杨梅素抗感染、抗炎及抗氧化活性研究进展
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摘要
杨梅素是杨梅等多种植物中广泛存在的黄酮类化合物,具有抗肿瘤、降血糖、调血脂、保护心血管及减轻神经损伤等多种生物学功能。近年来,杨梅素在抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎、抗氧化及免疫调节等方面的生物学活性越来越受到人们关注。对近年来国内外有关杨梅素抗感染、抗炎、免疫调节及抗氧化等生物学作用及相关分子机制的研究进展进行综述,为其新药开发提供理论基础。
Myricetin is a kind of flavonoids widely existing in Myrica rubra and many other plants. Myricetin has lots of biological functions, such as antitumor, reducing blood sugar and lipid, protecting cardiovascular system, and reducing nervous injury. In recent years, people pay more attention to the antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and immunosuppressive activities of myricetin. This paper reviews the literatures on the pharmacological activities of myricetin in recent years at home and abroad and focuses on its effects and molecular mechanism of anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory and anti-oxidation activities, in order to provide the evidences for developing new drugs.
Myricetin is a kind of flavonoids widely existing in Myrica rubra and many other plants. Myricetin has lots of biological functions, such as antitumor, reducing blood sugar and lipid, protecting cardiovascular system, and reducing nervous injury. In recent years, people pay more attention to the antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and immunosuppressive activities of myricetin. This paper reviews the literatures on the pharmacological activities of myricetin in recent years at home and abroad and focuses on its effects and molecular mechanism of anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory and anti-oxidation activities, in order to provide the evidences for developing new drugs.
引文
[1]姜仕先,董乃维,张婧,等.藤茶中杨梅素和二氢杨梅素的分离及抗心肌细胞凋亡作用[J].哈尔滨医科大学学报,2008,42(1):4-6.
[2]江纪武,肖庆祥.植物药有效成分手册[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1986.
[3]王笑笑,周勇,俞婷婷,等.UPLC-MS/MS法分析10种不同蜜源蜂蜜中的黄酮类组分[J].药物分析杂志,2016,36(12):2180-2189.
[4]张友胜,杨伟丽,龚雨顺.RP-HPLC法测定显齿蛇葡萄中杨梅素的含量[J].中草药,2001,32(11):983-984.
[5]Kumar A,Malik A K,Tewary D K.A new method for determination of myricetin and quercetin using solid phase microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet/visible system in grapes,vegetables and red wine samples[J].Anal Chim Acta,2009,631(2):177-181.
[6]Hassan S M,Khalaf M M,Sadek S A,et al.Protective effects of apigenin and myricetin against cisplatininduced nephrotoxicity in mice[J].Pharm Biol,2017,55(1):766-774.
[7]Ren R,Yin S,Lai B,et al.Myricetin antagonizes semen-derived enhancer of viral infection(SEVI)formation and influences its infection-enhancing activity[J].Retrovirology,2018,doi:10.1186/s12977-018-0432-3.
[8]Ortega J T,Suárez A I,Serrano M L,et al.The role of the glycosyl moiety of myricetin derivatives in anti-HIV-1activity in vitro[J].AIDS Res Ther,2017,doi:10.1186/s12981-017-0183-6.
[9]Hou W,Hu S,Su Z,et al.Myricetin attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and mouse models[J].Future Med Chem,2018,10(19):2253-2264.
[10]Kandasamy N,Ashokkumar N.Protective effect of bioflavonoid myricetin enhances carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and insulin signaling molecules in streptozotocin-cadmium induced diabetic nephrotoxic rats[J].Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2014,279(2):173-185.
[11]Su H M,Feng L N,Zheng X D,et al.Myricetin protects against diet-induced obesity and ameliorates oxidative stress in C57BL/6 mice[J].J Zhejiang Univ Sci B,2016,17(6):437-446.
[12]Guo J,Meng Y,Zhao Y,et al.Myricetin derived from Hovenia dulcis Thunb.ameliorates vascular endothelial dysfunction and liver injury in high choline-fed mice[J].Food Funct,2015,6(5):1620-1634.
