绿洲灌区一膜覆两年玉米的节水潜力
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摘要
西北绿洲灌区以传统覆膜方式为主的农业节水措施受水资源不足和白色地膜污染的挑战日益加剧,地膜减量节水技术研究亟待开展。2014—2016年,在河西绿洲灌区进行田间试验,重点探讨不同灌水水平下,一膜覆两年(RM)处理、少耕覆膜(Rt M)和传统覆膜(CM)对玉米农田耗水特征和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,RM和Rt M相对于CM均能显著提高玉米播前土壤贮水量,3年平均增加41.7 mm和31.6 mm(提高15.9%和12.1%)。玉米播种到拔节初期(全生育期前40 d),灌水水平相同时,RM较Rt M和CM降低了耗水量但增加了棵间蒸发量,且棵间蒸发量/耗水量(E/ET)显著增大,相反从玉米拔节初期到收获期,RM的E/ET较CM降低13.2%,即RM有利于减少玉米生育后期的无效耗水量,Rt M与CM则无显著差异。灌水水平相同时,Rt M水分利用效率最优,RM与CM之间无显著差异。相同覆膜方式下,中灌水水平玉米的WUE最高,RM与CM整个生育期内的耗水量、棵间蒸发量及E/ET均无显著差异,表明一膜覆两年具有传统覆膜方式节水增效的优点。因此,在河西绿洲溉区,一膜覆两年具有与每年翻耕覆新膜同等的水分利用效果,是试验区可推广的节水、地膜减量生产技术。
The agricultural water-saving measures in Northwest oasis irrigation areas are mainly mulching with traditional plastic film. This process is increasingly challenged by lack of water resources and increasing environment pollution from the white plastic film. Therefore, reducing the plastic film use and identifying innovative water-saving technologies need to be carried out urgently. The experiment was conducted to explore the effects of conventional plastic film mulching(CM), plastic film mulching with reduced tillage(Rt M) and plastic film re-mulching for two years(RM) under different irrigation levels on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency(WUE) in the Hexi corridor oasis zone in 2014-2016. Both RM and Rt M relative to CM could significantly increase soil water storage before sowing, respectively increasing 41.7 mm and 31.6 mm(15.9% and 12.1%) on average in three years. From corn seeding to early jointing stages(the first 40 days of the plants' life cycle), under the same irrigation level, the water consumption of RM decreased, compared with that of Rt M and CM, but the ground evaporation between plants increased. Also, there was a significant increase for soil evaporation/water consumption(E/ET). On the contrary, from early stage of corn jointing to harvesting stage, RM decreased E/ET by 13.2%, compared with CM, showing that RM is beneficial to reduce the useless water consumption in the later stage of corn production. There was no significant difference on E/ET between Rt M and CM. When the water level was the same, the water use efficiency was the best in Rt M and no significant difference between RM and CM. Under the same film mulching mode, the WUE of the middle water level irrigated maize was the highest, and there was no significant difference in water consumption, evaporation and E/ET between RM and CM during the whole growth period, indicating that RM is just like CM having the advantage of water saving and increasing efficiency. The research indicate that the biennial mulching shares the same water use outcome with the traditional annual mulching in Hexi oasis irrigation area, which could be adopted in the trial areas to save water and reduce the application of plastic film.
The agricultural water-saving measures in Northwest oasis irrigation areas are mainly mulching with traditional plastic film. This process is increasingly challenged by lack of water resources and increasing environment pollution from the white plastic film. Therefore, reducing the plastic film use and identifying innovative water-saving technologies need to be carried out urgently. The experiment was conducted to explore the effects of conventional plastic film mulching(CM), plastic film mulching with reduced tillage(Rt M) and plastic film re-mulching for two years(RM) under different irrigation levels on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency(WUE) in the Hexi corridor oasis zone in 2014-2016. Both RM and Rt M relative to CM could significantly increase soil water storage before sowing, respectively increasing 41.7 mm and 31.6 mm(15.9% and 12.1%) on average in three years. From corn seeding to early jointing stages(the first 40 days of the plants' life cycle), under the same irrigation level, the water consumption of RM decreased, compared with that of Rt M and CM, but the ground evaporation between plants increased. Also, there was a significant increase for soil evaporation/water consumption(E/ET). On the contrary, from early stage of corn jointing to harvesting stage, RM decreased E/ET by 13.2%, compared with CM, showing that RM is beneficial to reduce the useless water consumption in the later stage of corn production. There was no significant difference on E/ET between Rt M and CM. When the water level was the same, the water use efficiency was the best in Rt M and no significant difference between RM and CM. Under the same film mulching mode, the WUE of the middle water level irrigated maize was the highest, and there was no significant difference in water consumption, evaporation and E/ET between RM and CM during the whole growth period, indicating that RM is just like CM having the advantage of water saving and increasing efficiency. The research indicate that the biennial mulching shares the same water use outcome with the traditional annual mulching in Hexi oasis irrigation area, which could be adopted in the trial areas to save water and reduce the application of plastic film.
