荒漠绿洲农田垦殖过程中耕层土壤碳储量演变特征
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摘要
以河西走廊中段临泽荒漠绿洲区为研究对象,通过实地调查结合遥感影像辨析确定农田的开垦年限,对比不同开垦背景的农田耕层(0～20 cm)土壤有机碳储量(SOCD)的变化特征,研究荒漠绿洲农田垦殖过程中SOCD的演变趋势.结果表明:研究区农田耕层SOCD在2.41～32.97 t·hm-2范围变动,平均值为17.22 t·hm-2;盐碱地、戈壁和沙地背景农田SOCD平均值分别为19.36、16.10、15.93 t·hm-2.随着开垦年限的增加,农田耕层SOCD呈增加趋势,但沙地和戈壁背景农田开垦20年后增加趋势放缓,盐碱地背景的农田在25年后才表现出放缓趋势;沙地、戈壁和盐碱地背景农田土壤有机碳(SOC)的固存速率分别为0.424、0.485、0.811 t·hm-2·a-1.SOCD与全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷含量呈显著正相关,而与速效钾、pH相关性不显著.综上所述,荒漠绿洲盐碱地背景农田SOC的固存速率显著高于戈壁、沙地背景农田,但开垦30年后不同背景农田SOCD仍处于较低水平,需要针对不同开垦背景对绿洲农田进行管理以提高荒漠绿洲土地利用效率和生产力.
The reclamation time was examined by combining field investigation and remote sensing image analysis in the Linze desert oasis area in the middle of the Hexi Corridor. Characteristics of soil organic carbon storage( SOCD) in cropland( 0-20 cm) with different reclamation backgrounds were compared to understand the evolution trend of SOCD during reclamation. The SOCD of cropland( 0-20 cm) varied from 2.41 to 32.97 t·hm-2,with an average of 17.22 t·hm-2. The average SOCD of cropland in saline-alkali land,Gobi and sandy land background was 19.36,16.10,and 15.93 t·hm-2,respectively. The SOCD under three different reclamation conditions showed an increasing trend after cultivation. The cropland in sandy land and the Gobi background slowly increased after 20 years reclamation. The cropland in saline-alkali background showed a slowdown after 25 years reclamation. The SOC sequestration rates of the cropland under sandy land,Gobi and saline-alkali land background were 0.424,0.485 and 0.811 t·hm-2·a-1,respectively. The SOCD were positively correlated with total nitrogen,total phosphorus,available nitrogen,and available phosphorus content,but had no significant correlation with available potassium and soil pH. In conclusion,the SOC sequestration rate in the saline-alkali land background was significantly higher than that in Gobi and sandy land background. However,SOCD were at a relatively low level after 30 years reclamation. Therefore,cropland management needs to be carried out for different reclamation backgrounds to improve land use efficiency and productivity in desert oasis.
The reclamation time was examined by combining field investigation and remote sensing image analysis in the Linze desert oasis area in the middle of the Hexi Corridor. Characteristics of soil organic carbon storage( SOCD) in cropland( 0-20 cm) with different reclamation backgrounds were compared to understand the evolution trend of SOCD during reclamation. The SOCD of cropland( 0-20 cm) varied from 2.41 to 32.97 t·hm-2,with an average of 17.22 t·hm-2. The average SOCD of cropland in saline-alkali land,Gobi and sandy land background was 19.36,16.10,and 15.93 t·hm-2,respectively. The SOCD under three different reclamation conditions showed an increasing trend after cultivation. The cropland in sandy land and the Gobi background slowly increased after 20 years reclamation. The cropland in saline-alkali background showed a slowdown after 25 years reclamation. The SOC sequestration rates of the cropland under sandy land,Gobi and saline-alkali land background were 0.424,0.485 and 0.811 t·hm-2·a-1,respectively. The SOCD were positively correlated with total nitrogen,total phosphorus,available nitrogen,and available phosphorus content,but had no significant correlation with available potassium and soil pH. In conclusion,the SOC sequestration rate in the saline-alkali land background was significantly higher than that in Gobi and sandy land background. However,SOCD were at a relatively low level after 30 years reclamation. Therefore,cropland management needs to be carried out for different reclamation backgrounds to improve land use efficiency and productivity in desert oasis.
