沁水盆地南部山西组致密砂岩古构造应力场模拟及裂缝预测
|
摘要
以沁水盆地南部地区山西组为例,系统研究了煤系致密砂岩的裂缝发育特征,并对其古构造应力场进行了模拟,在此基础上,对裂缝发育区进行了预测。研究结果表明,山西组致密砂岩中发育不同级序的裂缝,主要为构造缝,其含量大于90%。构造缝主要为张性缝、剪切缝及挤压缝;非构造缝主要为溶蚀缝。目的层致密砂岩的裂缝充填类型主要为未充填及半充填,裂缝的有效性好。利用三维有限元法对山西组Ⅱ砂组进行了精细地质建模及古构造应力场模拟,恢复了目的层在喜马拉雅期最大一幕挤压应力环境下的古地应力场。考虑到目的层主要发育张性缝和剪切缝,同时还含少量挤压缝,构建了综合破裂率参数来定量预测裂缝的发育程度,预测结果与实际地质情况吻合较好。该方法可以实现复杂构造区致密气储层裂缝甜点的有效预测。
In this paper,using the Shanxi Formation in the southern Qinshui Basin as an example,the fracture development characteristics in tight sandstones in a coal system were studied,and the palaeotectonic stress field was simulated.Based on the findings,the fracture development area was predicted.The results showed that fractures of different scales were developed in the tight sandstone of the Shanxi Formation,of which more than 90% were tectonic fractures.The tectonic fractures mostly included tensile fractures,shear fractures,and extrusion fractures,and the non-tectonic fractures were primarily dissolution fractures.The fracture-filling type in the tight sandstone of the target layer was mainly unfilled and semi-filled.Fine geological modeling and paleostress simulations were conducted on No.II sand group of the Shanxi Formation,using the 3 D finite element method(FEM).The palaeo-geostress field of the target layer in the Himalayan area was restored.Considering that tensile and shear fractures were both well developed in the target layer,and also a small amount of extrusion fractures were developed,we constructed a comprehensive rupture rate(I_F) to quantitatively predict the development of fractures.The prediction results agreed with actual geological conditions.Therefore,this method can effectively predict the fracture sweet spots of tight gas reservoirs in complex structural areas.
In this paper,using the Shanxi Formation in the southern Qinshui Basin as an example,the fracture development characteristics in tight sandstones in a coal system were studied,and the palaeotectonic stress field was simulated.Based on the findings,the fracture development area was predicted.The results showed that fractures of different scales were developed in the tight sandstone of the Shanxi Formation,of which more than 90% were tectonic fractures.The tectonic fractures mostly included tensile fractures,shear fractures,and extrusion fractures,and the non-tectonic fractures were primarily dissolution fractures.The fracture-filling type in the tight sandstone of the target layer was mainly unfilled and semi-filled.Fine geological modeling and paleostress simulations were conducted on No.II sand group of the Shanxi Formation,using the 3 D finite element method(FEM).The palaeo-geostress field of the target layer in the Himalayan area was restored.Considering that tensile and shear fractures were both well developed in the target layer,and also a small amount of extrusion fractures were developed,we constructed a comprehensive rupture rate(I_F) to quantitatively predict the development of fractures.The prediction results agreed with actual geological conditions.Therefore,this method can effectively predict the fracture sweet spots of tight gas reservoirs in complex structural areas.
引文
[1]ABID M,HAMMERSCHMID U,KOHLER J.Thermophysical properties of a fluid-saturated sandstone[J].International Journal of Thermal Sciences,2014,76(1):43-50
[2]FARRELL N J C,HEALY D,TAYLOR C W.Anisotropy of permeability in faulted porous sandstones[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2014,63(3):50-67
[3]戴金星,倪云燕,黄士鹏,等.煤成气研究对中国天然气工业发展的重要意义[J].天然气地球科学,2014,25(1):1-17DAI J X,NI Y Y,HUANG S P,et al.Significant function of coal-derived gas study for natural gas industry development in China[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2014,25(1):1-17
[4]秦勇,梁建设,申建,等.沁水盆地南部致密砂岩和页岩的气测显示与气藏类型[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(8):1559-1565QIN Y,LIANG J S,SHEN J,et al.Gas logging shows and has reservoir types in tight sandstones and shales from Southern Qinshui Basin[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(8):1559-1565
[5]ZOU C N,ZHU R K,LIU K Y,et al.Tight gas sandstone reservoir in China:Characteristics and recognition criteria[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2012,88/89:82-91
[6]LAUBACH S E.A method to detect natural fracture strike in sandstones[J].AAPG Bulletin,1997,81(4):604-623
[7]MCLENNAN J A,ALLWARDT P F,HENNINGS PH.Multivariate fracture intensity prediction:Application to Oil Mountain anticline,Wyoming[J].AAPGBulletin,2009,93(11):1585-1595
[8]JIU K,DING W L,HUANG W H,et al.Fractures of lacustrine shale reservoirs,the Zhanhua Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2013,48:113-123