引文
[1]王巧梅,樊志龙,赵彦华,殷文,柴强.绿洲灌区不同密度玉米群体的耗水特性研究.作物学报,2017,43:1347–1356Wang Q M,Fan Z L,Zhao Y H,Yin W,Chai Q.Effect of planting density on water consumption characteristics of maize in oasis irrigation area.Acta Agron Sin,2017,43:1347–1356(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]李全起,陈雨海,于舜章,吴魏,周勋波,董庆裕,余松烈.覆盖与灌溉条件下农田耕层土壤养分含量的动态变化.水土保持学报,2006,20(1):37–40Li Q Q,Chen Y H,Yu S Z,Wu W,Zhou X B,Dong Q Y,Yu S L.Dynamic variety of soil nutrient content under conditions of straw mulching and irrigation.J Soil Water Conserv,2006,20(1):37–40(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Zhang S L,L?vdahl L,Grip H,Tong Y A,Yang X Y,Wang Q J.Effects of mulching and catch cropping on soil temperature,soil moisture and wheat yield on the Loess Plateau of China.Soil Tillage Res,2009,102:78–86
[4]殷文,冯福学,赵财,于爱忠,柴强,胡发龙,郭瑶.小麦秸秆还田方式对轮作玉米干物质累积分配及产量的影响.作物学报,2016,42:751–757Yin W,Feng F X,Zhao C,Yu A Z,Chai Q,Hu F L,Guo Y.Effects of wheat straw returning patterns on characteristics of dry matter accumulation,distribution and yield of rotation maize.Acta Agron Sin,2016,42:751–757(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]杨彩红,柴强,黄高宝.荒漠绿洲区交替灌溉小麦/玉米间作水分利用特征研究.中国生态农业学报,2010,18:782–786Yang C H,Chai Q,Huang G B.Water utilization in alternative irrigation under wheat-maize intercropping system in oasis areas.Chin J Eco-agric,2010,18:782–786(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]Wang H X,Zhang L,Dawes W R,Liu C M.Improving water use efficiency of irrigated crops in the North China Plain:measurements and modeling.Agric Water Manage,2001,48:151–167
[7]Zhao H,Xiong Y C,Li F M,Wang R Y,Qiang S C,Yao T F,Mo F.Plastic film mulch for half growing-season maximized WUE and yield of potato via moisture-temperature improvement in a semi-arid agro ecosystem.Agric Water Manag,2012,104:68–78
[8]翟治芬,赵元忠,景明,张建华,卢艳敏.秸秆和地膜覆盖下春玉米农田腾发特征研究.中国生态农业学报,2010,18:62–66Zhai Z F,Zhao Y Z,Jing M,Zhang J H,Lu Y M.Evapotranspiration characteristics of spring maize under film and straw mulch.Chin J Eco-agric,2010,18:62–66(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]严昌荣,梅旭荣,何文清,郑盛华.农用地膜残留污染的现状与防治.农业工程学报,2006,22(11):269–272Yan C R,Mei X R,He W Q,Zheng S H.Present situation of residue pollution of mulching plastic film and controlling measures.Trans CSAE,2006,22(11):269–272(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]薛少平,朱琳,姚万生,韩文霆.麦草覆盖与地膜覆盖对旱地可持续利用的影响.农业工程学报,2002,18(6):71–73Xue S P,Zhu L,Yao W S,Han W T.Influence of straw and plastic-film mulching on sustainable production of farmland.Trans CSAE,2002,18(6):71–73(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]房全孝,陈雨海,李全起,于舜章,罗毅,于强,欧杨竹.灌溉对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响研究.农业工程学报,2004,20(4):34–39Fang Q X,Chen Y H,Li Q Q,Yu S Z,Luo Y,Yu Q,Ou Y Z.Effect of irrigation on water use efficiency of winter wheat.Trans CSAE,2004,20(4):34–39(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]柴强,于爱忠,陈桂平,黄鹏.单作与间作的棵间蒸发量差异及其主要影响因子.中国生态农业学报,2011,19:1307–1312Chai Q,Yu A Z,Chen G P,Huang P.Soil evaporation under sole cropping and intercropping systems and the main driving factors.Chin J Eco-agric,2011,19:1307–1312(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]张海林,秦耀东,朱文珊.覆盖免耕土壤棵间蒸发的研究.土壤通报,2003,34:259–261Zhang H L,Qin Y D,Zhu W S.Study on soil evaporation of no-tillage with mulch.Chin J Soil Sci,2003,34:259–261(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]梁银丽,张成娥,郭东伟.