,3个处理耗水高峰期依次为灌浆期、拔节期和返青期;冬小麦播种—拔节期,早、中、晚3个时间段土壤温度表现为降解地膜高于普通地膜和露地,15～20 cm土壤温度为降解地膜较普通地膜处理低0. 26℃,返青—拔节期地表温度为普通地膜>降解地膜>露地;降解地膜在拔节期和收获后0～200 cm土壤硝态氮积累量高于普通地膜,露地差异不显著;降解地膜较普通地膜的冬小麦产量和水分利用效率分别降低3. 43%和5. 55%;翻耕压埋90 d后降解地膜降解80%以上,135 d后完全降解。因此,旱塬区降解地膜可以替代普通聚乙烯地膜,并用于冬小麦覆土栽培。
Three treatments,i. e. the common plastic film mulching with soil cladding cultivation( PM),whole biodegradable plastic film mulching with soil cladding cultivation( JM),and open ground treatment( CK) were carried out in 5 successive years from 2011 to 2016. The purposes of the study were to clarify the effects of biodegradable plastic film mulching on winter wheat growth in arid area,and to analyze the differences of the indexes including soil moisture content and temperature as well as the yield of winter wheat in its different growing periods.The results showed that the soil water consumption varied in an order of CK > JM > PM during the full growth period of winter wheat under different treatments,and the peak water consumption was in an order of pustulation stage >jointing stage > stage of seedling establishment. During the sowing-jointing stage of winter wheat,soil temperature in the morning,afternoon and at night was higher under JM treatment than that under PM and CK treatments. The temperature in soil layer of 15-20 cm in depth under JM treatment was 0. 26 ℃ lower than that under PM treatment. From the stage of seedling establishment to jointing stage,the surface temperature under these 3 treatments was in an order of PM > JM > CK. During the jointing stage and after harvesting,the value of nitrate nitrogen accumulation within soil layer of 0-200 cm in depth was higher under JM treatment than that under PM treatment,and there was no significant difference of this index between JM treatment and CK treatment. Compared with the yield and water use efficiency under PM treatment,those under JM treatment were decreased by 3. 43% and 5. 55%,respectively. Under JM treatment,the 80% biodegradable plastic film was degraded after ploughing and burying for 90 days,and it was completely degraded after ploughing and burying for 135 days. Therefore,the biodegradable film can be used as a substitution of ordinary polyethylene film in cultivating winter wheat in arid area.
Three treatments,i. e. the common plastic film mulching with soil cladding cultivation( PM),whole biodegradable plastic film mulching with soil cladding cultivation( JM),and open ground treatment( CK) were carried out in 5 successive years from 2011 to 2016. The purposes of the study were to clarify the effects of biodegradable plastic film mulching on winter wheat growth in arid area,and to analyze the differences of the indexes including soil moisture content and temperature as well as the yield of winter wheat in its different growing periods.The results showed that the soil water consumption varied in an order of CK > JM > PM during the full growth period of winter wheat under different treatments,and the peak water consumption was in an order of pustulation stage >jointing stage > stage of seedling establishment. During the sowing-jointing stage of winter wheat,soil temperature in the morning,afternoon and at night was higher under JM treatment than that under PM and CK treatments. The temperature in soil layer of 15-20 cm in depth under JM treatment was 0. 26 ℃ lower than that under PM treatment. From the stage of seedling establishment to jointing stage,the surface temperature under these 3 treatments was in an order of PM > JM > CK. During the jointing stage and after harvesting,the value of nitrate nitrogen accumulation within soil layer of 0-200 cm in depth was higher under JM treatment than that under PM treatment,and there was no significant difference of this index between JM treatment and CK treatment. Compared with the yield and water use efficiency under PM treatment,those under JM treatment were decreased by 3. 43% and 5. 55%,respectively. Under JM treatment,the 80% biodegradable plastic film was degraded after ploughing and burying for 90 days,and it was completely degraded after ploughing and burying for 135 days. Therefore,the biodegradable film can be used as a substitution of ordinary polyethylene film in cultivating winter wheat in arid area.
引文
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[2]田展,梁卓然,史军,等.近50年气候变化对中国小麦生产潜力的影响分析[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(9):61-69.[Tian Zhan,Liang Zhuoran,Shi Jun,et al.Analysis of impact on China wheat potential productivity of climate change during 1961-2010[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2013,29(9):61-69.]
[3]邓振镛,王强,张强,等.中国北方气候暖干化对粮食作物的影响及应对措施[J].生态学报,2010,30(22):6 278-6 288.[Deng Zhenyun,Wang Qiang,Zhang Qiang,et al.Impact of climate warming and drying on food crops in northern China and the counter measures[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(22):6 278-6 288.]
[4]Zhang S L,Sadras V,Chen X P,et al.Water use efficiency of dryland wheat in the Loess Plateau in response to soil and crop management[J].Field Crops Research,2013,151:9-18.