[13]Tiwari R,Mohan M,Kasture S,et al.Cardioprotective potential of myricetin in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats[J].Phytother Res,2009,23(10):1361-1366.
[14]Iyer S C,Gopal A,Halagowder D.Myricetin induces apoptosis by inhibiting P21 activated kinase 1(PAK1)signaling cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Mol Cell Biochem,2015,407(1/2):223-237.
[15]Tong Y,Zhou X M,Wang S J,et al.Analgesic activity of myricetin isolated from Myrica rubra Sieb.et Zucc.leaves[J].Arch Pharm Res,2009,32(4):527-533.
[16]Chang Y,Chang C Y,Wang S J,et al.Myricetin inhibits the release of glutamate in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals[J].J Med Food,2015,18(5):516-523.
[17]Silva L N,Da Hora G C A,Soares T A,et al.Myricetin protects Galleria mellonella against Staphylococcus aureus infection and inhibits multiple virulence factors[J].Sci Rep,2017,doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02712-1.
[18]Arita-Morioka K,Yamanaka K,Mizunoe Y,et al.Novel strategy for biofilm inhibition by using small molecules targeting molecular chaperone DnaK[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2015,59(1):633-641.
[19]张莉静,王明谦.杨梅素体内抗菌抗炎药效学研究[J].时珍国医国药,2010,21(12):3221-3222.
[20]Rocha G R,Salamanca E J F,de Barros A L,et al.Effect of tt-farnesol and myricetin on in vitro biofilm formed by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans[J].BMCCompl Altern Med,2018,doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2132-x.
[21]Niu X,Sun L,Wang G,et al.Investigation of the inhibition effect and mechanism of myricetin to suilysin by molecular modeling[J].Sci Rep,2017,doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12168-y.
[22]Yu M S,Lee J,Lee J M,et al.Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARScoronavirus helicase,ns P13[J].Bioorg Med Chem Lett,2012,22(12):4049-4054.
[23]Pasetto S,Pardi V,Murata R M.Anti-HIV-1 activity of flavonoid myricetin on HIV-1 infection in a dual-chamber in vitro model[J].PLoS One,2014,9(12):e115323.
[24]Cho B O,Yin H H,Park S H,et al.Anti-inflammatory activity of myricetin from Diospyros lotus through suppression of NF-κB and STAT1 activation and Nrf2-mediated HO-1 induction in lipopolysaccharidestimulated RAW264.7 macrophages[J].Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2016,80(8):1520-1530.
[25]Kim J E,Kwon J Y,Lee D E,et al.MKK4 is a novel target for the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alphainduced vascular endothelial growth factor expression by myricetin[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2009,77(3):412-421.
[26]Wang S J,Tong Y,Lu S,et al.Anti-inflammatory activity of myricetin isolated from Myrica rubra Sieb.et Zucc.leaves[J].Planta Med,2010,76(14):1492-1496.
[27]Zhao J,Hong T,Dong M,et al.Protective effect of myricetin in dextran sulphate sodium-induced murine ulcerative colitis[J].Mol Med Rep,2013,7(2):565-570.
[28]Zhang M J,Su H,Yan J Y,et al.Chemopreventive effect of myricetin,a natural occurring compound,on colonic chronic inflammation and inflammation-driven tumorigenesis in mice[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2018,doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.018.
[29]Yuan X,Liu Y,Hua X,et al.Myricetin ameliorates the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting cathepsin K activity[J].Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol,2015,37(6):513-519.
[30]舒雪莲,陶红,曾昕,等.杨梅素对佐剂性关节炎小鼠滑膜炎症的影响[J].食品工业科技,2016,37(17):340-343.
[31]李小万,司学玲,于占华,等.杨梅素抗类风湿性关节炎作用研究[J].中国医药指南,2011,9(25):212-214.
