基于FDS的不同排烟模式下餐馆火灾数值模拟
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摘要
为研究火灾场景下自然排烟和机械排烟2种方式对火灾发展的影响,指导人员进行安全疏散和为消防队灭火救援提供参考依据,采用FDS软件模拟的方法对特定餐馆模型在不同排烟方式下厨房、走廊、餐厅的温度、能见度、CO浓度变化情况和烟气蔓延过程进行分析探讨。结果表明:综合3项安全指标考虑,自然排烟模式下走廊区域在火灾发生后81 s内为最佳逃生时间,而在机械排烟模式下,最佳逃生时间延长至100 s.自然排烟模式下,餐馆所有区域在277 s后均处于危险状态,而机械排烟能够将烟气控制在局部范围内,餐馆一半以上区域没有受到火灾波及。与自然排烟相比,机械排烟有效地将各个区域到达3种危险状态的时间推后,为人员的安全撤离争取了宝贵的时间。从而为保证火场人员的安全疏散和消防人员的灭火救援提供有利条件。因此,餐馆的防排烟系统设计宜选用布置合理、参数可靠的机械排烟系统。
In order to study the effects of natural smoke extraction and mechanical smoke extraction on the development of fires and to guide the evacuation and rescue,Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS) was used to model the changes of the parameters during restaurant fires,including the distributions of temperature and CO concentration,the changes of the visibility and the propagation of smoke in the kitchen,corridor and dining-hall.The results showed that considering the three safety indicators,the corridor area under the natural smoke exhaust mode could provide the longest escape time,i.e.within 81s after the fire occurs.But the escape time was extended to 100s under the mechanical smoke exhaust mode.In the natural smoke exhaust mode,all areas in the restaurant were in danger after 277s.But under the mechanical smoke exhaust mode,mechanical exhaust could control the smoke within a local domain and more than half of the restaurants were free of smoke.Compared with natural smoke exhaust,me-chanical smoke exhaust could effectively delay the time for each region to enter dangerous states,and strive for more valuable time for the safe evacuation of personnel trapped in fires.Therefore,it provides favorable conditions for ensuring safety evacuation and rescue.Consequently,the mechanical smoke exhaust system is preferable in terms of smoke control,people evacuation and rescue during restaurant fires.
In order to study the effects of natural smoke extraction and mechanical smoke extraction on the development of fires and to guide the evacuation and rescue,Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS) was used to model the changes of the parameters during restaurant fires,including the distributions of temperature and CO concentration,the changes of the visibility and the propagation of smoke in the kitchen,corridor and dining-hall.The results showed that considering the three safety indicators,the corridor area under the natural smoke exhaust mode could provide the longest escape time,i.e.within 81s after the fire occurs.But the escape time was extended to 100s under the mechanical smoke exhaust mode.In the natural smoke exhaust mode,all areas in the restaurant were in danger after 277s.But under the mechanical smoke exhaust mode,mechanical exhaust could control the smoke within a local domain and more than half of the restaurants were free of smoke.Compared with natural smoke exhaust,me-chanical smoke exhaust could effectively delay the time for each region to enter dangerous states,and strive for more valuable time for the safe evacuation of personnel trapped in fires.Therefore,it provides favorable conditions for ensuring safety evacuation and rescue.Consequently,the mechanical smoke exhaust system is preferable in terms of smoke control,people evacuation and rescue during restaurant fires.
引文
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[21]张培红,高新宇,张新春.细水雾出流参数对食用油火灾灭火效果的研究[J].沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版),2010,26(5):951-956.ZHANG Pei-hong,GAO Xin-yu,ZHANG Xin-chun.Study on the suppressing effectiveness of water mist spray parameters in cooking oil fire[J].Journal of Shenyang Jianzhu University(Natural Science),2010,26(5):951-956.
[22]叶珊珊,季经纬.基于实验与FDS分析商用厨房火灾危险性[EB/OL].北京:中国科技论文在线[2011-08-11].http://www.paper.edu.cn/releasepaper/content/201108-178.YE Shan-shan,JI Jing-wei.Based on experiment and FDS analysis commercial kitchen fire risk[EB/OL].[2011-08-11].http://www.paper.edu.cn/releasepaper/content/201108-178.
[2]刘旭华.餐饮业厨房火灾危险分析及防范措施研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2013.LIU Xu-hua.Study on fire risk and precautions of catering kitchen[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2013.
[3]段会忠.餐饮厨房的火灾危险性分析及防范对策研究[J].消防技术与产品信息,2016(12):47-49.DUAN Hui-zhong.Study on fire hazard analysis and precautions of catering kitchen[J].Fire Technique and Products Information,2016(12):47-49.
[4]肖国清,姚泽胜,邓洪波.基于FDS的加油站便利店火灾模拟[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2018,14(1):143-149.XIAO Guo-qing,YAO Ze-sheng,DENG Hong-bo.Simulation on fire in convenience store of gas station based on FDS[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2018,14(1):143-149.