[9]梁建设,王存武,柳迎红,等.沁水盆地致密气成藏条件与勘探潜力研究[J].天然气地球科学,2015,25(10):1509-1517LIANG J S,WANG C W,LIU Y H,et al.Study on the tight gas accumulation conditions and exploration potential in the Qinshui Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2014,25(10):1509-1517
[10]狄贵东,孙赞东,庞雄奇,等.应力场模拟约束下的碳酸盐岩裂缝综合预测[J].石油物探,2016,55(1):150-156DI G D,SUN Z D,PANG X Q,et al.Comprehensive fracture prediction technology constrained by stress field simulation:a case study from ZG8area of central Tarim Basin[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2016,55(1):150-156
[11]SHAO L Y,YANG Z Y,SHANG X X.Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Carboniferous and Permian in the Qinshui Basin,Shanxi Province,China[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2015,4(4):384-412
[12]曹现志,李三忠,刘鑫,等.太行山东麓断裂带板内构造地貌反转与机制[J].地学前缘,2013,20(4):88-101CAO X Z,LI S Z,LIU X,et al.The intraplate morphotectonic inversion along the Eastern Taihang mountain fault zone,North China and its mechanism[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2013,20(4):88-101
[13]唐杰,方兵,孙成禹,等.基于各向异性流体替换的裂隙介质波传播特征研究[J].石油物探,2015,54(1):1-8TANG J,FANG B,SUN C Y,et al.Study of seismic wave propagation characteristics based on anisotropic fluid substitution in fractured medium[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2015,54(1):1-8
[14]NELSON R A.Geologic analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs[M].Houston:Gulf Publishing,1985:320-321
[15]SU X B,LIN X Y,ZHAO M J,et al.The upper Paleozoic coalbed methane system in the Qinshui Basin,China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(1):81-100
[16]孙成禹,李晶晶,唐杰,等.基于测井资料的储层模量反演与地震反射特征分析[J].石油物探,2015,54(3):350-357SUN C Y,LI J J,TANG J,et al.Reservoir moduli inversion and seismic reflection characteristics analysis based on logging data[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2015,54(3):350-357
[17]王兆清.多边形有限元研究进展[J].力学进展,2006,36(3):344-352WANG Z Q.Advances in polygonal finite element method[J].Advances in Mechanics,2006,36(3):344-352
[18]李邵军,冯夏庭,王威,等.岩土工程中基于栅格的三维地层建模及空间分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(3):532-537LI S J,FENG X T,WANG W,et al.Three-dimensional grid-based strata model and spatial analysis in geotechnical engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(3):532-537
[19]CAMAC B A,HUNT S P.Predicting the regional distribution of fracture networks using the distinct element numerical method[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(11):1571-1583
[20]ZENG W T,DING W L,ZHANG J C,et al.Fracture development in Paleozoic shale of Chongqing area(South China),Part two:Numerical simulation of tectonic stress field and prediction of fractures distribution[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2013,75(8):267-279
[21]董马超,吕海涛,蒲仁海,等.塔中东部走滑断裂带特征及油气地质意义[J].石油物探,2016,55(6):840-850DONG M C,LV H T,PU R H,et al.Characteristics of strike-slip fault belt and its hydrocarbon geological significance in the eastren area of central Tarim Basin[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2016,55(6):840-850
[22]RIDD M F,WATKINSON I.The Phuket-Slate Belt terrane:tectonic evolution and strike-slip emplacement of a major terrane on the Sundaland margin of Thailand and Myanmar[J].Proceedings of the Geologists Association,2013,124:994-1010
[23]尹帅,丁文龙,孙圆辉,等.不同围压条件下含气致密砂岩孔裂隙形态演化试验研究[J].石油物探,2016,55(3):326-332YIN S,DING W L,SUN Y H,et al.Experimental study on pore/fissure morphology evolution of gas-bearing tight sandstone under different confining pressure conditions[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2016,55(3):326-332
[24]GRIFFTH A A.The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids[J].The Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society,1921,221:163-198
[25]JOHN H.On the Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1969,74:5343-5348
[26]JIU K,DING W L,HUANG W H,et al.Simulation of paleotectonic stress fields within Paleogene shale reservoirs and prediction of favorable zones for fracture development within the Zhanhua Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,east China[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2013,110:119-131
[2]FARRELL N J C,HEALY D,TAYLOR C W.Anisotropy of permeability in faulted porous sandstones[J].Journal of Structural Geology,2014,63(3):50-67
[3]戴金星,倪云燕,黄士鹏,等.煤成气研究对中国天然气工业发展的重要意义[J].天然气地球科学,2014,25(1):1-17DAI J X,NI Y Y,HUANG S P,et al.Significant function of coal-derived gas study for natural gas industry development in China[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2014,25(1):1-17
[4]秦勇,梁建设,申建,等.沁水盆地南部致密砂岩和页岩的气测显示与气藏类型[J].煤炭学报,2014,39(8):1559-1565QIN Y,LIANG J S,SHEN J,et al.Gas logging shows and has reservoir types in tight sandstones and shales from Southern Qinshui Basin[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2014,39(8):1559-1565