[32]王勇.杨梅素、葛根素对高尿酸血症的影响及其意义[J].内蒙古中医药,2010(19):9-10.
[33]Grenier D,Chen H,Lagha A B,et al.Dual action of myricetin on porphyromonas gingivalis and the inflammatory response of host cells:A promising therapeutic molecule for periodontal diseases[J].PLoSOne,2015,10(6):e0131758.
[34]Gutiérrez-Venegas G,Alonso Luna O,Ventura-Arroyo JA,et al.Myricetin suppresses lipoteichoic acid-induced interleukin-1βand cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human gingival fibroblasts[J].Microbiol Immunol,2013,57(12):849-856.
[35]Huang J,Wu C,Tian B,et al.Myricetin prevents alveolar bone loss in an experimental ovariectomized mouse model of periodontitis[J].Int J Mol Sci,2016,doi:10.3390/ijms17030422.
[36]Lee D H,Lee C S.Flavonoid myricetin inhibits TNF-α-stimulated production of inflammatory mediators by suppressing the Akt,m TOR and NF-κB pathways in human keratinocytes[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2016,doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.05.025.
[37]Xie J,Zheng Y.Myricetin protects keratinocyte damage induced by UV through IκB/NFκb signaling pathway[J].J Cosmet Dermatol,2017,16(4):444-449.
[38]Huang J H,Huang C C,Fang J Y,et al.Protective effects of myricetin against ultraviolet-B-induced damage in human keratinocytes[J].Toxicol In Vitro,2010,24(1):21-28.
[39]Jung S K,Lee K W,Kim H Y,et al.Myricetin suppresses UVB-induced wrinkle formation and MMP-9 expression by inhibiting Raf[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2010,79(10):1455-1461.
[40]Fu R H,Liu S P,Chu C L,et al.Myricetin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-stimulated activation of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells through suppression of IKK/NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways[J].J Sci Food Agric,2013,93(1):76-84.
[41]Domitrovi?R,Rashed K,Cvijanovi?O,et al.Myricitrin exhibits antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated mice[J].Chem Biol Interact,2015,doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2015.01.030.
[42]Ghassemi-Rad J,Maleki M,Knickle A F,et al.Myricetininduced oxidative stress suppresses murine T lymphocyte activation[J].Cell Biol Int,2018,42(8):1069-1075.
[43]张思哲,严亚锋.杨梅素对小鼠脾淋巴细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞增殖的影响[J].中医药导报,2017,23(6):37-40.
[44]Bertin R,Chen Z,Marin R,et al.Activity of myricetin and other plant-derived polyhydroxyl compounds in human LDL and human vascular endothelial cells against oxidative stress[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2016,doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.019.
[45]Chobot V,Hadacek F.Exploration of pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities of the flavonoid myricetin[J].Redox Rep,2011,16(6):242-247.
[46]Wang Z H,Kang K A,Zhang R,et al.Myricetin suppresses oxidative stress-induced cell damage via both direct and indirect antioxidant action[J].Environ Toxicol Pharmacol,2010,29(1):12-18.
[47]Barzegar A.Antioxidant activity of polyphenolic myricetin in vitro cell-free and cell-based systems[J].Mol Biol Res Commun,2016,5(2):87-95.
[48]Mendes V,Vila?a R,de Freitas V,et al.Effect of myricetin,pyrogallol,and phloroglucinol on yeast resistance to oxidative stress[J].Oxid Med Cell Longev,2015,doi:10.1155/2015/782504.
[49]El-Haleem M R,Kattaia A A,El-Baset S A,et al.Alleviative effect of myricetin on ochratoxin A-induced oxidative stress in rat renal cortex:Histological and biochemical study[J].Histol Histopathol,2016,31(4):441-451.
[50]Pandey K B,Mishra N,Rizvi S I.Protective role of myricetin on markers of oxidative stress in human erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress[J].Nat Prod Commun,2009,4(2):221-226.