引文
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[32]Zhao Y,Wang M,Hu S,et al.Economics-and policydriven organic carbon input enhancement dominates soil organic carbon accumulation in Chinese croplands.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2018,115:4045-4050
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[34]Zhang J,Song C,Yang W.Land use effects on the distribution of labile organic carbon fractions through soil profiles.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70:660-667
[35]Su YZ,Liu TN,Wang XF,et al.Salinity effects on soil organic carbon and its labile fractions,and nematode communities in irrigated farmlands in an arid region,northwestern China.Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,2016,8:46-53
[36]Yang J-S(杨劲松).Development and prospect of the research on salt-affected soils in China.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2008,45(5):837-845(in Chinese)
[37]Rengasamy P.World salinization with emphasis on Australia.Journal of Experimental Botany,2006,57:1017-1023
[38]Li XG,Li YK,Li FM,et al.Changes in soil organic carbon,nutrients and aggregation after conversion of native desert soil into irrigated arable land.Soil and Tillage Research,2009,104:263-269
[39]Wu L,Wood Y,Jiang P,et al.Carbon sequestration and dynamics of two irrigated agricultural soils in California.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2008,72:808-814
[40]Zhou L(周丽),Wang Y-G(王玉刚),Li Y(李彦),et al.Effects of cultivation on soil salinity in upper soil profiles of the saline-alkali land.Arid Land Geography(干旱区地理),2013,36(2):285-291(in Chinese)
[41]Zhao R-F(赵锐锋),Zhang L-H(张丽华),Zhao H-L(赵海莉),et al.Distribution of soil organic carbon of wetlands in the middle reaches of the Heihe River and its influencing factors.Scientia Geographica Sinica(地理科学),2013,33(3):363-370(in Chinese)
[42]Liu W(刘伟),Cheng J-M(程积民),Gao Y(高阳),et al.Distribution of soil organic carbon in grassland on Loess Plateau and its influencing factors.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2012,49(1):68-76(in Chinese)
[43]Yang R(杨荣),Su Y-Z(苏永中),Wang M(王敏),et al.Field-scale spatial and temporal variation of soil organic carbon in a reclaimed sandy farmland.Journal of Desert Research(中国沙漠),2013,33(4):1078-1083(in Chinese)
[44]Sun Y-T(孙玉桃),Liao Y-L(廖育林),Zheng S-X(郑圣先),et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon pool and carbon sequestration under double rice cropping.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2013,24(3):732-740(in Chinese)
[45]Liu S-Y(刘姝媛),Liu Y-X(刘月秀),Ye J-S(叶金盛),et al.Soil organic carbon density of Eucalyptus plantations in Guangdong Province of China and related affecting factors.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2010,21(8):1981-1985(in Chinese)
[2]Lal R.Carbon sequestration in dryland ecosystems.Environmental Management,2004,33:528-544
[3]Su Y-Z(苏永中),Zhao H-L(赵哈林).Advances in researches on soil organic carbon storages,affecting factors and its environmental effect.Journal of Desert Research(中国沙漠),2002,22(3):220-228(in Chinese)
[4]Chaudhary S,Dheri GS,Brar BS.Long-term effects of NPK fertilizers and organic manures on carbon stabilization and management index under rice-wheat cropping system.Soil and Tillage Research,2017,166:59-66
[5]Dunn JB,Mueller S,Kwon HY,et al.Land-use change and greenhouse gas emissions from corn and cellulosic ethanol.Biotechnology for Biofuels,2013,6:51,doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-51
[6]Gerber S,Hedin LO,Keel SG,et al.Land use change and nitrogen feedbacks constrain the trajectory of the land carbon sink.Geophysical Research Letters,2013,40:5218-5222
[7]Lal R.Soil management and restoration for C sequestration to mitigate the accelerated greenhouse effect.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,1999,12:553-558