[5]ZOU C N,ZHU R K,LIU K Y,et al.Tight gas sandstone reservoir in China:Characteristics and recognition criteria[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2012,88/89:82-91
[6]LAUBACH S E.A method to detect natural fracture strike in sandstones[J].AAPG Bulletin,1997,81(4):604-623
[7]MCLENNAN J A,ALLWARDT P F,HENNINGS PH.Multivariate fracture intensity prediction:Application to Oil Mountain anticline,Wyoming[J].AAPGBulletin,2009,93(11):1585-1595
[8]JIU K,DING W L,HUANG W H,et al.Fractures of lacustrine shale reservoirs,the Zhanhua Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin,eastern China[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2013,48:113-123
[9]梁建设,王存武,柳迎红,等.沁水盆地致密气成藏条件与勘探潜力研究[J].天然气地球科学,2015,25(10):1509-1517LIANG J S,WANG C W,LIU Y H,et al.Study on the tight gas accumulation conditions and exploration potential in the Qinshui Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2014,25(10):1509-1517
[10]狄贵东,孙赞东,庞雄奇,等.应力场模拟约束下的碳酸盐岩裂缝综合预测[J].石油物探,2016,55(1):150-156DI G D,SUN Z D,PANG X Q,et al.Comprehensive fracture prediction technology constrained by stress field simulation:a case study from ZG8area of central Tarim Basin[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2016,55(1):150-156
[11]SHAO L Y,YANG Z Y,SHANG X X.Lithofacies palaeogeography of the Carboniferous and Permian in the Qinshui Basin,Shanxi Province,China[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2015,4(4):384-412
[12]曹现志,李三忠,刘鑫,等.太行山东麓断裂带板内构造地貌反转与机制[J].地学前缘,2013,20(4):88-101CAO X Z,LI S Z,LIU X,et al.The intraplate morphotectonic inversion along the Eastern Taihang mountain fault zone,North China and its mechanism[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2013,20(4):88-101
[13]唐杰,方兵,孙成禹,等.基于各向异性流体替换的裂隙介质波传播特征研究[J].石油物探,2015,54(1):1-8TANG J,FANG B,SUN C Y,et al.Study of seismic wave propagation characteristics based on anisotropic fluid substitution in fractured medium[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2015,54(1):1-8
[14]NELSON R A.Geologic analysis of naturally fractured reservoirs[M].Houston:Gulf Publishing,1985:320-321
[15]SU X B,LIN X Y,ZHAO M J,et al.The upper Paleozoic coalbed methane system in the Qinshui Basin,China[J].AAPG Bulletin,2005,89(1):81-100
[16]孙成禹,李晶晶,唐杰,等.基于测井资料的储层模量反演与地震反射特征分析[J].石油物探,2015,54(3):350-357SUN C Y,LI J J,TANG J,et al.Reservoir moduli inversion and seismic reflection characteristics analysis based on logging data[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2015,54(3):350-357
[17]王兆清.多边形有限元研究进展[J].力学进展,2006,36(3):344-352WANG Z Q.Advances in polygonal finite element method[J].Advances in Mechanics,2006,36(3):344-352
[18]李邵军,冯夏庭,王威,等.岩土工程中基于栅格的三维地层建模及空间分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(3):532-537LI S J,FENG X T,WANG W,et al.Three-dimensional grid-based strata model and spatial analysis in geotechnical engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(3):532-537
[19]CAMAC B A,HUNT S P.Predicting the regional distribution of fracture networks using the distinct element numerical method[J].AAPG Bulletin,2009,93(11):1571-1583
[20]ZENG W T,DING W L,ZHANG J C,et al.Fracture development in Paleozoic shale of Chongqing area(South China),Part two:Numerical simulation of tectonic stress field and prediction of fractures distribution[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2013,75(8):267-279
[21]董马超,吕海涛,蒲仁海,等.塔中东部走滑断裂带特征及油气地质意义[J].石油物探,2016,55(6):840-850DONG M C,LV H T,PU R H,et al.Characteristics of strike-slip fault belt and its hydrocarbon geological significance in the eastren area of central Tarim Basin[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2016,55(6):840-850
[22]RIDD M F,WATKINSON I.The Phuket-Slate Belt terrane:tectonic evolution and strike-slip emplacement of a major terrane on the Sundaland margin of Thailand and Myanmar[J].Proceedings of the Geologists Association,2013,124:994-1010
[23]尹帅,丁文龙,孙圆辉,等.不同围压条件下含气致密砂岩孔裂隙形态演化试验研究[J].石油物探,2016,55(3):326-332YIN S,DING W L,SUN Y H,et al.Experimental study on pore/fissure morphology evolution of gas-bearing tight sandstone under different confining pressure conditions[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2016,55(3):326-332
[24]GRIFFTH A A.The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids[J].The Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society,1921,221:163-198
[25]JOHN H.On the Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1969,74:5343-5348
[26]JIU K,DING W L,HUANG W H,et al.Simulation of paleotectonic stress fields within Paleogene shale reservoirs and prediction of favorable zones for fracture development within the Zhanhua Depression,Bohai Bay Basin,east China[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2013,110:119-131