注意分散对类比推理内隐加工的影响
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摘要
通过两个实验分别考察在类比推理的检索阶段和评价阶段的注意分散对类比推理内隐加工的影响。实验一以83名大学生为被试,采用喜好判断范式探讨检索阶段注意分散对类比推理过程中直觉加工效应和逻辑加工效应的不同影响。实验二以80名大学生为被试,探讨评价阶段注意分散对类比推理过程中直觉加工效应和逻辑加工效应的不同影响。结果显示:检索阶段的注意分散对类比推理的内隐加工的影响不显著,评价阶段的注意分散对类比推理的内隐加工和外显加工均有显著影响。
2 experiments explored the effects of divided attention manipulation( at retrieval and evaluation) on implicit analogical reasoning. Experiment 1 asked 83 participants to judge the semanticpropositional analogy problems with a paradigm of preference judgment,interfered with divided attention manipulation. Experiment 2 had also 80 participants to judge the same analogical problems. The results showed:( 1) Divided attention during retrieval had no effects on implicit analogical reasoning.( 2) Divided attention during evaluation had effects both on explicit and implicit analogical reasoning.
2 experiments explored the effects of divided attention manipulation( at retrieval and evaluation) on implicit analogical reasoning. Experiment 1 asked 83 participants to judge the semanticpropositional analogy problems with a paradigm of preference judgment,interfered with divided attention manipulation. Experiment 2 had also 80 participants to judge the same analogical problems. The results showed:( 1) Divided attention during retrieval had no effects on implicit analogical reasoning.( 2) Divided attention during evaluation had effects both on explicit and implicit analogical reasoning.
引文
林国耀,莫雷,王穗苹,罗秋铃.(2015).时间压力、任务难度对直觉性和控制性逻辑的影响.心理学探新,35(5),407-411.
林无忌,孟迎芳,林静远.(2017).提取干扰对内隐记忆的影响.心理学报,49(7),897-908.
孟迎芳,郭春彦.(2007).编码与提取干扰对内隐和外显记忆的非对称影响.心理学报,43(4),579-588.
孟迎芳,郭春彦.(2009).内隐与外显记忆的编码与提取非对称性关系.心理学报,41(8),694-705.
Anderson,N.D.,Craik,F.I.M.,&Naveh-Benjamin,M.(1998).The attentional demands of encoding and retrievalin younger and older adults:I.Evidence from dividedattention costs.Psychology&Aging,13(3),405-423.
Baddeley,A.,Lewis,V.,Eldridge,M.,&Thomson,N.(1984).Attention and retrieval from long-term memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology General,113(4),518-540.
Catrambone,R.(2002).The effects of surface and structural feature matches on the access of story analogs.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning.Memory,and Cognition,28,319-334.
Clarys,D.,Isingrini,M.,&Haerty,A.(2000).Effects of attentional load and ageing on word-stem and word-fragment implicit memory tasks.European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,12(3),395-412.
Craik,F.I.M.,Govoni,R.,Naveh-Benjamin,M.,&Anderson,N.D.(1996).The effects of divided attention on encodingand retrieval processes in human memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology General,125(2),159-180.
Dienes,Z.,Broadbent,D.,&Berry,D.(1991).Implicit and explicit knowledge bases in artificial grammar learning.Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognitin,17(5),875-887.
Evans,J.S.B.,&Curtis-Holmes,J.(2005).Rapid respondingincreases belief bias:Evidence for the dual-process theory ofreasoning.Thinking&Reasoning,11(4),382-389.
Gentner,D.,Rattemann,M.,&Forbus,K.(1993).The roles of similarity in transfer:Separating retrievability from inferential soundness.Cognitive Psychology,25,524-575.
Guez,J.,&Naveh-Benjamin,M.(2013).The asymmetricaleffects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes:A different view based on an interference withthe episodic register.PLo S One,8(9),e74447.
Helman,S.,&Berry,D.C.(2003).Effects of divided attention and speeded responding on implicit and explicit and retrieval of artificial grammar knowledge.Memory&Cognition,31(5),703-714.
Holyoak,K.J.,&Morrison,R.G.(2005).The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning.Chapter 6.Analogy(pp.117-137).Cambridge University Press.
J.Jason van Steenburgh.(2012).Insight.In J.J.V.Steenburgh&J.I.Fleck(Eds.),The Oxford handbook of thinking and reasoning(pp.475-494).New York:Oxford University Press.
Morsanyi,K.,&Handley,S.J.(2012).Logic feels so good-Ilike it!Evidence for intuitive detection of logicality in syllogisticreasoning.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,38(3),596.
Mulligan,N.W.,&Hartman,M.(1996).Divided attention and indirect memory tests.Memory&Cognition,24(4),453-465.
Mulligan,N.W.(1998).The role of attention during encoding in implicit and explicit memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory&Cognition,24(1),27-47.
Naveh-Benjamin,M.,Craik,F.I.M.,Gavrilescu,D.,&Anderson,N.D.(2000b).Asymmetry between encodingand retrieval processes:Evidence from divided attentionand a calibration analysis.Memory&Cognition,28(6),965-976.
