基于生态多样性的太湖绿道景观空间视觉质量研究
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摘要
生态多样性维护工作是提升环湖绿道景观空间视觉质量的重要内容。以环太湖绿道景观空间为研究对象,探究生态多样性在维护景观空间视觉质量方面的功能和作用,研究选用无人机进行航空摄影,采用图像学分析和描述性分析方法对环湖绿道中捕捉到的视觉信息进行处理,探究生态多样性与景观空间视觉质量提升之间的关系,解析了景观空间生态成分和时间生态成分的内在因素,提出了环湖绿道景观空间的视觉生态恢复力对稳定绿道区域的生态系统与周边区域的各项发展的重要作用,为实现完善生态服务功能与提升景观空间视觉质量目标相结合的景观规划目标提供理论支持。
Maintaining the diversity and stability of ecosystems is a lasting goal to prevent natural disasters, create a livable environment and enhance the visual quality of people's landscape spaces. On the other hand, the maintenance of ecological diversity is an important aspect that cannot be ignored in improving the visual quality of the greenway landscape around the lake. The early related literature research always separated the two issues of ecological diversity maintenance and visual quality of landscape space, and did not realize the intrinsic relationship between the two. Taihu Lake is an important lake resource in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. It is also one of the five largest freshwater lakes in China and has important ecological and landscape values. The Taihu Lake Greenway landscape has a rich variety of landscapes, including various landscape visual resources, and is also an important ecological diversity protection area in the Taihu Lake region. This paper takes the green space landscape of Taihu Lake as the research object, and aims to explore the function and role of ecological diversity in maintaining the visual quality of landscape space. The research selected UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) for aerophotography, and using image analysis and descriptive analysis to process the visually captured information in the greenway around the lake, and obtain the ecological components related to the visual quality of the landscape space in the study area.Further, the known ecological components are divided into two levels: spatial diversity and temporal diversity.At the spatial level, different land use classifications can visually form different shapes,textures, combinations and landscape patterns. In the long history of human history in the Taihu Basin, the impact of human activities on regional land use is an important aspect that cannot be ignored. Diversity is affected by human activities intervention, changing the original ecological environment and forming new land use properties. Plant diversity is an important factor in ecological diversity, and it is an important part of animal diversity and ecosystem energy f low. The diversity of the landscape and the visual quality of the landscape space in the area have a significant impact. Seeking the blessing of plants in the natural environment is an instinctive trend. The complexity of plant posture, the color change caused by seasonal changes, the different perspectives that can provide the shielding effect, and the balance with other natural elements can all reflect the importance of plant diversity in maintaining the visual quality of landscape space. The boundary between different habitats indicates the transition between different environments or habitats. The area is usually presented in comparison with the ecological environment inside the habitat. Significantly different, the Taihu Lake region has a large number of precious wetland resources, which have natural purification effects such as replenishing groundwater and conserving water sources, and have relatively high-quality landscape features, and can affect the material exchange,biological habitat, energy transfer and landscape connectivity of ecosystems. The landscape element that has the greatest impact on visual quality in landscape space is the most easily captured information in the environment. In the process of people walking or resting, the most attention of the human eye is the scenery in the surrounding three-dimensional space. Landscape planning facilities such as ecological resorts, parks, greenways and recreational green spaces are relatively complete. Buildings or artificial facilities and natural habitats together constitute the main landscape spatial visual structure of the Taihu Lake region.At the time level, common moments such as day and night, light, moon, and temperament depend on the climatic environment, geographical environment, and some biotic and abiotic processes. These instantaneous scenes that can be noticed can be human vision. Stimulate and further stimulate the aesthetic appeal of the landscape, maintaining ecological diversity helps maintain these instantaneous scenes. The long-term and slow ecological succession also has an important impact on the visual quality of landscape space. Taihu Lake is located in the Yangtze River Delta with developed economy in China. The population density is high, the urban infrastructure is perfect, and human intervention in nature has become a long-term ecological environment affecting the Taihu Lake region. The most important factor for replacement is related to the maintenance of biodiversity.This paper explores the relationship between ecological diversity and spatial visual quality improvement, and analyzes the intrinsic factors of landscape spatial ecological components and temporal ecological components. It is believed that ecological diversity has close mutual feedback on ecosystem stability and ecological resilience. The feedback can not only promote the stability of the ecological cycle process, but also improve the visual quality of the landscape space while seeking the improvement of ecological resilience. The visual ecological restoration force of the green space landscape around the lake is proposed to stabilize the ecosystem and surrounding areas of the greenway area. The various developments play an important role in providing theoretical support for the integration of ecological service functions and the improvement of landscape spatial visual quality objectives in landscape planning and design.
