利用锋生函数对2008年年初昆明准静止锋生消过程的诊断分析
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摘要
利用ERA-Interim 0.125°×0.125°高分辨率逐6小时再分析数据,选取昆明准静止锋2008年1～2月长时间维持过程诊断分析了锋生函数及其各分项在锋面生消过程中的作用与贡献,并结合2016年1月20～27日锋面增强西进过程和1979年1月14～20日锋面减弱东退过程进行了比较分析。结果表明:(1)非绝热加热项对锋面生消作用较小,但存在显著的日变化。在辐射作用下,非绝热加热项日间表现为锋消,夜间为锋生。(2)西移冷气团在被高原大地形抬升过程中存在局地地形迫使冷气团下沉的情况,并导致垂直运动倾斜项表现为锋生。由于地形固定不变,局地锋生形成次级锋生带。次级锋生带与昆明准静止锋的形成、维持和东西摆动有密切的联系。(3)辐合辐散项和水平形变项是锋生函数变化的主要贡献项,其中水平形变项中的切变变形作用以锋生为主,而伸缩变形项在纬向产生锋生,在经向产生锋消。
Based on frontogenesis function, the frontogenesis and frontolysis of Kunming quasi-stationary front(KQSF) in early 2008 is diagnosed using high resolution(0.125°×0.125°, 6-h interval) reanalysis data of ERA-Interim. The role and contribution of each component of the frontogenesis function is also analyzed. Typical processes analyzed long-term maintenance of the front from January to February of 2008, the strengthening and westward advance of the front from January 20 to 27 of 2016 and the weakening and eastward retreat of the front from January 14 to 20 of 1979. Results indicate that diabatic heating has little effect on the frontogenesis and frontolysis of KQSF, but it exhibits a significant diurnal change. Under the influence of radiation, frontogenesis phenomenon occurs in the daytime and frontolysis phenomenon occurs in the nighttime. During the westward movement of cold air mass, the topography on the plateau generally uplift the cold airmass. However, the air mass can also descend due to local terrain forcing, which leads to frontogenesis due to the effect of vertical motion tilt. Since the terrain remains unchanged, the local frontogenesis mentioned above produces a secondary frontogenesis belt, which is closed related to the KQSF activities, including its formation, maintenance and swing. Horizontal convergence–divergence term and horizontal deformation term make primary contributions to frontogenesis. The major effect of shear deformation in the horizontal deformation term mainly causes frontogenesis, while the effects of the expansion deformation term are opposite in meridional and zonal directions. Its zonal effect causes frontogenesis, and its meridional effect causes frontolysis.
Based on frontogenesis function, the frontogenesis and frontolysis of Kunming quasi-stationary front(KQSF) in early 2008 is diagnosed using high resolution(0.125°×0.125°, 6-h interval) reanalysis data of ERA-Interim. The role and contribution of each component of the frontogenesis function is also analyzed. Typical processes analyzed long-term maintenance of the front from January to February of 2008, the strengthening and westward advance of the front from January 20 to 27 of 2016 and the weakening and eastward retreat of the front from January 14 to 20 of 1979. Results indicate that diabatic heating has little effect on the frontogenesis and frontolysis of KQSF, but it exhibits a significant diurnal change. Under the influence of radiation, frontogenesis phenomenon occurs in the daytime and frontolysis phenomenon occurs in the nighttime. During the westward movement of cold air mass, the topography on the plateau generally uplift the cold airmass. However, the air mass can also descend due to local terrain forcing, which leads to frontogenesis due to the effect of vertical motion tilt. Since the terrain remains unchanged, the local frontogenesis mentioned above produces a secondary frontogenesis belt, which is closed related to the KQSF activities, including its formation, maintenance and swing. Horizontal convergence–divergence term and horizontal deformation term make primary contributions to frontogenesis. The major effect of shear deformation in the horizontal deformation term mainly causes frontogenesis, while the effects of the expansion deformation term are opposite in meridional and zonal directions. Its zonal effect causes frontogenesis, and its meridional effect causes frontolysis.
引文
白磊,王维霞,姚亚楠,等.2013.ERA-Interim和NCEP/NCAR再分析数据气温和气压值在天山山区适用性分析[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,7(3):51-56.Bai Lei,Wang Weixia,Yao Ya’nan,et al.2013.Reliability of NCEP/NCAR and ERA-Interim reanalysis data on Tianshan mountainous area[J].Desert and Oasis Meteorology(in Chinese),7(3):51-56,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0799.2013.03.012.
