设施葡萄不同生育期水分胁迫对产量和水分利用效率的影响
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摘要
为探究水分胁迫对设施栽培葡萄耗水规律、产量和水分利用效率的影响,于2012—2014年在甘肃省张掖市节水灌溉试验中心开展为期3年的设施栽培葡萄水分胁迫试验,在葡萄萌芽、新梢生长、开花、果实膨大和着色成熟5个生育期各设轻度(土壤含水率下限为55%田间持水率,θ_f)和中度(下限为θ_f65%)2个水分胁迫水平,以下限θ_f75%为对照。研究不同生育期水分胁迫对葡萄日耗水强度、耗水量、耗水模数和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:1)3个试验年度果实膨大期的平均日耗水强度为3.14mm/d、耗水量为220.55mm、耗水模系数为45.84%,均高于其余生育期的耗水指标;2)除开花期外,其余生育期施加中度水分胁迫均显著降低胁迫期葡萄耗水强度;且果实膨大期和着色成熟期轻度水分胁迫也会显著降低葡萄耗水强度;3)萌芽期中度胁迫对提高葡萄产量、水分生产效率(WUE)有利,其3个试验年度比CK平均增产16.2%、WUE提高20.5%。水分胁迫对设施葡萄产量和水分利用效率有重要影响,萌芽期亏水具有明显的节水增产效果;果实膨大期是葡萄需水临界期,该生育期应充分供水。
To explore the effects of water stress on the water consumption and water use efficiency of post-cultivation facility grapes,a three-year experiment of facility cultivation was carried out from 2012 to 2014 at the experimental center for water saving irrigation of Zhangye City,Gansu Province.The growth cycle of grape was divided into five growth stages including germination,shoot growth,flowering,fruit enlargement,and coloring maturity.The 55% field water holding capacity(FC),which is the lower limit of soil moisture,was set as the moderate water stress at each growth stage.65% FC was set as the mild water deficit level.In addition,the lowest limit of 75% FC was used as control.Daily water consumption intensity,water consumption,water consumption module and water use efficiency of grape under water supply level were investigated.The results showed that:1)The grapes intensity of water consumption,amount of water consumption,water consumption model coefficients reached maximum value in fruit enlargement period,and three indicators were up to 45.84%,220.55 mm and 3.14 mm/d indicating fruit enlargement period is a critical period of water requirement for the facility grape.2)In addition to the flowering period,the moderate water stress in the rest of the growth period significantly decreased the water consumption intensity of the grapes during the stress period.The moderate water stress in coloring maturity period also significantly reduced the water consumption intensity.The mild water stress in the two long growth period(fruit enlargement,and colored maturity)also significantly affected the daily water consumption intensity.3)The moderate water stress in germination stage improved grape yield and water use efficiency(WUE)advantageously.The annual yield of three test years was 15%higher than CK,WUE increased by 20.5%.In conclusion,water stress had an important effect on the yield and water use efficiency of grapes.Water stress in the germination period saved water and increased the yield of grapes.The fruit expansion period was the critical period of water demand for grapes,which should be fully irrigated.
To explore the effects of water stress on the water consumption and water use efficiency of post-cultivation facility grapes,a three-year experiment of facility cultivation was carried out from 2012 to 2014 at the experimental center for water saving irrigation of Zhangye City,Gansu Province.The growth cycle of grape was divided into five growth stages including germination,shoot growth,flowering,fruit enlargement,and coloring maturity.The 55% field water holding capacity(FC),which is the lower limit of soil moisture,was set as the moderate water stress at each growth stage.65% FC was set as the mild water deficit level.In addition,the lowest limit of 75% FC was used as control.Daily water consumption intensity,water consumption,water consumption module and water use efficiency of grape under water supply level were investigated.The results showed that:1)The grapes intensity of water consumption,amount of water consumption,water consumption model coefficients reached maximum value in fruit enlargement period,and three indicators were up to 45.84%,220.55 mm and 3.14 mm/d indicating fruit enlargement period is a critical period of water requirement for the facility grape.2)In addition to the flowering period,the moderate water stress in the rest of the growth period significantly decreased the water consumption intensity of the grapes during the stress period.The moderate water stress in coloring maturity period also significantly reduced the water consumption intensity.The mild water stress in the two long growth period(fruit enlargement,and colored maturity)also significantly affected the daily water consumption intensity.3)The moderate water stress in germination stage improved grape yield and water use efficiency(WUE)advantageously.The annual yield of three test years was 15%higher than CK,WUE increased by 20.5%.In conclusion,water stress had an important effect on the yield and water use efficiency of grapes.Water stress in the germination period saved water and increased the yield of grapes.The fruit expansion period was the critical period of water demand for grapes,which should be fully irrigated.
