美国汉学家贺萧的中国妇女史研究
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摘要
美国学者贺萧(Gail Hershatter)经历了美国中国妇女史研究从草创到成熟的过程,她既是这股潮流的跟随者,亦是引领该潮流的学术先锋。贺氏的研究遵循欧美史学、美国妇女史和性别史的发展路径,在中国史领域最先采纳后现代视角和"社会性别"理论,突出女性的能动性。她思路开阔,时常受到跨文化研究的启发,在研究中寻找女性的各种边缘声音,并关注个体的历史经验。2010年以后,她更强调性别视角与其他视角的结合,其研究逐渐获得了中国史学界的认可。
Gail Hershatter, the well-known U.S. historian specializing in the history of modern Chinese women, experienced the process of the history of women in the United States from its initial stage to its mature one. She is not only the follower of the trend, but also anacademic pioneer of the field. She follows the approaches of Euro-American historiography and American women's and gender studies. And she is the first to adopt the theory of post-modernism and to take the social gender perspective to study the history of China with the attempt to highlight the role of women. In addition, she is open-minded and often inspired by cross-cultural studies. She looks for various marginal voices of women in her studies and pays attention to individual historical experience. After 2010, she places more emphasis on the combination of gender perspective with other perspectives in her studies, and gradually wins the recognition of Chinese scholars.
Gail Hershatter, the well-known U.S. historian specializing in the history of modern Chinese women, experienced the process of the history of women in the United States from its initial stage to its mature one. She is not only the follower of the trend, but also anacademic pioneer of the field. She follows the approaches of Euro-American historiography and American women's and gender studies. And she is the first to adopt the theory of post-modernism and to take the social gender perspective to study the history of China with the attempt to highlight the role of women. In addition, she is open-minded and often inspired by cross-cultural studies. She looks for various marginal voices of women in her studies and pays attention to individual historical experience. After 2010, she places more emphasis on the combination of gender perspective with other perspectives in her studies, and gradually wins the recognition of Chinese scholars.
引文
(1)Ping Yao, Gail Hershatter,“Gender in History and Memory:A Conversation with Gail Hershatter,” The Chinese Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 1, 2014, p. 65.
(1)Gail Hershatter, Dangerous Pleasures:Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Shanghai. Berkeley:University of California Press, 1997.
(2)王政:《国外学者对中国妇女和社会性别研究的现状》,《山西师范大学学报》1997年第4期。
(3)Paul S. Ropp,“Passionate Women:Female Suicide in Late Imperial China—Introduction,” Nan Nü, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2001, p. 11.
(4)Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak,“Can the Subaltern Speak?”, Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg eds., Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Chicago:University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp. 217-313. Gail Hershatter,“The Subaltern Talks Back:Reflections on Subaltern Theory and Chinese History,” Positions, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1993, pp. 103-130.
(5)Hershatter, Dangerous Pleasures, p. 26.
(6)Gail Hershatter, The Gender of Memory:Rural Women and China’s Collective Past. Berkeley:University of California Press,2011, pp. 261-263, 267.
(1)王政:《女性的崛起:当代美国的女权运动》,北京:当代中国出版社,1996年,第198—199页。学术界中“添加妇女”的阶段不仅发生在美国,也发生在中国。20世纪80年代,中国妇女史研究复兴,妇女史一直被认为是“大历史下的小历史,是添加和填补的历史”。杜芳琴:《中国妇女/性别史研究六十年述评:理论与方法》,《中华女子学院学报》2009年第5期,第14页。
(2)Virgil K. Y. Ho,“Review,” China Information, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1998, p. 167.
(3)Bernard Wasserstein,“Review,” Anthropology&Medicine, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1998, p. 223.
(4)此处借用王政的经典译文。王政:《女性的崛起:当代美国的女权运动》,第212页。
(5)Antonia Finnane“, Book Reviews,” The Australian Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1998, pp. 346-347“.性别化中国”的概念在1992年哈佛大学的一次中美两国学者齐聚的会议上被提出来。后来集结成书,即Gail Hershatter and Christina Gilmartin, Engendering China:Women, Culture, and the State. Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1994。
(6)Joan W. Scott,“Gender:A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” American Historical Review, Vol. 91, No. 5, 1986, pp. 1053-1075.GailHershatterandZhengWang,“AHRForumChineseHistory:AUsefulCategoryofGender Analysis,”American HistoricalReview, Vol.113,No.5,2008,pp.1404-1421.在中国的翻译,见贺萧、王政:《中国历史:社会性别分析的一个有用的范畴》,《社会科学》2008年第12期。
(7)这三部曲为:Pierre Nora, Realms of Memory:Rethinking the French Past, Vol.1-Conflicts and Divisions. New York:Columbia University Press, 1996; Realms of Memory:The Construction of the French Past, Vol.2-Traditions. New York:Columbia University Press, 1997; Realms of Memory:The Construction of the French Past, Vol.3-Symbols. New York:Columbia University Press, 1998.
(1)Hershatter, The Gender of Memory, pp. 27-28.