Maintaining the diversity and stability of ecosystems is a lasting goal to prevent natural disasters, create a livable environment and enhance the visual quality of people's landscape spaces. On the other hand, the maintenance of ecological diversity is an important aspect that cannot be ignored in improving the visual quality of the greenway landscape around the lake. The early related literature research always separated the two issues of ecological diversity maintenance and visual quality of landscape space, and did not realize the intrinsic relationship between the two. Taihu Lake is an important lake resource in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. It is also one of the five largest freshwater lakes in China and has important ecological and landscape values. The Taihu Lake Greenway landscape has a rich variety of landscapes, including various landscape visual resources, and is also an important ecological diversity protection area in the Taihu Lake region. This paper takes the green space landscape of Taihu Lake as the research object, and aims to explore the function and role of ecological diversity in maintaining the visual quality of landscape space. The research selected UAV(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) for aerophotography, and using image analysis and descriptive analysis to process the visually captured information in the greenway around the lake, and obtain the ecological components related to the visual quality of the landscape space in the study area.Further, the known ecological components are divided into two levels: spatial diversity and temporal diversity.At the spatial level, different land use classifications can visually form different shapes,textures, combinations and landscape patterns. In the long history of human history in the Taihu Basin, the impact of human activities on regional land use is an important aspect that cannot be ignored. Diversity is affected by human activities intervention, changing the original ecological environment and forming new land use properties. Plant diversity is an important factor in ecological diversity, and it is an important part of animal diversity and ecosystem energy f low. The diversity of the landscape and the visual quality of the landscape space in the area have a significant impact. Seeking the blessing of plants in the natural environment is an instinctive trend. The complexity of plant posture, the color change caused by seasonal changes, the different perspectives that can provide the shielding effect, and the balance with other natural elements can all reflect the importance of plant diversity in maintaining the visual quality of landscape space. The boundary between different habitats indicates the transition between different environments or habitats. The area is usually presented in comparison with the ecological environment inside the habitat. Significantly different, the Taihu Lake region has a large number of precious wetland resources, which have natural purification effects such as replenishing groundwater and conserving water sources, and have relatively high-quality landscape features, and can affect the material exchange,biological habitat, energy transfer and landscape connectivity of ecosystems. The landscape element that has the greatest impact on visual quality in landscape space is the most easily captured information in the environment. In the process of people walking or resting, the most attention of the human eye is the scenery in the surrounding three-dimensional space. Landscape planning facilities such as ecological resorts, parks, greenways and recreational green spaces are relatively complete. Buildings or artificial facilities and natural habitats together constitute the main landscape spatial visual structure of the Taihu Lake region.At the time level, common moments such as day and night, light, moon, and temperament depend on the climatic environment, geographical environment, and some biotic and abiotic processes. These instantaneous scenes that can be noticed can be human vision. Stimulate and further stimulate the aesthetic appeal of the landscape, maintaining ecological diversity helps maintain these instantaneous scenes. The long-term and slow ecological succession also has an important impact on the visual quality of landscape space. Taihu Lake is located in the Yangtze River Delta with developed economy in China. The population density is high, the urban infrastructure is perfect, and human intervention in nature has become a long-term ecological environment affecting the Taihu Lake region. The most important factor for replacement is related to the maintenance of biodiversity.This paper explores the relationship between ecological diversity and spatial visual quality improvement, and analyzes the intrinsic factors of landscape spatial ecological components and temporal ecological components. It is believed that ecological diversity has close mutual feedback on ecosystem stability and ecological resilience. The feedback can not only promote the stability of the ecological cycle process, but also improve the visual quality of the landscape space while seeking the improvement of ecological resilience. The visual ecological restoration force of the green space landscape around the lake is proposed to stabilize the ecosystem and surrounding areas of the greenway area. The various developments play an important role in providing theoretical support for the integration of ecological service functions and the improvement of landscape spatial visual quality objectives in landscape planning and design.
引文
[1]李医民,李鑫,华静.基于复杂网络的生态系统稳定性与生态多样性[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(6):1700-1706.LI Y M,LI X,HUA J.Ecological system stability and diversity based on complex networks[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(6):1700-1706.
