昆虫肠道细菌的功能和研究方法
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摘要
昆虫肠道中存在大量的细菌,这些细菌具有种群结构和功能多样性的特点。目前的观点认为昆虫的种类和取食特性是造成这一现象的主要原因。昆虫的生长发育离不开这些微生物。早期的实验中只能利用传统平板培养方法通过观察菌落的生长形态和菌株的生理特性进行研究。但由于自然界中99%的微生物是无法培养的,同时培养法容易受到外界因素的干扰导致实验结果不准确,因而培养法无法满足研究人员对昆虫肠道细菌的深入研究。随着宏基因组学的兴起和分子生物学技术的发展,用新的技术研究昆虫肠道微生物成了当前的研究热点。为此,对昆虫肠道微生物的一些基本概念、主要功能和主要研究手段进行归纳整理。
A large number of bacteria exist in the gut of insects, which are characterized by structural and functional diversity. The current view is that the types of insects and feeding characteristics are the main causes of this phenomenon. The growth and development of insects are closely tied to these bacteria. In the early experiments, only the traditional plate culture method was used to observe the morphology of the colony and the physiological characteristics of the strain. However, 99% of the bacteria in the nature cannot be cultivated, and the culture method is susceptible to the external factors. So the traditional culture method cannot be used for the in-depth study of the insect gut bacteria. With the development of metagenomics and molecular biology technologies, the study of insect intestinal bacteria has become research hotspots. In this review, some basic concepts, main functions and main research methods of insect gut bacteria are summarized.
A large number of bacteria exist in the gut of insects, which are characterized by structural and functional diversity. The current view is that the types of insects and feeding characteristics are the main causes of this phenomenon. The growth and development of insects are closely tied to these bacteria. In the early experiments, only the traditional plate culture method was used to observe the morphology of the colony and the physiological characteristics of the strain. However, 99% of the bacteria in the nature cannot be cultivated, and the culture method is susceptible to the external factors. So the traditional culture method cannot be used for the in-depth study of the insect gut bacteria. With the development of metagenomics and molecular biology technologies, the study of insect intestinal bacteria has become research hotspots. In this review, some basic concepts, main functions and main research methods of insect gut bacteria are summarized.
引文
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[16]郭军,吴杰,邓先余,等.昆虫肠道菌群的功能研究进展[J].应用昆虫学报,2015,52(6):1345-1352.
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[21]杨红,彭建新,刘凯于,等.低等白蚁肠道共生微生物的多样性及其功能[J].微生物学报,2006,46(3):496-499.
[22]SCHMITT-WAGNER D,FRIEDRICH M W,WAGNER B,et al.Phylogenetic diversity,abundance,and axial distribution of bacteria in the intestinal tract of two soil-feeding termites(Cubitermes spp.)[J].Appl Environ Microb,2003,69(10):6007-6017.
[23]HAMMER T J,JANZEN D H,HALLWACHS W,et al.Caterpillars lack a resident gut microbiome[J].P Natl Acad Sci USA,2017:201707186.
[24]SMITH C C,SRYGLEY R B,HEALY F,et al.Spatial structure of the mormon cricket gut microbiome and its predicted contribution to nutrition and immune function[J].Front Microbiol,2017,8:801.
[25]MARTINSON V G,MOY J,MORAN N A.Establishment of characteristic gut bacteria during development of the honeybee worker[J].Appl Environ Microb,2012,78(8):2830-2840.
[26]WOODBURY N,GRIES G.Firebrats,Thermobia domestica,aggregate in response to the microbes Enterobacter cloacae and Mycotypha microspora[J].Entomol Exp Appl,2013,147(2):154-159.
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[28]BAUMANN P,QURESHI S A,JACKSON S P.Transcription:new insights from studies on Archaea[J].Trends Genet,1995,11(7):279-283.
[29]KALTENPOTH M,ENGL T.Defensive microbial symbionts in Hymenoptera[J].Funct Ecol,2014,28(2):315-327.
[30]李丹红,王誉,杨红.高效降解木质纤维素的白蚁肠道微生物组[J].微生物学报,2017,57(6):876-884.
[31]BOONE C K,SIX D L,ZHENG Y,et al.Parasitoids and dipteran predators exploit volatiles from microbial symbionts to locate bark beetles[J].Environ Entomol,2008,37(1):150-161.
[32]EICHLER S,SCHAUB G A.Development of symbionts in triatomine bugs and the effects of infections with trypanosomatids[J].Exp Parasitol,2002,100(1):17-27.
[33]ENGEL M S,GRIMALDI D A,GONZALEZ V H,et al.An exomalopsine bee in Early Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic(Hymenoptera:Apidae)[J].Am Mus Novit,2012(3758):1-16.
[34]KWONG W K,ENGEL P,KOCH H,et al.Genomics and host specialization of honey bee and bumble bee gut symbionts[J].P Natl Acad Sci USA,2014,111(31):11509-11514.
[35]MATTILA H R,RIOS D,WALKER-SPERLING V E,et al.Characterization of the active microbiotas associated with honey bees reveals healthier and broader communities when colonies are genetically diverse[J].PLo S One,2012,7(3):e32962.
[36]BIRKLE L M,MINTO L B,DOUGLAS A E.Relating genotype and phenotype for tryptophan synthesis in an aphid-bacterial symbiosis[J].Physiol Entomol,2002,27(4):302-306.
[37]WONG C N A,NG P,DOUGLAS A E.Low-diversity bacterial community in the gut of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster[J].Environ Microbiol,2011,13(7):1889-1900.
[38]BUCHON N,BRODERICK N A,CHAKRABARTI S,et al.Invasive and indigenous microbiota impact intestinal stem cell activity through multiple pathways in Drosophila[J].Genes&Dev,2009,23(19):2333-2344.
[39]CRONIN S J F,NEHME N T,LIMMER S,et al.Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies genes involved in intestinal pathogenic bacterial infection[J].Science,2009,325(5938):340-343.
[40]STORELLI G,DEFAYE A,ERKOSAR B,et al.Lactobacillus plantarum promotes Drosophila systemic growth by modulating hormonal signals through TOR-dependent nutrient sensing[J].Cell Metab,2011,14(3):403-414.
[41]BASSET A,KHUSH R S,BRAUN A,et al.The phytopathogenic bacteria Erwinia carotovora infects Drosophila and activates an immune response[J].P Natl Acad Sci USA,2000,97(7):3376-3381.
[42]LEE J B,PARK K E,LEE S A,et al.Gut symbiotic bacteria stimulate insect growth and egg production by modulating hexamerin and vitellogenin gene expression[J].Dev Comp Immunol,2017,69:12-22.
[43]KOCH H,SCHMID-HEMPEL P.Socially transmitted gut microbiota protect bumble bees against an intestinal parasite[J].P Natl Acad Sci USA,2011,108(48):19288-19292.
[44]OROZCO-FLORES A A,VALADEZ-LIRA J A,OPPERT B,et al.Regulation by gut bacteria of immune response,Bacillus thuringiensis susceptibility and hemolin expression in Plodia interpunctella[J].J Insect Physiol,2017,98:275-283.
[45]FRAGO E,DICKE M,GODFRAY H C J.Insect symbionts as hidden players in insect-plant interactions[J].Trends Ecol Evol,2012,27(12):705-711.
[46]SHEN S K,DOWD P F.Xenobiotic induction of esterases in cultures of the yeast‐like symbiont from the cigarette beetle[J].Entomol Exp Appl,1989,52(2):179-184.
[47]KIKUCHI Y.Endosymbiotic bacteria in insects:their diversity and culturability[J].Microbes Environ,2009,24(3):195-204.
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