不同太阳能热化学储能体系的研究进展
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摘要
太阳能热发电技术是缓解能源危机改善生态环境的重要技术,而储能系统是太阳能维持稳定和持续热发电的关键.本文从现有3种太阳能储热技术出发,分析了热化学储能具有的高储能密度和可实现大规模远距离存储和运输的明显优势,介绍了现有的5种热化学储能体系在反应机理、反应模型和反应器等方面的最新研究进展,并对各个体系的优缺点进行了评述.针对反应体系存在的问题,提出了未来几种储能体系主要的研究方向是循环性能的提高、高性能催化剂的制备、高效反应器的设计制造以及传热传质与化学反应耦合模型等.
In recent years, traditional fossil fuels are constantly depleted, and the world is facing a serious energy crisis. Solar energy is a clean and abundant renewable energy resource which offers an option for solving the serious environmental problem caused by the consumption of the fossil energy. Among different forms of renewable energy, solar energy has also become an essential part of daily human life. Solar thermal power generation technology is regarded as one of the most potential power generation methods in the future. Solar thermal power generation technology is important to alleviate the energy crisis and to protect the ecological environment. Due to the intermittent of the solar energy, a conceivable way is to store it to provide the solar energy continuously. Thermal energy storage system is necessary for steady and continuous solar thermal power generation. In this paper, among the existing three kinds of solar thermal energy storage technology: sensible heat storage, latent heat storage system and thermochemical energy storage system, we analyzed the obvious advantages of thermochemical energy storage-high energy density and large scale storage and convenient remote transportation. The material or matrix chosen to act as solar thermochemical energy storage medium must meet the following criteria: high energy storage density, low charging temperature, higher rate of reaction, appropriate heat and mass transfer properties, easy to handle, low cost and thermal stability. According to these standards, we chose five suitable solar thermochemical energy storage systems, namely, methane reforming system, metal oxide system, metal hydride system, hydroxide system and amino thermochemical system. The latest research progress of the existing five kinds of thermochemical energy storage system were introduced on the reaction mechanism, reaction model and design of reactor by the numerical, experimental and technological study methods. Advantages and disadvantages of each system were analyzed. Based on the problems of reaction system, we put forward the main research directions of each thermochemical energy storage system. For methane reforming system, strengthening the heat transfer process in the reactor and the development of high performance catalysts or oxygen carriers are important. Furthermore, the combination of reforming reaction with methanation reaction to form energy storage cycle also need to develop. The problems of metal oxide system include too high temperature and high thermal hysteresis. Therefore, doped with other metal oxides may be a promising method. To improve the reaction rate of metal hydride system, the method of doping with other metal hydrides can also be carried out. The bottleneck of metal hydride system and the amino thermochemical system is too high hydrogen pressure, therefore the research on reactor structure for high efficient and low cost with large scale storage of hydrogen is necessary. The future research on hydroxide system should focus on the settlement of sintering and corrosion, so the particle design is important. In general, we pointed out that future research will mainly develop in two directions: greater scale and more detailed mechanism, specifically the construction of solar thermal energy storage demonstration system and a deeper and more detailed study of the mechanisms of heat and mass transfer coupling with chemical reaction.
In recent years, traditional fossil fuels are constantly depleted, and the world is facing a serious energy crisis. Solar energy is a clean and abundant renewable energy resource which offers an option for solving the serious environmental problem caused by the consumption of the fossil energy. Among different forms of renewable energy, solar energy has also become an essential part of daily human life. Solar thermal power generation technology is regarded as one of the most potential power generation methods in the future. Solar thermal power generation technology is important to alleviate the energy crisis and to protect the ecological environment. Due to the intermittent of the solar energy, a conceivable way is to store it to provide the solar energy continuously. Thermal energy storage system is necessary for steady and continuous solar thermal power generation. In this paper, among the existing three kinds of solar thermal energy storage technology: sensible heat storage, latent heat storage system and thermochemical energy storage system, we analyzed the obvious advantages of thermochemical energy storage-high energy density and large scale storage and convenient remote transportation. The material or matrix chosen to act as solar thermochemical energy storage medium must meet the following criteria: high energy storage density, low charging temperature, higher rate of reaction, appropriate heat and mass transfer properties, easy to handle, low cost and thermal stability. According to these standards, we chose five suitable solar thermochemical energy storage systems, namely, methane reforming system, metal oxide system, metal hydride system, hydroxide system and amino thermochemical system. The latest research progress of the existing five kinds of thermochemical energy storage system were introduced on the reaction mechanism, reaction model and design of reactor by the numerical, experimental and technological study methods. Advantages and disadvantages of each system were analyzed. Based on the problems of reaction system, we put forward the main research directions of each thermochemical energy storage system. For methane reforming system, strengthening the heat transfer process in the reactor and the development of high performance catalysts or oxygen carriers are important. Furthermore, the combination of reforming reaction with methanation reaction to form energy storage cycle also need to develop. The problems of metal oxide system include too high temperature and high thermal hysteresis. Therefore, doped with other metal oxides may be a promising method. To improve the reaction rate of metal hydride system, the method of doping with other metal hydrides can also be carried out. The bottleneck of metal hydride system and the amino thermochemical system is too high hydrogen pressure, therefore the research on reactor structure for high efficient and low cost with large scale storage of hydrogen is necessary. The future research on hydroxide system should focus on the settlement of sintering and corrosion, so the particle design is important. In general, we pointed out that future research will mainly develop in two directions: greater scale and more detailed mechanism, specifically the construction of solar thermal energy storage demonstration system and a deeper and more detailed study of the mechanisms of heat and mass transfer coupling with chemical reaction.