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查书瑶,伊兰,赵平.2015.冬季华南准静止锋的结构和类型特征研究[J].大气科学,39(3):513-525.Zha Shuyao,Yi Lan,Zhao Ping.2015.Structure and type characteristics of the winter quasi-stationary front in South China[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),39(3):513-525,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1405.14123.
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杜正静,何玉龙,熊方,等.2015.滇黔准静止锋诱发贵州春季暴雨的锋生机制分析[J].高原气象,34(2):357-367.Du Zhengjing,He Yulong,Xiong Fang,et al.2015.Analysis on the frontogenesis mechanism of Dian-Qian quasi-stationary front inducing spring rainstorm in Guizhou Province[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),34(2):357-367,doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00176.
段旭,段玮,邢冬.2017.昆明准静止锋客观判识方法研究[J].气象学报,75(5):811-822.Duan Xu,Duan Wei,Xing Dong.2017.A study of objective determination method for the Kunming quasi-stationary frontline[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),75(5):811-822,doi:10.11676/qxxb2017.055.
段旭,段玮,邢冬,等.2018a.冬春季昆明准静止锋与云贵高原地形的关系[J].高原气象,37(1):137-147.Duan Xu,Duan Wei,Xing Dong,et al.2018a.The relationship between Kunming quasi-stationary front and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau terrain[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),37(1):137-147,doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2017.00032.
段旭,张亚男,梁红丽.2018b.三种温湿参数下昆明准静止锋锋面位置及锋生函数诊断的对比分析[J].大气科学,42(2):301-310.Duan Xu,Zhang Ya’nan,Liang Hongli.2018b.A comparative analysis of the Kunming quasi-stationary frontal position and frontogenesis function with three different temperature and humidity parameters[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),42(2):301-310,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1709.17116.
樊平.1956.昆明准静止锋[J].天气月刊,3(副刊):14-16.Fan Ping.1956.Kunming quasi-stationary front[J].Journal of Weather(in Chinese),3(S):14-16.
郭英莲,王继竹,李才媛,等.2009.2008年冬季准静止锋与1998年夏季梅雨锋的异同[J].暴雨灾害,28(4):349-356.Guo Yinglian,Wang Jizhu,Li Caiyuan,et al.2009.The similarities and differences between the quasi-stationary front in the winter of 2008 and the Meiyu front in the summer of 1998[J].Torrent Rain and Disasters(in Chinese),28(4):349-356,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9045.2009.04.011.
李英,段旭,潘里娜.1999.昆明准静止锋的准地转Q矢量分析[J].气象,25(8):6-10.Li Ying,Duan Xu,Pan Li’na.1999.Aquasi-geostrophic Q-vector analysis of Kunming quasi-stationary front[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),25(8):6-10,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0526.1999.08.002.
李兆慧,王东海,王建捷,等.2011.一次暴雪过程的锋生函数和急流-锋面次级环流分析[J].高原气象,30(6):1505-1515.Li Zhaohui,Wang Donghai,Wang Jianjie,et al.2011.Analysis on frontogenesis function and jet-front secondary circulation in a snowstorm process[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),30(6):1505-1515.
蒙伟光,戴光丰,张艳霞,等.2012.华南局地锋生及对流系统发展的模拟分析研究[J].气象学报,70(3):387-401.Meng Weiguang,Dai Guangfeng,Zhang Yanxia,et al.2012.Analysis and simulative study of the local frontogenesis and convection development over South China[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),70(3):387-401,doi:10.11676/qxxb2012.034.
Ninomiya K.1984.Characteristics of Baiu front as a predominant subtropical front in the summer Northern Hemisphere[J].J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,62(6):880-894,doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.62.6_880.
Ninomiya K.2000.Large-and Meso-α-scale characteristics of Meiyu/Baiu front associated with intense rainfalls in 1-10 July 1991[J].J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,78(2):141-157,doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.78.2_141.
Petterssen S.1936.Contribution to the theory of frontogenesis[J].Geofys.Publ.,11(7):1-27.
Petterssen S.1956.Weather Analysis and Forecasting.Vol1:Motion and Motion Systems[M].2nd ed.New York:McGraw-Hill,488.
秦育婧,卢楚翰.2013.利用高分辨率ERA-Interim再分析资料对2011年夏季江淮区域水汽汇的诊断分析[J].大气科学,37(6):1210-1218.Qin Yujing,Lu Chuhan.2013.Diagnostic study of summer moisture sinks over the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin in 2011 based on highresolution ERA-Interim reanalysis data[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),37(6):1210-1218,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2013.12163.