黄土高原区农田覆盖效应与前景分析.中国生态农业学报,2001,9:55–57Ling Y L,Zhang C E,Guo D W.The benefit and prospect of farmland mulch on loess plateau.Chin J Eco-agric,2001,9:55–57(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]杨国恒,张树海,郭忠富,杨建勋,王晓煜,兰小龙,张平.“一膜两年用”关键技术及节本增产效应研究.宁夏农林科技,2013,(6):144–146Yang G H,Zhang S H,Guo Z F,Yang J X,Wang X Y,Lan X L,Zhang P.Technology and the effect of reducing cost and increasing production of“A film with two years”.Ningxia J Agric For Sci Tech,2013,(6):144–146(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]赵财,柴强,殷文,胡发龙.梁银丽,张成娥,郭东伟.黄土高原区农田覆盖效应与前景分析.甘肃农业大学学报,2017,52(1):57–62Zhao C,Chai Q,Yin W,Hu F L.Correlation between soil temperature and dry matter accumulation of maize under no-tillage with mulch film.J Gansu Agric Univ,2017,52(1):57–62(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Li F M,Wang J,Xu J Z.Plastic film mulch effect on spring wheat in a semiarid region.J Sustain Agric,2005,25:5–17
[18]Wang X,Jia Z,Liang L.Effect of straw incorporation on soil moisture,evapotranspiration,and rainfall-use efficiency of maize under dry land farming.J Soil Water Conserv,2014,69:449–455
[19]刘玉洁,李援农,潘韬,翟禄兴,杜子龙.不同灌溉制度对覆膜春玉米的耗水规律及产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(6):67–72Liu Y J,Li Y N,Pan T,Zhai L X,Du Z L.Study on effects of different irrigation treatments on evaportranspiration and yield in spring maize.Agric Res Arid Areas,2009,27(6):67–72(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]赵财,陈桂平,柴强,于爱忠,殷文.不同灌水水平下少耕地膜覆盖对玉米农田土壤温度和水分利用效率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(1):152–157Zhao C,Chen G P,Chai Q,Yu A Z,Yin W.The effect of minimum tillage and mulching on soil temperature and WUE maize under different irrigation levels.Agric Res Arid Areas,2017,35(1):152–157(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Kumudini S,Hume D J,Chu G.Genetic improvement in short season soybeans:I.Dry matter accumulation,partitioning,and leaf area duration.Crop Sci,2001,41:141–145
[22]张海林,陈阜,秦耀东,朱文珊.覆盖免耕夏玉米耗水特性的研究.农业工程学报,2002,18(2):36–40Zhang H L,Chen F,Qin Y D,Zhu W S.Water consumption characteristics for summer corn under no-tillage with mulch.Trans CSAE,2002,18(2):36–40(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]孟维伟,张永丽,马兴华,石玉,于振文.灌水时期和灌水量对小麦耗水特性和旗叶光合作用及产量的影响.作物学报,2009,35:1884–1892Meng W W,Zhang Y L,Ma X H,Shi Y,Yu Z W.Effects of irrigation stage and amount on water consumption characteristics,flag leaf photosynthesis,and grain yield in wheat.Acta Agron Sin,2009,35:1884–1892(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]董孔军,杨天育,何继红,任瑞云,张磊.西北旱作区不同地膜覆盖种植方式对谷子生长发育的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(1):36–40Dong K J,Yang T Y,He J H,Ren R Y,Zhang L.Effects of different film mulching and planting patterns on growth and development of millet in dry-farming area of northwest China.Agric Res Arid Areas,2013,31(1):36–40(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Ghuman B S,Sur H S.Tillage and residue management effects on soil properties and yields of rain fed maize and wheat in a sub humid subtropical climate.Soil Tillage Res,2001,58:1–10
[26]Barros L C G,Hanks R J.Evapotranspiration and yield of beans as affected by mulch and irrigation.Agron J,1993,85:692–697