引文
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14 Sun F,Peng H,Ling X.Progress in medium to high temperature thermochemical energy storage technologies(in Chinese).Energy Storage Sci Tech,2015,4:577-584[孙峰,彭浩,凌祥.中高温热化学反应储能研究进展.储能科学与技术,2015,4:577-584]
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2 Tian Y,Zhao C Y.A review of solar collectors and thermal energy storage in solar thermal applications.Appl Energy,2013,104:538-553
3 Kuravi S,Trahan J,Goswami D Y,et al.Thermal energy storage technologies and systems for concentrating solar power plants.Prog Energy Combust Sci,2013,39:285-319
4 Guo S,Yang Y,Li R,et al.Review of solar thermal power generation system(in Chinese).Sol Energy,2015,12:46-49[郭苏,杨勇,李荣.太阳能热发电储热系统综述.太阳能,2015,12:46-49]
5 Pardo P,Deydier A,Anxionnaz-Minvielle Z,et al.A review on high temperature thermochemical heat energy storage.Renew Sust Energy Rev,2014,32:591-610
6 Yang X P,Yang X X,Ding J,et al.Recent advances in the study of solar energy high-temperature heat power generation and accumulation technologies(in Chinese).J Eng Thermal Energy Power,2011,26:1-6[杨小平,杨晓西,丁静,等.太阳能高温热发电蓄热技术研究进展.热能动力工程,2011,26:1-6]
7 Wu J,Long X F.Research progress of solar thermochemical energy storage(in Chinese).Chem Ind Eng Prog,2014,33:3238-3245[吴娟,龙新峰.太阳能热化学储能研究进展.化工进展,2014,33:3238-3245]
8 Wang F,Ma L,Cheng Z,et al.Radiative heat transfer in solar thermochemical particle reactor:A comprehensive review.Renew Sust Energy Rev,2017,73:935-949
9 Alonso E,Romero M.Review of experimental investigation on directly irradiated particles solar reactors.Renew Sust Energy Rev,2015,41:53-67
10 Yadav D,Banerjee R.A review of solar thermochemical processes.Renew Sust Energy Rev,2016,54:497-532
11 Edalatpour M,Aryana K,Kianifar A,et al.Solar stills:A review of the latest developments in numerical simulations.Sol Energy,2016,135:897-922
12 Agrafiotis C,Roeb M,Sattler C.A review on solar thermal syngas production via redox pair-based water/carbon dioxide splitting thermochemical cycles.Renew Sust Energy Rev,2015,42:254-285
13 Aydin D,Casey S P,Riffat S.The latest advancements on thermochemical heat storage systems.Renew Sust Energy Rev,2015,41:356-367
14 Sun F,Peng H,Ling X.Progress in medium to high temperature thermochemical energy storage technologies(in Chinese).Energy Storage Sci Tech,2015,4:577-584[孙峰,彭浩,凌祥.中高温热化学反应储能研究进展.储能科学与技术,2015,4:577-584]
15 Xie T,Yang B L.Advances of CO2 reforming of methane based on the solar energy storage(in Chinese).J Eng Thermal Energy Power,2016,35:1723-1732[谢涛,杨伯伦.基于太阳能蓄热过程的甲烷二氧化碳重整研究进展.化工进展,2016,35:1723-1732]
16 Solymosi F,Kutsan G,Erdohelyi A.Catalytic reaction of CH4 With CO2 over alumina-supported Pt metals.Catal Lett,1991,11:149-156
17 Sheu E J,Mokheimer E M,Ghoniem A F.A review of solar methane reforming systems.Int J Hydrogen Energy,2015,40:12929-12955
18 Chen Y,Tang Y W,Liu C P,et al.Room temperature preparation of carbon supported Pt-Ru catalysts.J Power Sources,2006,161:470-473
19 Zhang B M.High temperature-pressure reactor and dry reforming methane over carbon catalyst under pressure(in Chinese).Dissertation for Master Degree.Taiyuan:Taiyuan University of Technology,2010[张丙模.小型高温高压反应器及加压炭催化CH4/CO2重整研究.硕士学位论文.太原:太原理工大学,2010]
20 Gokon N,Osawa Y,Nakazawa D,et al.Kinetics of CO2,reforming of methane by catalytically activated metallic foam absorber for solar receiver-reactors.Int J Hydrogen Energy,2009,34:1787-1800