引文
[1]陆红娜,康绍忠,杜太生,佟玲,丁日升,李思恩.农业绿色高效节水研究现状与未来发展趋势[J].农学学报,2018,8(1):155-162Lu H N,Kang S Z,Du T S,Tong L,Ding R S,Li S N.Current status and future research trend on water-saving high-efficiency and eco-friendly agriculture[J].Journal of Agriculture,2018,8(1):155-162(in Chinese)
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[3]陈娜娜.水分亏缺对设施延后栽培葡萄生长、土壤微生物及酶活性的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2017Chen N N.Effects of water deficit on growth,soil microorganism and enzyme activity of grape under delayed cultivation[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2017(in Chinese)
[4]赵雪梅.张掖市甘州区非耕地设施农业发展的思考与建议[J].农业科技与信息,2018,8(1):75,77Zhao X M.Consideration and suggestion on the development of non cultivated land facility agriculture in Ganzhou District of Zhangye[J].Agricultural Science-Technology and Information,2018,8(1):75,77(in Chinese)
[5]Ezzahouani A,Willia ms L E.Effect of irrigation amount and preharvest irrigation cut off date on vine water status and productivity of danlas grapevines[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2007,58(3):333-340
[6]贾云,雍艳霞,曹云娥.蚯蚓堆肥和蚯蚓液体肥对设施葡萄生长及土壤特性的影响[J].中国南方果树,2017,46(5):1-8Jia Y,Yong Y X,Cao Y E.Effects of earthworm compost and earthworm liquid fertilizer on growth and soil properties of facility grape[J].South China Fruits,2017,46(5):1-8(in Chinese)
[7]何建斌,王振华,何新林,刘敏杰,杨贵森,李宁,谭明.极端干旱区不同灌水量对滴管葡萄生长及产量的影响[J].农业学报,2013,3(2):65-69He J B,Wang Z H,He X J,Liu M J,Yang G S,Li N,Tan M.The influence of different irrigation water on grapes growth and yield under drip irrigation in extremely arid regions[J].Journal of Agriculture,2013,3(2):65-69(in Chinese)
[8]李昭楠,刘七军,李唯.不同灌溉条件下干旱区葡萄生长发育研究[J].干旱区研究,2014,31(5):856-862Li Z N,Liu Q J,Li W.Vine growth under different irrigation conditions arid region[J].Arid Zone Research,2014,31(5):856-862(in Chinese)
[9]房玉林,孙伟,万力,惠竹梅,刘旭,张振文.调亏灌溉对酿酒葡萄生长及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(13):2730-2738Fang Y L,Sun W,Wan L,Hui Z M,Liu X,Zhang Z W.Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on wine grape growth and fruit quality[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(13):2730-2738(in Chinese)
[10]李雅善,赵现华,王华,李华.葡萄调亏灌溉技术的研究现状与展望[J].干旱区农业研究,2013,31(1):236-241Li Y S,Zhao X H,Wang H,Li H.Research advance and prospect of regulated deficit irrigation on grapevines[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2015,31(1):236-241(in Chinese)
[11]邱德玉,罗永华.不同灌溉制度对设施葡萄水分利用效率及产量的影响[J].水资源与水工程学报,2015,26(4):232-235,240Qiu D Y,Luo Y H.Effect of different irrigation scheme on yield and water use efficiency of facility grape[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2015,26(4):232-235+240(in Chinese)
[12]杜太生,康绍忠,夏桂敏.滴灌条件下不同根区交替湿润对葡萄生长和水分利用的影响[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(11):43-48Du T S,Kang S Z,Xia G M.Response of grapevine growth and water use to different partial root-zone drying patterns under drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2005,21(11):45-48(in Chinese)
[13]刘洪光,何新林,王雅琴,杨惠惠.调亏灌溉对滴灌葡萄耗水规律及产量的影响研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(6):109-111Liu H G,He X L,Wang Y Q,Yang H H.Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on water consumption and yield of grape[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2013,31(1):109-111(in Chinese)