(2)1980年,反对性奴隶的国际女性主义联盟成立,1983年在鹿特丹召开第一次大会。来自世界24个国家的妇女齐聚鹿特丹,声讨强迫卖淫、拐卖妇女、军妓等等伤害妇女的性暴力。Kathleen Barry, Female Sexual Slavery. New York:New York University Press, 1979, p. xiii.
(3)芭瑞(Kathleen Barry)提到在她于20世纪70年代开始娼妓问题的研究时,这个话题就像被埋没一样无人提及。Barry,op.cit.,p.xi.罗森(RuthRosen)也在她的书中明确提到这个领域的研究是最近才大量出现的。RuthRosen,TheLost Sisterhood:Prostitution in America, 1900-1918. Baltimore:John Hopkins University Press, 1982, p. xv.
(4)Barry, op.cit., p. xi-xiv.
(5)Judith Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society:Women, Class, and the State. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1980.
(6)Sheldon Garon,“The World’s Oldest Debate? Prostitution and the State in Imperial Japan, 1900-1945,” American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 3, 1993, pp. 710-733.
(7)Jay Spaulding and Stephane Beswick,“Sex, Bondage, and the Market:The Emergence of Prostitution in Northern Sudan, 1750-1950,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1995, pp. 512-534.
(8)安克强(Christian Henriot)的法文版《上海妓女——19—20世纪中国的卖淫与性》(Belles de Shanghai:Prostitution et sexualitenChineauXIX-XXsiècles[1849-1949])于1996年出版。就在安克强和贺萧的著作相继出版前后,安克强在《近代中国》(Modern China)上就观点问题提出了与贺萧的商榷。安克强质疑贺萧所使用的史料,并认为自己与贺萧的路径不同,贺萧过于关注有关妓女的“陈述”,而自己更追求社会史展现出来的历史“真实”。贺萧随后做了回应。参见中译本安克强著,袁燮铭译:《上海妓女——19—20世纪中国的卖淫与性》,上海:上海古籍出版社,2003年,第12—13页;Christian Henriot,“‘From a Throne of Glory to a Seat of Ignominy’:Shanghai Prostitution Revisited(1849-1949),”Modern China, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1996, pp. 132-163; Gail Hershatter,“‘From a Throne of Glory to a Seat of Ignominy’:Shanghai Prostitution Revisited(1849-1949):A Response,” Modern China, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1996, pp. 164-169.
(1)Hershatter, Dangerous Pleasures, pp. 5-6.
(2)Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight:Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London. Chicago:Chicago University Press, 1992.
(3)Joan Kelly,“Did Women Have a Renaissance?” Renata Bridenthal, Claudia Koonz, Susan Stuard eds., Becoming Visible:Women inEuropeanHistory.Boston:Horton,1976.JoanKelly,Women,History,andTheory:TheEssaysofJoanKelly. Womenin Culture and Society Series. Chicago:Chicago University Press, 1984, pp. 19-50.
(4)Hershatter, The Gender of Memory, pp. 6-7.
(5)Gail Hershatter“, Disquiet in the House of Gender,” Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 71, No. 4, 2012, pp. 877-878.
(6)陈晓兰:《身体与政治——关于〈危险的愉悦——20世纪上海的娼妓问题与现代性〉》,《妇女研究论丛》2006年第1期,第78页。
(1)曹晋、吴娟:《美国学者的中国妇女史研究:美国加州大学圣克鲁斯分校历史学教授贺萧访谈录》,《史学月刊》2006年第1期,第82页。
(1)Gail Hershatter, Dangerous Pleasures:Prostitution and Modernity in Twentieth-Century Shanghai. Berkeley:University of California Press, 1997.
(2)王政:《国外学者对中国妇女和社会性别研究的现状》,《山西师范大学学报》1997年第4期。
(3)Paul S. Ropp,“Passionate Women:Female Suicide in Late Imperial China—Introduction,” Nan Nü, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2001, p. 11.
(4)Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak,“Can the Subaltern Speak?”, Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg eds., Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Chicago:University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp. 217-313. Gail Hershatter,“The Subaltern Talks Back:Reflections on Subaltern Theory and Chinese History,” Positions, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1993, pp. 103-130.
(5)Hershatter, Dangerous Pleasures, p. 26.
(6)Gail Hershatter, The Gender of Memory:Rural Women and China’s Collective Past. Berkeley:University of California Press,2011, pp. 261-263, 267.
(1)王政:《女性的崛起:当代美国的女权运动》,北京:当代中国出版社,1996年,第198—199页。学术界中“添加妇女”的阶段不仅发生在美国,也发生在中国。20世纪80年代,中国妇女史研究复兴,妇女史一直被认为是“大历史下的小历史,是添加和填补的历史”。杜芳琴:《中国妇女/性别史研究六十年述评:理论与方法》,《中华女子学院学报》2009年第5期,第14页。
(2)Virgil K. Y. Ho,“Review,” China Information, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1998, p. 167.