21 Gokon N,Yamawaki Y,Nakazawa D,et al.Kinetics of methane reforming over Ru/Γ-Al2O3-catalyzed metallic foam at 650-900°C for solar receiver-absorbers.Int J Hydrogen Energy,2011,36:203-215
22 Buck R,Muir J F,Hogan R E.Carbon dioxide reforming of methane in a solar volumetric receiver/reactor:The caesar project.Sol Energy Mater,1991,24:449-463
23 Skocypec R D,Hogan R E,Muir J F.Solar reforming of methane in a direct absorption catalytic reactor on a parabolic dish:Ⅱmodeling and analysis.Sol Energy,1994,52:479-490
24 Chen Y,Ding J,Lu J F,et al.Experimental study on methane reforming with carbon dioxide for thermochemical energy storage(in Chinese).J Eng Thermophys,2014,8:1591-1594[陈源,丁静,陆建峰,等.甲烷二氧化碳重整热化学储能实验研究.工程热物理学报,2014,8:1591-1594]
25 Lu J,Chen Y,Ding J,et al.High temperature energy storage performances of methane reforming with carbon dioxide in a tubular packed reactor.Appl Energy,2014,61:407-410
26 Yu T,Yuan Q,Lu J,et al.Thermochemical storage performances of methane reforming with carbon dioxide in tubular and semi-cavity reactors heated by a solar dish system.Appl Energy,2015,185:1994-2004
27 Du J,Hong Y X,Yang X X,et al.Studies on experiment and numerical simulation for CO2 reforming of CH4(in Chinese).Acta Energ Sin,2015,36:2765-2771[杜娟,洪宇翔,杨晓西,等.甲烷重整热化学储能实验及数值模拟研究.太阳能学报,2015,36:2765-2771]
28 Wang F,Cheng Z,Tan J,et al.Energy storage efficiency analyses of CO2,reforming of methane in metal foam solar thermochemical reactor.Appl Therm Eng,2017,111:1091-1100
29 Wang F,Tan J,Jin H,et al.Thermochemical performance analysis of solar driven CO2,methane reforming.Energy,2015,91:645-654
30 Wang F,Guan Z,Tan J,et al.Unsteady state thermochemical performance analyses of solar driven steam methane reforming in porous medium reactor.Sol Energy,2015,122:1180-1192
31 Du J.Catalytic reaction and transfer characteristics of chemical energy storage process by methane reforming(in Chinese).Dissertation for Doctoral Degree.Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2013[杜娟.甲烷重整热化学储能过程催化反应及传输特性.博士学位论文.广州:华南理工大学,2013]
32 Berman A,Karn R K,Epstein M.A new catalyst system for high-temperature solar reforming of methane.Energy Fuels,2006,20:455-462
33 Gokon N,Oku Y,Kaneko H,et al.Methane reforming with CO2 in molten salt using Fe O catalyst.Sol Energy,2002,72:243-250
34 Klein H H,Karni J,Rubin R.Dry methane reforming without a metal catalyst in a directly irradiated solar particle reactor.J Sol Energy Eng,2009,131:021001
35 Carrillo A J,Serrano D P,Pizarro P,et al.Manganese oxide-based thermochemical energy storage:Modulating temperatures of redox cycles by Fe-Cu Co-doping.J Energy Storage,2016,5:169-176
36 AndréL,Abanades S,Flamant G.Screening of thermochemical systems based on solid-gas reversible reactions for high temperature solar thermal energy storage.Renew Sust Energy Rev,2016,64:703-715
37 Prieto C,Cooper P,Fernández A I,et al.Review of technology:Thermochemical energy storage for concentrated solar power plants.Renew Sust Energy Rev,2016,60:909-929
38 Block T,Schmücker M.Metal oxides for thermochemical energy storage:A comparison of several metal oxide systems.Sol Energy,2016,126:195-207
39 Alonso E,Gallo A,Pérezrábago C,et al.Thermodynamic study of Cu O/Cu2O and Co3O4/Co O redox pairs for solar energy thermochemical storage.In:Proceedings of AIP Conference.New York:AIP Publishing LLC,2016.1734:050004
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