[51]Mo S F,Zhou F,Lv Y Z,et al.Hypouricemic action of selected flavonoids in mice:Structure-activity relationships[J].Biol Pharm Bull,2007,30(8):1551-1556.
[52]Zhang C,Zhang G,Liao Y,et al.Myricetin inhibits the generation of superoxide anion by reduced form of xanthine oxidase[J].Food Chem,2017,doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.136.
[53]Kang K A,Wang Z H,Zhang R,et al.Myricetin protects cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via regulation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways[J].Int J Mol Sci,2010,11(11):4348-4360.
[54]李国成,陈楚雄,罗嘉玲,等.杨梅叶降血糖有效部位的化学成分研究[J].中草药,2011,42(5):863-865.
[55]Lee K W,Kang N J,Rogozin E A,et al.Myricetin is a novel natural inhibitor of neoplastic cell transformation and MEK1[J].Carcinogenesis,2007,28(9):1918-1927.
[56]林国钡,谢燕,李国文.杨梅素的研究进展[J].国际药学研究杂志,2012,39(6):483-487.
[57]唐霖,张莉静,王明谦.杨梅中活性成分杨梅素的研究进展[J].中成药,2006,28(1):121-122.
[2]江纪武,肖庆祥.植物药有效成分手册[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1986.
[3]王笑笑,周勇,俞婷婷,等.UPLC-MS/MS法分析10种不同蜜源蜂蜜中的黄酮类组分[J].药物分析杂志,2016,36(12):2180-2189.
[4]张友胜,杨伟丽,龚雨顺.RP-HPLC法测定显齿蛇葡萄中杨梅素的含量[J].中草药,2001,32(11):983-984.
[5]Kumar A,Malik A K,Tewary D K.A new method for determination of myricetin and quercetin using solid phase microextraction-high performance liquid chromatography-ultra violet/visible system in grapes,vegetables and red wine samples[J].Anal Chim Acta,2009,631(2):177-181.
[6]Hassan S M,Khalaf M M,Sadek S A,et al.Protective effects of apigenin and myricetin against cisplatininduced nephrotoxicity in mice[J].Pharm Biol,2017,55(1):766-774.
[7]Ren R,Yin S,Lai B,et al.Myricetin antagonizes semen-derived enhancer of viral infection(SEVI)formation and influences its infection-enhancing activity[J].Retrovirology,2018,doi:10.1186/s12977-018-0432-3.
[8]Ortega J T,Suárez A I,Serrano M L,et al.The role of the glycosyl moiety of myricetin derivatives in anti-HIV-1activity in vitro[J].AIDS Res Ther,2017,doi:10.1186/s12981-017-0183-6.
[9]Hou W,Hu S,Su Z,et al.Myricetin attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and mouse models[J].Future Med Chem,2018,10(19):2253-2264.
[10]Kandasamy N,Ashokkumar N.Protective effect of bioflavonoid myricetin enhances carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and insulin signaling molecules in streptozotocin-cadmium induced diabetic nephrotoxic rats[J].Toxicol Appl Pharmacol,2014,279(2):173-185.
[11]Su H M,Feng L N,Zheng X D,et al.Myricetin protects against diet-induced obesity and ameliorates oxidative stress in C57BL/6 mice[J].J Zhejiang Univ Sci B,2016,17(6):437-446.
[12]Guo J,Meng Y,Zhao Y,et al.Myricetin derived from Hovenia dulcis Thunb.ameliorates vascular endothelial dysfunction and liver injury in high choline-fed mice[J].Food Funct,2015,6(5):1620-1634.
[13]Tiwari R,Mohan M,Kasture S,et al.Cardioprotective potential of myricetin in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar rats[J].Phytother Res,2009,23(10):1361-1366.
[14]Iyer S C,Gopal A,Halagowder D.Myricetin induces apoptosis by inhibiting P21 activated kinase 1(PAK1)signaling cascade in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Mol Cell Biochem,2015,407(1/2):223-237.