[8]Guo LB,Gifford RM.Soil carbon stocks and land use change:A meta analysis.Global Change Biology,2002,8:345-360
[9]Hughes RF,Kauffman JB,Jaramillo VJ.Ecosystemscale impacts of deforestation and land use in a humid tropical region of Mexico.Ecological Applications,2000,10:515-527
[10]Degryze S,Six J,Paustian K,et al.Soil organic carbon pool changes following land-use conversions.Global Change Biology,2015,10:1120-1132
[11]Jiao Y,Zhu XU,Zhao JH,et al.Changes in soil carbon stocks and related soil properties along a 50-year grassland-to-cropland conversion chronosequence in an agropastoral ecotone of Inner Mongolia,China.Journal of Arid Land,2012,4:420-430
[12]Li X,Li F,Rengel Z,et al.Cultivation effects on temporal changes of organic carbon and aggregate stability in desert soils of Hexi Corridor region in China.Soil and Tillage Research,2006,91:22-29
[13]Chen Z(陈朝),Lyu C-H(吕昌河),Fan L(范兰),et al.Effects of land use change on soil organic carbon:A review.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2011,31(18):5358-5371(in Chinese)
[14]Thuille A,Buchmann N,Schulze ED.Carbon stocks and soil respiration rates during deforestation,grassland use and subsequent Norway spruce afforestation in the Southern Alps,Italy.Tree Physiology,2000,20:849-857
[15]Yang R,Su YZ,Wang T,et al.Effects of chemical and organic fertilization on soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation in a newly cultivated farmland.Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2016,15:658-666
[16]Yang J-C(杨景成),Han X-G(韩兴国),Huang J-H(黄建辉),et al.Effects of land use change on carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystem.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2003,14(8):1385-1390(in Chinese)
[17]Li XG,Li FM,Zed R,et al.Cultivation effects on temporal changes of organic carbon and aggregate stability in desert soils of Hexi Corridor region in China.Soil and Tillage Research,2006,91:22-29
[18]Su YZ,Yang R,Liu WJ,et al.Evolution of soil structure and fertility after conversion of native sandy desert soil to irrigated cropland in arid region,China.Soil Science,2010,175:246-254
[19]Su Y-Z(苏永中),Zhang K(张珂),Liu T-N(刘婷娜),et al.Changes in soil properties and accumulation of soil carbon after cultivation of desert sandy land in a marginal oasis in Hexi corridor region,Northwest China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2017,50(9):1646-1654(in Chinese)
[20]Liu WJ,Su YZ,Yang R,et al.Land use effects on soil organic carbon,nitrogen and salinity in saline-alkaline wetland.Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,2010,2:263-270
[21]Wang T(王涛).Some issues on oasification study in China.Journal of Desert Research(中国沙漠),2010,30(5):995-998(in Chinese)
[22]Gong J(巩杰),Qian D-W(钱大文),Zhang L-L(张玲玲),et al.Spatiotemporal change of oasis/desert land and its landscape response in Linze County in recent 35 years.Arid Zone Research(干旱区研究),2016,33(4):805-813(in Chinese)
[23]Hao L-N(郝丽娜),Li X-L(粟晓玲).Determination for suitable scale of oasis and cultivated land in middle reaches of Heihe River basin.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(农业工程学报),2015,31(10):262-268(in Chinese)
[24]Wang F(王芳),Xiao H-L(肖洪浪),Su Y-Z(苏永中),et al.Changes of soil quality after reclamation in oasis saline meadow in Linze,Gansu,China.Journal of Desert Research(中国沙漠),2011,31(3):723-728(in Chinese)
[25]Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院南京土壤研究所).Soil Physical Chemical Analysis.Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1978(in Chinese)
[26]Wu J-G(吴建国),Zhang X-Q(张小全),Xu D-Y(徐德应).Impact of land-use change on soil carbon storage.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2004,15(4):593-599(in Chinese)