[5]Ji J,Wan H,Li K,et al.A numerical study on upstream maximum temperature in inclined urban road tunnel fires[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2015,88(1):516-526.
[6]Xu Z S,You W,Kong J,et al.A study of fire smoke spreading and control in emergency rescue stations of extra-long railway tunnels[J].Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,2017,49:155-161.
[7]Tlili O,Mhiri H,Bournot P.Airflow induced by a room fire:effect of roof shape and source location[J].International Journal of Thermal Sciences,2015,90:135-149.
[8]Gao R,Li A,ZHANG Y,et al.How domes improve fire safety in subway stations[J].Safety Science,2015,80:94-104.
[9]Lu K H,Mao S H,Wang J,et al.Numerical simulation of the ventilation effect on fire characteristics and detections in an aircraft cargo compartment[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2017,124:1441-1446.
[10]Liang Q,Li Y,Li J,et al.Numerical studies on the smoke control by water mist screens with transverse ventilation in tunnel fires[J].Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology Incorporating Trenchless Technology Research,2017,64:177-183.
[11]单桂薇,葛政.基于FDS的快捷酒店房间火灾数值模拟[J].武警学院学报,2014,30(4):62-64.SHAN Gui-wei,GE Zheng.Numerical simulation of fires in an express hotel[J].Journal The Armed Police Academy,2014,30(4):62-64.
[12]刘勇,徐志胜.基于FDS的某酒店火灾致死原因分析[J].安全与环境学报,2014,14(4):40-44.LIU Yong,XU Zhi-sheng.Hotel fire deathrate analysis based on FDS[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2014,14(4):40-44.
[13]杨云春,何嘉鹏.高层建筑火灾中烟气组合控制设置参数的研究[J].安全与环境学报,2012,12(2):201-204.YANG Yun-chun,HE Jia-peng.Study of high-rise building fire composite parameters fire-smoke control models[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2012,12(2):201-204.
[14]姚浩伟,赵哲,郑远攀.不同火源位置的火灾危险性模拟研究[J].消防科学与技术,2016,35(3):313-315.YAO Hao-wei,ZHAO Zhe,ZHENG Yuan-pan.Simulation of fire hazard of different fire location[J].Fire Science and Technology,2016,35(3):313-315.
[15]周榕,李树声,顾阳.FDS软件在大空间火灾风险评估中的应用[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,2009,30(5):508-512.ZHOU Rong,LI Shu-sheng,GU Yang.Application of FDS in fire risk assessment of large space[J].Journal of Harbin Engineering University,2009,30(5):508-512.
[16]赵江平,冯文兴,武来喜.建筑火灾烟气中CO迁移规律的FDS模拟[J].中国安全科学学报,2008,18(6):16-20.ZHAO Jiang-ping,FENG Wen-xing,WU Lai-xi.Numerical simulation on the spreading rule of CO in building fire by FDS[J].China Safety Science Journal,2008,18(6):16-20.
[17]余明高,郭明,李振峰,等.走廊烟气填充的数值模拟研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2009,38(1):20-23.YU Ming-gao,GUO Ming,LI Zhen-feng,et al.A numerical study of smoke development in a corridor[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2009,38(1):20-23.
[18]马砺,范晶,任立峰,等.地铁站台不同排烟模式下的烟气流动数值模拟[J].西安科技大学学报,2017,37(5):643-648.MA Li,FAN Jing,REN Li-feng,et al.Numerical simulation of smoke flow on subway platform under different extraction modes[J].Journal of Xi’an University of Science and Technology,2017,37(5):643-648.
[19]祝实,霍然,胡隆华,等.网格划分及开口处计算区域延展对FDS模拟结果的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2008,8(4):31-34.ZHU Shi,HUO Ran,HU Long-hua,et al.Influnce of mesh grid and computational domain on FDS simulation[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2008,8(4):31-34.
[20]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.GB51251-2017建筑防烟排烟系统技术规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2017.Minsyry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China.GB51251-2017 Technical code for smoke management systems in buildings[S].Beijing:China Planning Press,2017.
[21]张培红,高新宇,张新春.细水雾出流参数对食用油火灾灭火效果的研究[J].沈阳建筑大学学报(自然科学版),2010,26(5):951-956.ZHANG Pei-hong,GAO Xin-yu,ZHANG Xin-chun.Study on the suppressing effectiveness of water mist spray parameters in cooking oil fire[J].Journal of Shenyang Jianzhu University(Natural Science),2010,26(5):951-956.
[22]叶珊珊,季经纬.基于实验与FDS分析商用厨房火灾危险性[EB/OL].北京:中国科技论文在线[2011-08-11].http://www.paper.edu.cn/releasepaper/content/201108-178.YE Shan-shan,JI Jing-wei.Based on experiment and FDS analysis commercial kitchen fire risk[EB/OL].[2011-08-11].http://www.paper.edu.cn/releasepaper/content/201108-178.