[5]Gan Y T,Siddique Kadambot H M,Turner N C,et al.Chapter Seven-Ridge-furrow mulching systems-aninnovative technique for boosting crop productivity in semiarid rain-fed environments[J].Advances in Agronomy,2013,118:429-476.
[6]皮小敏,孙本华,崔全红,等.不同覆盖措施对塿土碳氮及水分的影响[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(4):806-814.[Pi Xiaomin,Sun Benhua,Cui Quanhong,et al.Effect of different mulching on soil carbon,nitrogen and moisture contents in eum-orthric anthrosols[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(4):806-814.]
[7]Han J,Jia Z K,Wu W,et al.Modeling impacts of film mulching on rainfed crop yield in Northern China with DNDC[J].Field Crops Research,2014,155:202-212.
[8]马忠明,杜少平,薛亮.不同覆膜方式对旱砂田土壤水热效应及西瓜生长的影响[J].生态学报,2011,31(5):1 295-1 302.[Ma Zhongming,Du Shaoping,Xue Liang,et al.Influences of different plastic film mulches on temperature and moisture of soil and growth of watermelon in gravel-mulched land[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(5):1 295-1 302.]
[9]张平良,郭天文,侯慧芝,等.不同穴播种植方式与平衡施肥对旱地春小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2012,30(1):132-136.[Zhang Pingliang,Guo Tianwen,Hou Huizhi,et al.Effects of different cultivation and balanced fertilization on spring wheat yield and water use efficiency in semiarid areas[J].Agriculture Research in the Arid Areas,2012,30(1):132-136.]
[10]侯慧芝,吕军峰,张绪成,等.陇中半干旱区全膜覆土穴播小麦的土壤水分及产量效应[J].作物杂志,2010(1):13-15.[Hou Huizhi,LüJunfeng,Zhang Xucheng,et al.Effects of filmmulched soil and bunch-seeded wheat in semi-arid region on soil moisture content and grain yield[J].Crops,2010(1):13-15.]
[11]何春雨,周祥椿,杜久元,等.全膜覆土免耕穴播栽培技术对冬小麦产量效应的研究[J].农业现代化研究,2010,31(6):746-749.[He Chunyu,Zhou Xiangchun,Du Jiuyuan,et al.Study on winter wheat yield under technology of no-tillage,bunch-planting,whole film and soil mulching during whole growth[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2010,31(6):746-749.]
[12]乔海军,黄高宝,冯福学,等.生物全降解地膜的降解过程及其对玉米生长的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2008,10(5):71-75.[Qiao Haijun,Huang Gaobao,Feng Fuxue,et al.Degradation and its effect on corn growth of biodegradable mulch film[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2008,10(5):71-75.]
[13]王星,吕家珑,孙本华.覆盖可降解地膜对玉米生长和土壤环境的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(4):397-401.[Wang Xing,LüJialong,Sun Benhua.Effects of covering degradable films on corn growth and soil environment[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2003,22(4):397-401.]
[14]徐刚,杜晓明,曹云者,等.典型地区农用地膜残留水平及其形态特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(1):79-83.[Xu Gang,Du Xiaoming,Cao Yunzhe,et al.Residue levels and morphology of agricultural plastic film in representative areas of China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2005,24(1):79-83.]
[15]李平娟.浅论地膜污染与防治对策[J].江苏环境科学,2004,17(增刊):35-36.[Li Pingjuan.Shallowly discusses film pollution and countermeasures[J].Jiangsu Environmental Science and Technology,2004,17(Suppl.):35-36.]
[16]张杰,任小龙,罗诗峰,等.环保地膜覆盖对土壤水分及玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(6):14-19.[Zhang Jie,Ren Xiaolong,Luo Shifeng,et al.Influences of different covering materials mulching on soil moisture and cron yield[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2010,26(6):14-19.]
[17]白丽婷,海江波,韩清芳,等.不同地膜覆盖对渭北旱塬冬小麦生长发育及水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2010,28(4):135-139,162.[Bai Liting,Hai Jiangbo,Han Qingfang,et al.Effects of mulching with different kinds of plastic film on growth and water use efficiency of winter wheat in Weibei highland[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2010,28(4):135-139,162.]
[18]戴敬,陈荣来,李国军.可降解地膜覆盖棉花增产效应的研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(2):140-142.[Dai Jing,Cheng Ronglai,Li Guojun.The increasing yield effects of degradable plastic film mulching on the cottons[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2004,12(2):140-142.]
[19]王红丽,张绪成,宋尚有,等.西北黄土高原旱地全膜双垄沟播种植对玉米季节性耗水和产量的调节机制[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(5):917-926.[Wang Hongli,Zhang Xucheng,Song Shangyou,et al.Regulation of whole field surface plastic mulching and double ridge-furrow planting on seasonal soil water loss and maize yield in rain-fed area of northwest Loess Plateau[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(5):917-926.]
[20]Burgess S S O,Adams M A,Turner N C,et al.The redistribution of soil water by tree root systems[J].Oecologia,1998,115(3):306-311.
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