[14]纪学伟,成自勇,张芮,赵霞.干旱荒漠绿洲区酿酒葡萄滴灌控水灌溉试验研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(2):135-140Ji X W,Chen Z Y,Zhang R,Zhao X.Experimental research on drip irrigation by water controlling for wine grape in arid desert oasis[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2015,33(2):135-140(in Chinese)
[15]张芮,成自勇,李毅,杨阿利.小管出流亏缺灌溉对设施延后栽培葡萄产量与品质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(20):108-113Zhang R,Cheng Z Y,Li Y,Yang A L.Effects of small tube flow deficit irrigation on yield and quality of greenhouse grape under delayed cultivation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(20):108-113(in Chinese)
[16]López-Urrea R,Montoro A,Ma1as F,López-Fuster P,Fereres E.Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients from lysimeter measurements of mature‘Tempranillo’wine grapes[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,112(112):13-20
[17]马兴祥,魏育国,蒋菊芳.沙漠边缘新垦酿造葡萄园土壤贮水及作物耗水特性研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,24(4):58-61Ma X X,Wei Y G,Jiang J F.A study on soil moisture change and crop water consumption characteristics in the grate new planting district at desert edge[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2006,24(4):58-61(in Chinese)
[18]李昭楠.戈壁葡萄滴灌节水机理及灌溉制度模式研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2012Li Z N.Study on drip irrigation water-saving mechanism and irrigation system pattern of gobi grape[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2012(in Chinese)
[19]何岸镕.水分调亏对设施延后栽培葡萄生长、产量及品质的影响研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016He A R.Effects of delayed grape cultivation on growth production and quality under water deficit[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2016(in Chinese)
[20]Ojeda H,Deloire A,Carbonneau A.Influence of water deficits on grape berry growth[J].Vitis,2001,40(3):141-14
[2]张芮,王旺田,吴玉霞,牛黎莉,王俊林,薛燕翎,陈娜娜,王菲.水分胁迫度及时期对设施延迟栽培葡萄耗水和产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(1):155-161Zhang R,Wang W T,Wu Y X,Niu L L,Wang J L,Xue Y L,Chen N N,Wang F.Effect of moisture stress level and stage on evapotranspiration and yield of grape under protected and delayed cultivation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(1):155-161(in Chinese)
[3]陈娜娜.水分亏缺对设施延后栽培葡萄生长、土壤微生物及酶活性的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2017Chen N N.Effects of water deficit on growth,soil microorganism and enzyme activity of grape under delayed cultivation[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2017(in Chinese)
[4]赵雪梅.张掖市甘州区非耕地设施农业发展的思考与建议[J].农业科技与信息,2018,8(1):75,77Zhao X M.Consideration and suggestion on the development of non cultivated land facility agriculture in Ganzhou District of Zhangye[J].Agricultural Science-Technology and Information,2018,8(1):75,77(in Chinese)
[5]Ezzahouani A,Willia ms L E.Effect of irrigation amount and preharvest irrigation cut off date on vine water status and productivity of danlas grapevines[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2007,58(3):333-340
[6]贾云,雍艳霞,曹云娥.蚯蚓堆肥和蚯蚓液体肥对设施葡萄生长及土壤特性的影响[J].中国南方果树,2017,46(5):1-8Jia Y,Yong Y X,Cao Y E.Effects of earthworm compost and earthworm liquid fertilizer on growth and soil properties of facility grape[J].South China Fruits,2017,46(5):1-8(in Chinese)
[7]何建斌,王振华,何新林,刘敏杰,杨贵森,李宁,谭明.极端干旱区不同灌水量对滴管葡萄生长及产量的影响[J].农业学报,2013,3(2):65-69He J B,Wang Z H,He X J,Liu M J,Yang G S,Li N,Tan M.The influence of different irrigation water on grapes growth and yield under drip irrigation in extremely arid regions[J].Journal of Agriculture,2013,3(2):65-69(in Chinese)