[27]邵立威,张喜英,陈素英,孙宏勇,裴冬.降水、灌溉和品种对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响.灌溉排水学报,2009,28(1):48–51Shao L W,Zhang X Y,Chen S Y,Sun H Y,Pei D.Yield and water use efficiency affected by rainfall,irrigation and maize varieties.J Irrig Drain,2009,28(1):48–51(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]李全起,陈雨海,于舜章,吴魏,周勋波,董庆裕,余松烈.覆盖与灌溉条件下农田耕层土壤养分含量的动态变化.水土保持学报,2006,20(1):37–40Li Q Q,Chen Y H,Yu S Z,Wu W,Zhou X B,Dong Q Y,Yu S L.Dynamic variety of soil nutrient content under conditions of straw mulching and irrigation.J Soil Water Conserv,2006,20(1):37–40(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Zhang S L,L?vdahl L,Grip H,Tong Y A,Yang X Y,Wang Q J.Effects of mulching and catch cropping on soil temperature,soil moisture and wheat yield on the Loess Plateau of China.Soil Tillage Res,2009,102:78–86
[4]殷文,冯福学,赵财,于爱忠,柴强,胡发龙,郭瑶.小麦秸秆还田方式对轮作玉米干物质累积分配及产量的影响.作物学报,2016,42:751–757Yin W,Feng F X,Zhao C,Yu A Z,Chai Q,Hu F L,Guo Y.Effects of wheat straw returning patterns on characteristics of dry matter accumulation,distribution and yield of rotation maize.Acta Agron Sin,2016,42:751–757(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]杨彩红,柴强,黄高宝.荒漠绿洲区交替灌溉小麦/玉米间作水分利用特征研究.中国生态农业学报,2010,18:782–786Yang C H,Chai Q,Huang G B.Water utilization in alternative irrigation under wheat-maize intercropping system in oasis areas.Chin J Eco-agric,2010,18:782–786(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]Wang H X,Zhang L,Dawes W R,Liu C M.Improving water use efficiency of irrigated crops in the North China Plain:measurements and modeling.Agric Water Manage,2001,48:151–167
[7]Zhao H,Xiong Y C,Li F M,Wang R Y,Qiang S C,Yao T F,Mo F.Plastic film mulch for half growing-season maximized WUE and yield of potato via moisture-temperature improvement in a semi-arid agro ecosystem.Agric Water Manag,2012,104:68–78
[8]翟治芬,赵元忠,景明,张建华,卢艳敏.秸秆和地膜覆盖下春玉米农田腾发特征研究.中国生态农业学报,2010,18:62–66Zhai Z F,Zhao Y Z,Jing M,Zhang J H,Lu Y M.Evapotranspiration characteristics of spring maize under film and straw mulch.Chin J Eco-agric,2010,18:62–66(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]严昌荣,梅旭荣,何文清,郑盛华.农用地膜残留污染的现状与防治.农业工程学报,2006,22(11):269–272Yan C R,Mei X R,He W Q,Zheng S H.Present situation of residue pollution of mulching plastic film and controlling measures.Trans CSAE,2006,22(11):269–272(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]薛少平,朱琳,姚万生,韩文霆.麦草覆盖与地膜覆盖对旱地可持续利用的影响.农业工程学报,2002,18(6):71–73Xue S P,Zhu L,Yao W S,Han W T.Influence of straw and plastic-film mulching on sustainable production of farmland.Trans CSAE,2002,18(6):71–73(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]房全孝,陈雨海,李全起,于舜章,罗毅,于强,欧杨竹.灌溉对冬小麦水分利用效率的影响研究.农业工程学报,2004,20(4):34–39Fang Q X,Chen Y H,Li Q Q,Yu S Z,Luo Y,Yu Q,Ou Y Z.Effect of irrigation on water use efficiency of winter wheat.Trans CSAE,2004,20(4):34–39(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]柴强,于爱忠,陈桂平,黄鹏.单作与间作的棵间蒸发量差异及其主要影响因子.中国生态农业学报,2011,19:1307–1312Chai Q,Yu A Z,Chen G P,Huang P.Soil evaporation under sole cropping and intercropping systems and the main driving factors.Chin J Eco-agric,2011,19:1307–1312(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]张海林,秦耀东,朱文珊.覆盖免耕土壤棵间蒸发的研究.土壤通报,2003,34:259–261Zhang H L,Qin Y D,Zhu W S.Study on soil evaporation of no-tillage with mulch.Chin J Soil Sci,2003,34:259–261(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]梁银丽,张成娥,郭东伟.黄土高原区农田覆盖效应与前景分析.中国生态农业学报,2001,9:55–57Ling Y L,Zhang C E,Guo D W.The benefit and prospect of farmland mulch on loess plateau.Chin J Eco-agric,2001,9:55–57(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]杨国恒,张树海,郭忠富,杨建勋,王晓煜,兰小龙,张平.