[2]KREMEN C,MILES A.Ecosystem services in biologically diversified versus conventional farming systems:Benefits,externalities,and trade-offs[J].Ecology and Society,2012,17(4):40.
[3]CARDINALE B J,DUFFY J E,GONZALEZ A,et al. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity[J].Nature,2012,486(7401):59-67.
[4]HULL R,BUHYOFF G.The scenic beauty temporal distribution methodan attempt to make scenic beauty assessments compatible with forest planning efforts[J].Forest Science,1986,32(2):271-286.
[5]DE LA FUENTE DE VAL G,ATAURI J A,DE LUCIO J V.Relationship between landscape visual attributes and spatial pattern indices:A test study in Mediterranean-climate landscapes[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,77(4):393-407.
[6]窦鸿身,姜家虎.五大淡水湖[M].合肥:中国科技大学出版社,2003.DOU H S,JIANG J H.Five Freshwater Lakes[M].Hefei:China University of Science and Technology Press,2003.
[7]姜昊.太湖地区生态环境演变的人为驱动[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(27):9513-9517.JIANG H.The Human-Induced Drive on the Development of Taihu Lake Eco-environment[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(27):9513-9517.
[8]朱贤辞,李新,丁金华,等.沿太湖生态敏感乡镇的生态环境保护研究——以苏州吴中区光福镇为例[J].浙江农业学报,2015,27(2):266-270.ZHU X T,LI X,DING J H,et al.Study on environmental protection in the ecologically sensitive town along Taihu Lake:The case of Guangfu Town,Wuzhong District in Suzhou[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2015,27(2):266-270.
[9]陈荷生.太湖生态修复治理工程[J].长江流域资源与环境,2001(2):173-178.CHEN H S.Restoration Project of the Ecosystem in Tai Lake[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2001(2):173-178.
[10]洪汉玉.现代图像图形处理与分析[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2011.HONG H Y.Modern Image Graphics Processing and Analysis[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,2011.
[11]常雷.跨界与多元——界说“视觉文化研究”及其范式方法的探绎[J].创意与设计,2018(4):16-20.CHANG L.Cross-border and PluralismExploring the Definition of"Visual Cult ure Studies"and Its Research Methods[J].Creation and Design,2018(4):16-20.
[12]殷柏慧.无锡太湖新城中央水系环境景观规划设计[J].中国园林,2010,26(10):9-12.YIN B H.The Water System Environment Landscape Planning and Design of Taihu New Town Center of Wuxi City[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2010,26(10):9-12.
[13]ALLAN J D,SMITH S D P,MCINTYRE P B,et al.Using cultural ecosystem services to inform restoration priorities in the Laurentian Great Lakes[J].Frontiers in Ecology&the Environment,2016,13(8):418-424.
[14]DE GROOT R S,ALKEMADE R,BRAAT L,et al.Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscapeplanning,management and decision making[J].Ecological Complexity,2010,7(3):260-272.
[15]RUHL J B.Adaptive management of ecosystem services across different land use regimes[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,183(Pt 2):418-423.
[16]万荣荣,杨桂山.太湖流域土地利用与景观格局演变研究[J].应用生态学报,2005(3):475-480.WAN R R,YANG G S.Changes of land use and landscape pattern in Taihu Lake Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005(3):475-480.
[17]SAHRAOUI Y,CLAUZEL C,FOLTETE J C.Spatial modelling of landscape aesthetic potential in urban-rural fringes[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,181:623-636.
[18]李博.普通生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.LI B.General Ecology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2002.
[19]CLAY G R,DANIEL T C.Scenic landscape assessment:the effects of land management jurisdiction on public perception of scenic beauty[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2000,49(1-2):1-13.
[20]GRINDE B,PATIL G G.Biophilia:does visual contact with nature impact on health and well-being?[J].International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,2009,6(9):2332-2343.
[21]贾军梅,罗维,杜婷婷,等.近十年大湖生态系统服务功能价值变化评估[J].生态学报,2015,35(7):2255-2264.JIA J M,LUO W,DU T T,et al.Valuation of changes of ecosystem services of Tai Lake in recent 10years[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(7):2255-2264.
[22]EWERS R M,THORPE S,DIDHAMR K.Synergistic interactions between edge and area effects in a heavily fragmented landscape[J].Ecology,2007,88(1):96-106.