杨贵名,毛冬艳,孔期.2009.“低温雨雪冰冻”天气过程锋区特征分析[J].气象学报,67(4):652-665.Yang Guiming,Mao Dongyan,Kong Qi.2009.Analysis of the frontal characteristics of the cryogenic freezing rain and snow weather[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),67(4):652-665,doi:10.11676/qxxb2009.065.
杨秀庄,杜小玲,吴古会,等.2016.云贵高原东段初夏辐合线锋生型暴雨研究[J].高原气象,35(4):920-933.Yang Xiuzhuang,Du Xiaoling,Wu Guhui,et al.2016.Convergence line frontogenesis type rainstorm in early summer in the eastern section of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),35(4):920-933,doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00008.
尤红,周泓,杨红,等.2013.云南倒春寒天气过程的分析研究[J].气象,39(6):738-748.You Hong,Zhou Hong,Yang Hong,et al.2013.Analysis on the late spring coldness processes in Yunnan[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),39(6):738-748,doi:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2013.06.010.
余志豪,王彦昌.1982.流体力学[M].北京:气象出版社,21-31.Yu Zhihao,Wang Yanchang.1982.Hydromechanics(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,21-31.
朱乾根,林锦瑞,寿绍文,等.2007.天气学原理与方法[M].(第4版).北京:气象出版社,95-106.Zhu Qian’gen,Lin Jingrui,Shou Shaowen,et al.2007.Principles and Methods of Synoptic Meteorology(4th ed)(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,95-106.
毕玮,傅刚,杨育强,等.2005.对一个西北太平洋上冷锋结构和锋生过程的分析[J].中国海洋大学学报,35(4):527-533.Bi Wei,Fu Gang,Yang Yuqiang,et al.2005.Structure and frontogenesis of a cold front over the northwestern Pacific during the period 3 to 4 January,2003[J].Periodical of Ocean University of China(in Chinese),35(4):527-533,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672-5174.2005.04.002.
查书瑶,伊兰,赵平.2015.冬季华南准静止锋的结构和类型特征研究[J].大气科学,39(3):513-525.Zha Shuyao,Yi Lan,Zhao Ping.2015.Structure and type characteristics of the winter quasi-stationary front in South China[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),39(3):513-525,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1405.14123.
池再香,杜正静,龙先菊,等.2010.2008年初贵州冰冻天气锋生场诊断分析[J].气象科技,38(5):558-564.Chi Zaixiang,Du Zhengjing,Long Xianju,et al.2010.Analysis of frontogenesis field for early 2008frozen weather in Guizhou Province[J].Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),38(5):558-564,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1671-6345.2010.05.005.
Doswell III C A.1984.A kinematic analysis of frontogenesis associated with a nondivergent vortex[J].J.Atmos.Sci.,41(7):1242-1248,doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1984)041<1242:AKAOFA>2.0.CO;2.
杜小玲,蓝伟.2010.两次滇黔准静止锋锋区结构的对比分析[J].高原气象,29(5):1183-1195.Du Xiaoling,Lan Wei.2010.Contrastive analysis on frontal structure of quasi-stationary front in two precipitation processes of Yunnan-Guizhou[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),29(5):1183-1195.
杜正静,何玉龙,熊方,等.2015.滇黔准静止锋诱发贵州春季暴雨的锋生机制分析[J].高原气象,34(2):357-367.Du Zhengjing,He Yulong,Xiong Fang,et al.2015.Analysis on the frontogenesis mechanism of Dian-Qian quasi-stationary front inducing spring rainstorm in Guizhou Province[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),34(2):357-367,doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2013.00176.
段旭,段玮,邢冬.2017.昆明准静止锋客观判识方法研究[J].气象学报,75(5):811-822.Duan Xu,Duan Wei,Xing Dong.2017.A study of objective determination method for the Kunming quasi-stationary frontline[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),75(5):811-822,doi:10.11676/qxxb2017.055.
段旭,段玮,邢冬,等.2018a.冬春季昆明准静止锋与云贵高原地形的关系[J].高原气象,37(1):137-147.Duan Xu,Duan Wei,Xing Dong,et al.2018a.The relationship between Kunming quasi-stationary front and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau terrain[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),37(1):137-147,doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2017.00032.
段旭,张亚男,梁红丽.2018b.三种温湿参数下昆明准静止锋锋面位置及锋生函数诊断的对比分析[J].大气科学,42(2):301-310.Duan Xu,Zhang Ya’nan,Liang Hongli.2018b.A comparative analysis of the Kunming quasi-stationary frontal position and frontogenesis function with three different temperature and humidity parameters[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),42(2):301-310,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1709.17116.