[15]Tong Y,Zhou X M,Wang S J,et al.Analgesic activity of myricetin isolated from Myrica rubra Sieb.et Zucc.leaves[J].Arch Pharm Res,2009,32(4):527-533.
[16]Chang Y,Chang C Y,Wang S J,et al.Myricetin inhibits the release of glutamate in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals[J].J Med Food,2015,18(5):516-523.
[17]Silva L N,Da Hora G C A,Soares T A,et al.Myricetin protects Galleria mellonella against Staphylococcus aureus infection and inhibits multiple virulence factors[J].Sci Rep,2017,doi:10.1038/s41598-017-02712-1.
[18]Arita-Morioka K,Yamanaka K,Mizunoe Y,et al.Novel strategy for biofilm inhibition by using small molecules targeting molecular chaperone DnaK[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2015,59(1):633-641.
[19]张莉静,王明谦.杨梅素体内抗菌抗炎药效学研究[J].时珍国医国药,2010,21(12):3221-3222.
[20]Rocha G R,Salamanca E J F,de Barros A L,et al.Effect of tt-farnesol and myricetin on in vitro biofilm formed by Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans[J].BMCCompl Altern Med,2018,doi:10.1186/s12906-018-2132-x.
[21]Niu X,Sun L,Wang G,et al.Investigation of the inhibition effect and mechanism of myricetin to suilysin by molecular modeling[J].Sci Rep,2017,doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12168-y.
[22]Yu M S,Lee J,Lee J M,et al.Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARScoronavirus helicase,ns P13[J].Bioorg Med Chem Lett,2012,22(12):4049-4054.
[23]Pasetto S,Pardi V,Murata R M.Anti-HIV-1 activity of flavonoid myricetin on HIV-1 infection in a dual-chamber in vitro model[J].PLoS One,2014,9(12):e115323.
[24]Cho B O,Yin H H,Park S H,et al.Anti-inflammatory activity of myricetin from Diospyros lotus through suppression of NF-κB and STAT1 activation and Nrf2-mediated HO-1 induction in lipopolysaccharidestimulated RAW264.7 macrophages[J].Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2016,80(8):1520-1530.
[25]Kim J E,Kwon J Y,Lee D E,et al.MKK4 is a novel target for the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alphainduced vascular endothelial growth factor expression by myricetin[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2009,77(3):412-421.
[26]Wang S J,Tong Y,Lu S,et al.Anti-inflammatory activity of myricetin isolated from Myrica rubra Sieb.et Zucc.leaves[J].Planta Med,2010,76(14):1492-1496.
[27]Zhao J,Hong T,Dong M,et al.Protective effect of myricetin in dextran sulphate sodium-induced murine ulcerative colitis[J].Mol Med Rep,2013,7(2):565-570.
[28]Zhang M J,Su H,Yan J Y,et al.Chemopreventive effect of myricetin,a natural occurring compound,on colonic chronic inflammation and inflammation-driven tumorigenesis in mice[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2018,doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.018.
[29]Yuan X,Liu Y,Hua X,et al.Myricetin ameliorates the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting cathepsin K activity[J].Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol,2015,37(6):513-519.
[30]舒雪莲,陶红,曾昕,等.杨梅素对佐剂性关节炎小鼠滑膜炎症的影响[J].食品工业科技,2016,37(17):340-343.
[31]李小万,司学玲,于占华,等.杨梅素抗类风湿性关节炎作用研究[J].中国医药指南,2011,9(25):212-214.
[32]王勇.杨梅素、葛根素对高尿酸血症的影响及其意义[J].内蒙古中医药,2010(19):9-10.
[33]Grenier D,Chen H,Lagha A B,et al.Dual action of myricetin on porphyromonas gingivalis and the inflammatory response of host cells:A promising therapeutic molecule for periodontal diseases[J].PLoSOne,2015,10(6):e0131758.
[34]Gutiérrez-Venegas G,Alonso Luna O,Ventura-Arroyo JA,et al.Myricetin suppresses lipoteichoic acid-induced interleukin-1βand cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human gingival fibroblasts[J].Microbiol Immunol,2013,57(12):849-856.