[8]李昭楠,刘七军,李唯.不同灌溉条件下干旱区葡萄生长发育研究[J].干旱区研究,2014,31(5):856-862Li Z N,Liu Q J,Li W.Vine growth under different irrigation conditions arid region[J].Arid Zone Research,2014,31(5):856-862(in Chinese)
[9]房玉林,孙伟,万力,惠竹梅,刘旭,张振文.调亏灌溉对酿酒葡萄生长及果实品质的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(13):2730-2738Fang Y L,Sun W,Wan L,Hui Z M,Liu X,Zhang Z W.Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on wine grape growth and fruit quality[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(13):2730-2738(in Chinese)
[10]李雅善,赵现华,王华,李华.葡萄调亏灌溉技术的研究现状与展望[J].干旱区农业研究,2013,31(1):236-241Li Y S,Zhao X H,Wang H,Li H.Research advance and prospect of regulated deficit irrigation on grapevines[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2015,31(1):236-241(in Chinese)
[11]邱德玉,罗永华.不同灌溉制度对设施葡萄水分利用效率及产量的影响[J].水资源与水工程学报,2015,26(4):232-235,240Qiu D Y,Luo Y H.Effect of different irrigation scheme on yield and water use efficiency of facility grape[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2015,26(4):232-235+240(in Chinese)
[12]杜太生,康绍忠,夏桂敏.滴灌条件下不同根区交替湿润对葡萄生长和水分利用的影响[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(11):43-48Du T S,Kang S Z,Xia G M.Response of grapevine growth and water use to different partial root-zone drying patterns under drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2005,21(11):45-48(in Chinese)
[13]刘洪光,何新林,王雅琴,杨惠惠.调亏灌溉对滴灌葡萄耗水规律及产量的影响研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(6):109-111Liu H G,He X L,Wang Y Q,Yang H H.Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on water consumption and yield of grape[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2013,31(1):109-111(in Chinese)
[14]纪学伟,成自勇,张芮,赵霞.干旱荒漠绿洲区酿酒葡萄滴灌控水灌溉试验研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(2):135-140Ji X W,Chen Z Y,Zhang R,Zhao X.Experimental research on drip irrigation by water controlling for wine grape in arid desert oasis[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2015,33(2):135-140(in Chinese)
[15]张芮,成自勇,李毅,杨阿利.小管出流亏缺灌溉对设施延后栽培葡萄产量与品质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(20):108-113Zhang R,Cheng Z Y,Li Y,Yang A L.Effects of small tube flow deficit irrigation on yield and quality of greenhouse grape under delayed cultivation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(20):108-113(in Chinese)
[16]López-Urrea R,Montoro A,Ma1as F,López-Fuster P,Fereres E.Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients from lysimeter measurements of mature‘Tempranillo’wine grapes[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,112(112):13-20
[17]马兴祥,魏育国,蒋菊芳.沙漠边缘新垦酿造葡萄园土壤贮水及作物耗水特性研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,24(4):58-61Ma X X,Wei Y G,Jiang J F.A study on soil moisture change and crop water consumption characteristics in the grate new planting district at desert edge[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2006,24(4):58-61(in Chinese)
[18]李昭楠.戈壁葡萄滴灌节水机理及灌溉制度模式研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2012Li Z N.Study on drip irrigation water-saving mechanism and irrigation system pattern of gobi grape[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2012(in Chinese)
[19]何岸镕.水分调亏对设施延后栽培葡萄生长、产量及品质的影响研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2016He A R.Effects of delayed grape cultivation on growth production and quality under water deficit[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2016(in Chinese)
[20]Ojeda H,Deloire A,Carbonneau A.Influence of water deficits on grape berry growth[J].Vitis,2001,40(3):141-14