(3)Bernard Wasserstein,“Review,” Anthropology&Medicine, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1998, p. 223.
(4)此处借用王政的经典译文。王政:《女性的崛起:当代美国的女权运动》,第212页。
(5)Antonia Finnane“, Book Reviews,” The Australian Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1998, pp. 346-347“.性别化中国”的概念在1992年哈佛大学的一次中美两国学者齐聚的会议上被提出来。后来集结成书,即Gail Hershatter and Christina Gilmartin, Engendering China:Women, Culture, and the State. Cambridge:Harvard University Press, 1994。
(6)Joan W. Scott,“Gender:A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” American Historical Review, Vol. 91, No. 5, 1986, pp. 1053-1075.GailHershatterandZhengWang,“AHRForumChineseHistory:AUsefulCategoryofGender Analysis,”American HistoricalReview, Vol.113,No.5,2008,pp.1404-1421.在中国的翻译,见贺萧、王政:《中国历史:社会性别分析的一个有用的范畴》,《社会科学》2008年第12期。
(7)这三部曲为:Pierre Nora, Realms of Memory:Rethinking the French Past, Vol.1-Conflicts and Divisions. New York:Columbia University Press, 1996; Realms of Memory:The Construction of the French Past, Vol.2-Traditions. New York:Columbia University Press, 1997; Realms of Memory:The Construction of the French Past, Vol.3-Symbols. New York:Columbia University Press, 1998.
(1)Hershatter, The Gender of Memory, pp. 27-28.
(2)1980年,反对性奴隶的国际女性主义联盟成立,1983年在鹿特丹召开第一次大会。来自世界24个国家的妇女齐聚鹿特丹,声讨强迫卖淫、拐卖妇女、军妓等等伤害妇女的性暴力。Kathleen Barry, Female Sexual Slavery. New York:New York University Press, 1979, p. xiii.
(3)芭瑞(Kathleen Barry)提到在她于20世纪70年代开始娼妓问题的研究时,这个话题就像被埋没一样无人提及。Barry,op.cit.,p.xi.罗森(RuthRosen)也在她的书中明确提到这个领域的研究是最近才大量出现的。RuthRosen,TheLost Sisterhood:Prostitution in America, 1900-1918. Baltimore:John Hopkins University Press, 1982, p. xv.
(4)Barry, op.cit., p. xi-xiv.
(5)Judith Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society:Women, Class, and the State. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1980.
(6)Sheldon Garon,“The World’s Oldest Debate? Prostitution and the State in Imperial Japan, 1900-1945,” American Historical Review, Vol. 98, No. 3, 1993, pp. 710-733.
(7)Jay Spaulding and Stephane Beswick,“Sex, Bondage, and the Market:The Emergence of Prostitution in Northern Sudan, 1750-1950,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1995, pp. 512-534.
(8)安克强(Christian Henriot)的法文版《上海妓女——19—20世纪中国的卖淫与性》(Belles de Shanghai:Prostitution et sexualitenChineauXIX-XXsiècles[1849-1949])于1996年出版。就在安克强和贺萧的著作相继出版前后,安克强在《近代中国》(Modern China)上就观点问题提出了与贺萧的商榷。安克强质疑贺萧所使用的史料,并认为自己与贺萧的路径不同,贺萧过于关注有关妓女的“陈述”,而自己更追求社会史展现出来的历史“真实”。贺萧随后做了回应。参见中译本安克强著,袁燮铭译:《上海妓女——19—20世纪中国的卖淫与性》,上海:上海古籍出版社,2003年,第12—13页;Christian Henriot,“‘From a Throne of Glory to a Seat of Ignominy’:Shanghai Prostitution Revisited(1849-1949),”Modern China, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1996, pp. 132-163; Gail Hershatter,“‘From a Throne of Glory to a Seat of Ignominy’:Shanghai Prostitution Revisited(1849-1949):A Response,” Modern China, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1996, pp. 164-169.
(1)Hershatter, Dangerous Pleasures, pp. 5-6.
(2)Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight:Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London. Chicago:Chicago University Press, 1992.
(3)Joan Kelly,“Did Women Have a Renaissance?” Renata Bridenthal, Claudia Koonz, Susan Stuard eds., Becoming Visible:Women inEuropeanHistory.Boston:Horton,1976.JoanKelly,Women,History,andTheory:TheEssaysofJoanKelly. Womenin Culture and Society Series. Chicago:Chicago University Press, 1984, pp. 19-50.
(4)Hershatter, The Gender of Memory, pp. 6-7.
(5)Gail Hershatter“, Disquiet in the House of Gender,” Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 71, No. 4, 2012, pp. 877-878.
(6)陈晓兰:《身体与政治——关于〈危险的愉悦——20世纪上海的娼妓问题与现代性〉》,《妇女研究论丛》2006年第1期,第78页。
(1)曹晋、吴娟:《美国学者的中国妇女史研究:美国加州大学圣克鲁斯分校历史学教授贺萧访谈录》,《史学月刊》2006年第1期,第82页。