[27]Chen Z(陈朝),Lyu C-H(吕昌河),Fan L(范兰),et al.Effects of land use change on soil organic carbon:A review.Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2011,31(18):5358-5371(in Chinese)
[28]Lei C-Y(雷春英),Tian C-Y(田长彦).Contents of soil organic carbon in newly reclaimed field in arid desert zone.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment(干旱区资源与环境),2008,22(6):105-110(in Chinese)
[29]Zhang PP,Shao MA.Spatial variability and stocks of soil organic carbon in the Gobi desert of northwestern China.PLo S One,2014,9(4):e93584
[30]Li FR,Feng Q,Liu JL,et al.Effects of the conversion of native vegetation to farmlands on soil microarthropod biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in a desert oasis.Ecosystems,2013,16:1364-1377
[31]Su Y-Z(苏永中),Yang R(杨荣),Yang X(杨晓),et al.Effects of agricultural management practices on soil organic carbon and its fractions in newly cultivated sandy soil in northwest China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2012,45(14):2867-2876(in Chinese)
[32]Zhao Y,Wang M,Hu S,et al.Economics-and policydriven organic carbon input enhancement dominates soil organic carbon accumulation in Chinese croplands.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2018,115:4045-4050
[33]Liu W-J(刘文杰),Su Y-Z(苏永中),Chen S-Y(陈生云),et al.Spatio-temporal changes of cropland soil fertility quality in Linze oasis,Gansu,China.Journal of Desert Research(中国沙漠),2012,32(1):132-139(in Chinese)
[34]Zhang J,Song C,Yang W.Land use effects on the distribution of labile organic carbon fractions through soil profiles.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70:660-667
[35]Su YZ,Liu TN,Wang XF,et al.Salinity effects on soil organic carbon and its labile fractions,and nematode communities in irrigated farmlands in an arid region,northwestern China.Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,2016,8:46-53
[36]Yang J-S(杨劲松).Development and prospect of the research on salt-affected soils in China.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2008,45(5):837-845(in Chinese)
[37]Rengasamy P.World salinization with emphasis on Australia.Journal of Experimental Botany,2006,57:1017-1023
[38]Li XG,Li YK,Li FM,et al.Changes in soil organic carbon,nutrients and aggregation after conversion of native desert soil into irrigated arable land.Soil and Tillage Research,2009,104:263-269
[39]Wu L,Wood Y,Jiang P,et al.Carbon sequestration and dynamics of two irrigated agricultural soils in California.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2008,72:808-814
[40]Zhou L(周丽),Wang Y-G(王玉刚),Li Y(李彦),et al.Effects of cultivation on soil salinity in upper soil profiles of the saline-alkali land.Arid Land Geography(干旱区地理),2013,36(2):285-291(in Chinese)
[41]Zhao R-F(赵锐锋),Zhang L-H(张丽华),Zhao H-L(赵海莉),et al.Distribution of soil organic carbon of wetlands in the middle reaches of the Heihe River and its influencing factors.Scientia Geographica Sinica(地理科学),2013,33(3):363-370(in Chinese)
[42]Liu W(刘伟),Cheng J-M(程积民),Gao Y(高阳),et al.Distribution of soil organic carbon in grassland on Loess Plateau and its influencing factors.Acta Pedologica Sinica(土壤学报),2012,49(1):68-76(in Chinese)
[43]Yang R(杨荣),Su Y-Z(苏永中),Wang M(王敏),et al.Field-scale spatial and temporal variation of soil organic carbon in a reclaimed sandy farmland.Journal of Desert Research(中国沙漠),2013,33(4):1078-1083(in Chinese)
[44]Sun Y-T(孙玉桃),Liao Y-L(廖育林),Zheng S-X(郑圣先),et al.Effects of long-term fertilization on soil organic carbon pool and carbon sequestration under double rice cropping.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2013,24(3):732-740(in Chinese)
[45]Liu S-Y(刘姝媛),Liu Y-X(刘月秀),Ye J-S(叶金盛),et al.Soil organic carbon density of Eucalyptus plantations in Guangdong Province of China and related affecting factors.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2010,21(8):1981-1985(in Chinese)