Perrott,D.A.,Gentner,D.,&Bodenhausen,G.V.(2005).Resistance is futile:The unwitting insertion of analogical inferences in memory.Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,12,696-702.
Polya,G.(1957).Mathematics and plausible reasoning(Vol.1,2).Princeton,Nj:Princeton University Press.
Schumacher,E.H.,&Schwarb,H.(2009).Parallel response selection disrupts sequence learning under dual-task conditins.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,138(2),270-290.
Shanks,D.R.,Rowland,L.A.,&Ranger,M.S.(2005).Attentional load and implicit sequence learning.Psychological Research,69(5-6),369-382.
Sloman,S.A.(1996).The empirical case for two systems of reasoning.Psychological Bulletin,119(1),3-22.
Wharton,C.M.,Holyoak,K.J.,&Lange,T.E.(1996).Remote analogical reminding.Memory and Cognition,24,629-643.
林无忌,孟迎芳,林静远.(2017).提取干扰对内隐记忆的影响.心理学报,49(7),897-908.
孟迎芳,郭春彦.(2007).编码与提取干扰对内隐和外显记忆的非对称影响.心理学报,43(4),579-588.
孟迎芳,郭春彦.(2009).内隐与外显记忆的编码与提取非对称性关系.心理学报,41(8),694-705.
Anderson,N.D.,Craik,F.I.M.,&Naveh-Benjamin,M.(1998).The attentional demands of encoding and retrievalin younger and older adults:I.Evidence from dividedattention costs.Psychology&Aging,13(3),405-423.
Baddeley,A.,Lewis,V.,Eldridge,M.,&Thomson,N.(1984).Attention and retrieval from long-term memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology General,113(4),518-540.
Catrambone,R.(2002).The effects of surface and structural feature matches on the access of story analogs.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning.Memory,and Cognition,28,319-334.
Clarys,D.,Isingrini,M.,&Haerty,A.(2000).Effects of attentional load and ageing on word-stem and word-fragment implicit memory tasks.European Journal of Cognitive Psychology,12(3),395-412.
Craik,F.I.M.,Govoni,R.,Naveh-Benjamin,M.,&Anderson,N.D.(1996).The effects of divided attention on encodingand retrieval processes in human memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology General,125(2),159-180.
Dienes,Z.,Broadbent,D.,&Berry,D.(1991).Implicit and explicit knowledge bases in artificial grammar learning.Journal of Experimental Psychology-learning Memory and Cognitin,17(5),875-887.
Evans,J.S.B.,&Curtis-Holmes,J.(2005).Rapid respondingincreases belief bias:Evidence for the dual-process theory ofreasoning.Thinking&Reasoning,11(4),382-389.
Gentner,D.,Rattemann,M.,&Forbus,K.(1993).The roles of similarity in transfer:Separating retrievability from inferential soundness.Cognitive Psychology,25,524-575.
Guez,J.,&Naveh-Benjamin,M.(2013).The asymmetricaleffects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes:A different view based on an interference withthe episodic register.PLo S One,8(9),e74447.
Helman,S.,&Berry,D.C.(2003).Effects of divided attention and speeded responding on implicit and explicit and retrieval of artificial grammar knowledge.Memory&Cognition,31(5),703-714.
Holyoak,K.J.,&Morrison,R.G.(2005).The Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning.Chapter 6.Analogy(pp.117-137).Cambridge University Press.
J.Jason van Steenburgh.(2012).Insight.In J.J.V.Steenburgh&J.I.Fleck(Eds.),The Oxford handbook of thinking and reasoning(pp.475-494).New York:Oxford University Press.
Morsanyi,K.,&Handley,S.J.(2012).Logic feels so good-Ilike it!Evidence for intuitive detection of logicality in syllogisticreasoning.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,38(3),596.
Mulligan,N.W.,&Hartman,M.(1996).Divided attention and indirect memory tests.Memory&Cognition,24(4),453-465.
Mulligan,N.W.(1998).The role of attention during encoding in implicit and explicit memory.Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory&Cognition,24(1),27-47.
Naveh-Benjamin,M.,Craik,F.I.M.,Gavrilescu,D.,&Anderson,N.D.(2000b).Asymmetry between encodingand retrieval processes:Evidence from divided attentionand a calibration analysis.Memory&Cognition,28(6),965-976.
Perrott,D.A.,Gentner,D.,&Bodenhausen,G.V.(2005).Resistance is futile:The unwitting insertion of analogical inferences in memory.Psychonomic Bulletin and Review,12,696-702.
Polya,G.(1957).Mathematics and plausible reasoning(Vol.1,2).Princeton,Nj:Princeton University Press.
Schumacher,E.H.,&Schwarb,H.(2009).Parallel response selection disrupts sequence learning under dual-task conditins.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General,138(2),270-290.
Shanks,D.R.,Rowland,L.A.,&Ranger,M.S.(2005).Attentional load and implicit sequence learning.Psychological Research,69(5-6),369-382.
Sloman,S.A.(1996).The empirical case for two systems of reasoning.Psychological Bulletin,119(1),3-22.
Wharton,C.M.,Holyoak,K.J.,&Lange,T.E.(1996).Remote analogical reminding.Memory and Cognition,24,629-643.