[23]JUNGE X,SCHUEPBACH B,WALTER T,et al.Aesthetic quality of agricultural landscape elements in different seasonal stages in Switzerland[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2015,133,67-77.
[24]DRAMSTAD W E,TVEIT M S,FJELLSTAD W J,et al. Relationships between visual landscape preferences and map-based indicators of landscape structure[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,78(4):465-474.
[25]DRONOVA I.Environ ment al heterogeneity as a bridge between ecosystem service and visual quality objectives in management,planning and design[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2017,163:90-106.
[26]SCHUEPBACH B,JUNGE X,LINDEMANN-MATTHIES P,et al.Seasonality,diversity and aesthetic valuation of landscape plots:An integrative approach to assess landscape quality on different scales[J].Land Use Policy,2016,53:27-35.
[27]STEVEN R,MORRISON C,CASTLEY J G.Birdwatching and avitourism:a global review of research into its participant markets,distribution and impacts,highlighting future research priorities to inform sustainable avitourism management[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2015,23(8-9):1257-1276.
[28]ODE A,FRY G,TVEIT M S,et al.Indicators of perceived naturalness as drivers of landscape preference[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(1):375-383.
[29]BLICHARSKA M,MIKUSINSKI G.Incorporating social and cultural significance of large old trees inconservation policy[J].Conservation Biology,2014,28(6):1558-1567.
[30]HOLLING C S.Resilience and stability of ecological systems[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1973(4):1-23.
[311]PARROTT L,MEYER W S.Future landscapes:managing within complexity[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2012,10(7):382-389.
[32]PICKETT S T A,CADENASSO M L,GROVE J M.Resilient cities:Meaning,models,and metaphor for integrating the ecological,socio-economic,and planning realms[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,69(4):369-384.
[33]OLIVER T H,HEARD M S,ISAAC N J B,et al.Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2015,30(11):673-684.
[34]曾祥,汤敏結,崔丹,等.东太湖不同人为干扰程度区域植物多样性研究[J].人民长江,2018,49(3):41-44.ZENG X,TANG M Z,CUI D,et al.Study on plant diversity in different human disturbance areas of Eastern Taihu Lake[J].Yangtze River,2018,49(3):41-44.
[2]KREMEN C,MILES A.Ecosystem services in biologically diversified versus conventional farming systems:Benefits,externalities,and trade-offs[J].Ecology and Society,2012,17(4):40.
[3]CARDINALE B J,DUFFY J E,GONZALEZ A,et al. Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity[J].Nature,2012,486(7401):59-67.
[4]HULL R,BUHYOFF G.The scenic beauty temporal distribution methodan attempt to make scenic beauty assessments compatible with forest planning efforts[J].Forest Science,1986,32(2):271-286.
[5]DE LA FUENTE DE VAL G,ATAURI J A,DE LUCIO J V.Relationship between landscape visual attributes and spatial pattern indices:A test study in Mediterranean-climate landscapes[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,77(4):393-407.
[6]窦鸿身,姜家虎.五大淡水湖[M].合肥:中国科技大学出版社,2003.DOU H S,JIANG J H.Five Freshwater Lakes[M].Hefei:China University of Science and Technology Press,2003.
[7]姜昊.太湖地区生态环境演变的人为驱动[J].安徽农业科学,2014,42(27):9513-9517.JIANG H.The Human-Induced Drive on the Development of Taihu Lake Eco-environment[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(27):9513-9517.
[8]朱贤辞,李新,丁金华,等.沿太湖生态敏感乡镇的生态环境保护研究——以苏州吴中区光福镇为例[J].浙江农业学报,2015,27(2):266-270.ZHU X T,LI X,DING J H,et al.Study on environmental protection in the ecologically sensitive town along Taihu Lake:The case of Guangfu Town,Wuzhong District in Suzhou[J].Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis,2015,27(2):266-270.
[9]陈荷生.太湖生态修复治理工程[J].长江流域资源与环境,2001(2):173-178.CHEN H S.Restoration Project of the Ecosystem in Tai Lake[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2001(2):173-178.
[10]洪汉玉.现代图像图形处理与分析[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,2011.HONG H Y.Modern Image Graphics Processing and Analysis[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press,2011.
[11]常雷.跨界与多元——界说“视觉文化研究”及其范式方法的探绎[J].创意与设计,2018(4):16-20.CHANG L.Cross-border and PluralismExploring the Definition of"Visual Cult ure Studies"and Its Research Methods[J].Creation and Design,2018(4):16-20.