樊平.1956.昆明准静止锋[J].天气月刊,3(副刊):14-16.Fan Ping.1956.Kunming quasi-stationary front[J].Journal of Weather(in Chinese),3(S):14-16.
郭英莲,王继竹,李才媛,等.2009.2008年冬季准静止锋与1998年夏季梅雨锋的异同[J].暴雨灾害,28(4):349-356.Guo Yinglian,Wang Jizhu,Li Caiyuan,et al.2009.The similarities and differences between the quasi-stationary front in the winter of 2008 and the Meiyu front in the summer of 1998[J].Torrent Rain and Disasters(in Chinese),28(4):349-356,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-9045.2009.04.011.
李英,段旭,潘里娜.1999.昆明准静止锋的准地转Q矢量分析[J].气象,25(8):6-10.Li Ying,Duan Xu,Pan Li’na.1999.Aquasi-geostrophic Q-vector analysis of Kunming quasi-stationary front[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),25(8):6-10,doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0526.1999.08.002.
李兆慧,王东海,王建捷,等.2011.一次暴雪过程的锋生函数和急流-锋面次级环流分析[J].高原气象,30(6):1505-1515.Li Zhaohui,Wang Donghai,Wang Jianjie,et al.2011.Analysis on frontogenesis function and jet-front secondary circulation in a snowstorm process[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),30(6):1505-1515.
蒙伟光,戴光丰,张艳霞,等.2012.华南局地锋生及对流系统发展的模拟分析研究[J].气象学报,70(3):387-401.Meng Weiguang,Dai Guangfeng,Zhang Yanxia,et al.2012.Analysis and simulative study of the local frontogenesis and convection development over South China[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),70(3):387-401,doi:10.11676/qxxb2012.034.
Ninomiya K.1984.Characteristics of Baiu front as a predominant subtropical front in the summer Northern Hemisphere[J].J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,62(6):880-894,doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.62.6_880.
Ninomiya K.2000.Large-and Meso-α-scale characteristics of Meiyu/Baiu front associated with intense rainfalls in 1-10 July 1991[J].J.Meteor.Soc.Japan,78(2):141-157,doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.78.2_141.
Petterssen S.1936.Contribution to the theory of frontogenesis[J].Geofys.Publ.,11(7):1-27.
Petterssen S.1956.Weather Analysis and Forecasting.Vol1:Motion and Motion Systems[M].2nd ed.New York:McGraw-Hill,488.
秦育婧,卢楚翰.2013.利用高分辨率ERA-Interim再分析资料对2011年夏季江淮区域水汽汇的诊断分析[J].大气科学,37(6):1210-1218.Qin Yujing,Lu Chuhan.2013.Diagnostic study of summer moisture sinks over the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin in 2011 based on highresolution ERA-Interim reanalysis data[J].Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),37(6):1210-1218,doi:10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2013.12163.
杨贵名,毛冬艳,孔期.2009.“低温雨雪冰冻”天气过程锋区特征分析[J].气象学报,67(4):652-665.Yang Guiming,Mao Dongyan,Kong Qi.2009.Analysis of the frontal characteristics of the cryogenic freezing rain and snow weather[J].Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),67(4):652-665,doi:10.11676/qxxb2009.065.
杨秀庄,杜小玲,吴古会,等.2016.云贵高原东段初夏辐合线锋生型暴雨研究[J].高原气象,35(4):920-933.Yang Xiuzhuang,Du Xiaoling,Wu Guhui,et al.2016.Convergence line frontogenesis type rainstorm in early summer in the eastern section of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),35(4):920-933,doi:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00008.
尤红,周泓,杨红,等.2013.云南倒春寒天气过程的分析研究[J].气象,39(6):738-748.You Hong,Zhou Hong,Yang Hong,et al.2013.Analysis on the late spring coldness processes in Yunnan[J].Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),39(6):738-748,doi:10.7519/j.issn.1000-0526.2013.06.010.
余志豪,王彦昌.1982.流体力学[M].北京:气象出版社,21-31.Yu Zhihao,Wang Yanchang.1982.Hydromechanics(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,21-31.
朱乾根,林锦瑞,寿绍文,等.2007.天气学原理与方法[M].(第4版).北京:气象出版社,95-106.Zhu Qian’gen,Lin Jingrui,Shou Shaowen,et al.2007.Principles and Methods of Synoptic Meteorology(4th ed)(in Chinese)[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,95-106.