“一膜两年用”关键技术及节本增产效应研究.宁夏农林科技,2013,(6):144–146Yang G H,Zhang S H,Guo Z F,Yang J X,Wang X Y,Lan X L,Zhang P.Technology and the effect of reducing cost and increasing production of“A film with two years”.Ningxia J Agric For Sci Tech,2013,(6):144–146(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]赵财,柴强,殷文,胡发龙.梁银丽,张成娥,郭东伟.黄土高原区农田覆盖效应与前景分析.甘肃农业大学学报,2017,52(1):57–62Zhao C,Chai Q,Yin W,Hu F L.Correlation between soil temperature and dry matter accumulation of maize under no-tillage with mulch film.J Gansu Agric Univ,2017,52(1):57–62(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Li F M,Wang J,Xu J Z.Plastic film mulch effect on spring wheat in a semiarid region.J Sustain Agric,2005,25:5–17
[18]Wang X,Jia Z,Liang L.Effect of straw incorporation on soil moisture,evapotranspiration,and rainfall-use efficiency of maize under dry land farming.J Soil Water Conserv,2014,69:449–455
[19]刘玉洁,李援农,潘韬,翟禄兴,杜子龙.不同灌溉制度对覆膜春玉米的耗水规律及产量的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(6):67–72Liu Y J,Li Y N,Pan T,Zhai L X,Du Z L.Study on effects of different irrigation treatments on evaportranspiration and yield in spring maize.Agric Res Arid Areas,2009,27(6):67–72(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]赵财,陈桂平,柴强,于爱忠,殷文.不同灌水水平下少耕地膜覆盖对玉米农田土壤温度和水分利用效率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(1):152–157Zhao C,Chen G P,Chai Q,Yu A Z,Yin W.The effect of minimum tillage and mulching on soil temperature and WUE maize under different irrigation levels.Agric Res Arid Areas,2017,35(1):152–157(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]Kumudini S,Hume D J,Chu G.Genetic improvement in short season soybeans:I.Dry matter accumulation,partitioning,and leaf area duration.Crop Sci,2001,41:141–145
[22]张海林,陈阜,秦耀东,朱文珊.覆盖免耕夏玉米耗水特性的研究.农业工程学报,2002,18(2):36–40Zhang H L,Chen F,Qin Y D,Zhu W S.Water consumption characteristics for summer corn under no-tillage with mulch.Trans CSAE,2002,18(2):36–40(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]孟维伟,张永丽,马兴华,石玉,于振文.灌水时期和灌水量对小麦耗水特性和旗叶光合作用及产量的影响.作物学报,2009,35:1884–1892Meng W W,Zhang Y L,Ma X H,Shi Y,Yu Z W.Effects of irrigation stage and amount on water consumption characteristics,flag leaf photosynthesis,and grain yield in wheat.Acta Agron Sin,2009,35:1884–1892(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]董孔军,杨天育,何继红,任瑞云,张磊.西北旱作区不同地膜覆盖种植方式对谷子生长发育的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(1):36–40Dong K J,Yang T Y,He J H,Ren R Y,Zhang L.Effects of different film mulching and planting patterns on growth and development of millet in dry-farming area of northwest China.Agric Res Arid Areas,2013,31(1):36–40(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]Ghuman B S,Sur H S.Tillage and residue management effects on soil properties and yields of rain fed maize and wheat in a sub humid subtropical climate.Soil Tillage Res,2001,58:1–10
[26]Barros L C G,Hanks R J.Evapotranspiration and yield of beans as affected by mulch and irrigation.Agron J,1993,85:692–697
[27]邵立威,张喜英,陈素英,孙宏勇,裴冬.降水、灌溉和品种对玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响.灌溉排水学报,2009,28(1):48–51Shao L W,Zhang X Y,Chen S Y,Sun H Y,Pei D.Yield and water use efficiency affected by rainfall,irrigation and maize varieties.J Irrig Drain,2009,28(1):48–51(in Chinese with English abstract)