[12]殷柏慧.无锡太湖新城中央水系环境景观规划设计[J].中国园林,2010,26(10):9-12.YIN B H.The Water System Environment Landscape Planning and Design of Taihu New Town Center of Wuxi City[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2010,26(10):9-12.
[13]ALLAN J D,SMITH S D P,MCINTYRE P B,et al.Using cultural ecosystem services to inform restoration priorities in the Laurentian Great Lakes[J].Frontiers in Ecology&the Environment,2016,13(8):418-424.
[14]DE GROOT R S,ALKEMADE R,BRAAT L,et al.Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscapeplanning,management and decision making[J].Ecological Complexity,2010,7(3):260-272.
[15]RUHL J B.Adaptive management of ecosystem services across different land use regimes[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,183(Pt 2):418-423.
[16]万荣荣,杨桂山.太湖流域土地利用与景观格局演变研究[J].应用生态学报,2005(3):475-480.WAN R R,YANG G S.Changes of land use and landscape pattern in Taihu Lake Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2005(3):475-480.
[17]SAHRAOUI Y,CLAUZEL C,FOLTETE J C.Spatial modelling of landscape aesthetic potential in urban-rural fringes[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,181:623-636.
[18]李博.普通生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002.LI B.General Ecology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2002.
[19]CLAY G R,DANIEL T C.Scenic landscape assessment:the effects of land management jurisdiction on public perception of scenic beauty[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2000,49(1-2):1-13.
[20]GRINDE B,PATIL G G.Biophilia:does visual contact with nature impact on health and well-being?[J].International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,2009,6(9):2332-2343.
[21]贾军梅,罗维,杜婷婷,等.近十年大湖生态系统服务功能价值变化评估[J].生态学报,2015,35(7):2255-2264.JIA J M,LUO W,DU T T,et al.Valuation of changes of ecosystem services of Tai Lake in recent 10years[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(7):2255-2264.
[22]EWERS R M,THORPE S,DIDHAMR K.Synergistic interactions between edge and area effects in a heavily fragmented landscape[J].Ecology,2007,88(1):96-106.
[23]JUNGE X,SCHUEPBACH B,WALTER T,et al.Aesthetic quality of agricultural landscape elements in different seasonal stages in Switzerland[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2015,133,67-77.
[24]DRAMSTAD W E,TVEIT M S,FJELLSTAD W J,et al. Relationships between visual landscape preferences and map-based indicators of landscape structure[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2006,78(4):465-474.
[25]DRONOVA I.Environ ment al heterogeneity as a bridge between ecosystem service and visual quality objectives in management,planning and design[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2017,163:90-106.
[26]SCHUEPBACH B,JUNGE X,LINDEMANN-MATTHIES P,et al.Seasonality,diversity and aesthetic valuation of landscape plots:An integrative approach to assess landscape quality on different scales[J].Land Use Policy,2016,53:27-35.
[27]STEVEN R,MORRISON C,CASTLEY J G.Birdwatching and avitourism:a global review of research into its participant markets,distribution and impacts,highlighting future research priorities to inform sustainable avitourism management[J].Journal of Sustainable Tourism,2015,23(8-9):1257-1276.
[28]ODE A,FRY G,TVEIT M S,et al.Indicators of perceived naturalness as drivers of landscape preference[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(1):375-383.
[29]BLICHARSKA M,MIKUSINSKI G.Incorporating social and cultural significance of large old trees inconservation policy[J].Conservation Biology,2014,28(6):1558-1567.
[30]HOLLING C S.Resilience and stability of ecological systems[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1973(4):1-23.
[311]PARROTT L,MEYER W S.Future landscapes:managing within complexity[J].Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2012,10(7):382-389.
[32]PICKETT S T A,CADENASSO M L,GROVE J M.Resilient cities:Meaning,models,and metaphor for integrating the ecological,socio-economic,and planning realms[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2004,69(4):369-384.
[33]OLIVER T H,HEARD M S,ISAAC N J B,et al.Biodiversity and resilience of ecosystem functions[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2015,30(11):673-684.
[34]曾祥,汤敏結,崔丹,等.东太湖不同人为干扰程度区域植物多样性研究[J].人民长江,2018,49(3):41-44.ZENG X,TANG M Z,CUI D,et al.Study on plant diversity in different human disturbance areas of Eastern Taihu Lake[J].Yangtze River,2018,49(3):41-44.