[35]Huang J,Wu C,Tian B,et al.Myricetin prevents alveolar bone loss in an experimental ovariectomized mouse model of periodontitis[J].Int J Mol Sci,2016,doi:10.3390/ijms17030422.
[36]Lee D H,Lee C S.Flavonoid myricetin inhibits TNF-α-stimulated production of inflammatory mediators by suppressing the Akt,m TOR and NF-κB pathways in human keratinocytes[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2016,doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.05.025.
[37]Xie J,Zheng Y.Myricetin protects keratinocyte damage induced by UV through IκB/NFκb signaling pathway[J].J Cosmet Dermatol,2017,16(4):444-449.
[38]Huang J H,Huang C C,Fang J Y,et al.Protective effects of myricetin against ultraviolet-B-induced damage in human keratinocytes[J].Toxicol In Vitro,2010,24(1):21-28.
[39]Jung S K,Lee K W,Kim H Y,et al.Myricetin suppresses UVB-induced wrinkle formation and MMP-9 expression by inhibiting Raf[J].Biochem Pharmacol,2010,79(10):1455-1461.
[40]Fu R H,Liu S P,Chu C L,et al.Myricetin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-stimulated activation of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells through suppression of IKK/NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways[J].J Sci Food Agric,2013,93(1):76-84.
[41]Domitrovi?R,Rashed K,Cvijanovi?O,et al.Myricitrin exhibits antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity in carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated mice[J].Chem Biol Interact,2015,doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2015.01.030.
[42]Ghassemi-Rad J,Maleki M,Knickle A F,et al.Myricetininduced oxidative stress suppresses murine T lymphocyte activation[J].Cell Biol Int,2018,42(8):1069-1075.
[43]张思哲,严亚锋.杨梅素对小鼠脾淋巴细胞和腹腔巨噬细胞增殖的影响[J].中医药导报,2017,23(6):37-40.
[44]Bertin R,Chen Z,Marin R,et al.Activity of myricetin and other plant-derived polyhydroxyl compounds in human LDL and human vascular endothelial cells against oxidative stress[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2016,doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.019.
[45]Chobot V,Hadacek F.Exploration of pro-oxidant and antioxidant activities of the flavonoid myricetin[J].Redox Rep,2011,16(6):242-247.
[46]Wang Z H,Kang K A,Zhang R,et al.Myricetin suppresses oxidative stress-induced cell damage via both direct and indirect antioxidant action[J].Environ Toxicol Pharmacol,2010,29(1):12-18.
[47]Barzegar A.Antioxidant activity of polyphenolic myricetin in vitro cell-free and cell-based systems[J].Mol Biol Res Commun,2016,5(2):87-95.
[48]Mendes V,Vila?a R,de Freitas V,et al.Effect of myricetin,pyrogallol,and phloroglucinol on yeast resistance to oxidative stress[J].Oxid Med Cell Longev,2015,doi:10.1155/2015/782504.
[49]El-Haleem M R,Kattaia A A,El-Baset S A,et al.Alleviative effect of myricetin on ochratoxin A-induced oxidative stress in rat renal cortex:Histological and biochemical study[J].Histol Histopathol,2016,31(4):441-451.
[50]Pandey K B,Mishra N,Rizvi S I.Protective role of myricetin on markers of oxidative stress in human erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress[J].Nat Prod Commun,2009,4(2):221-226.
[51]Mo S F,Zhou F,Lv Y Z,et al.Hypouricemic action of selected flavonoids in mice:Structure-activity relationships[J].Biol Pharm Bull,2007,30(8):1551-1556.
[52]Zhang C,Zhang G,Liao Y,et al.Myricetin inhibits the generation of superoxide anion by reduced form of xanthine oxidase[J].Food Chem,2017,doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.136.
[53]Kang K A,Wang Z H,Zhang R,et al.Myricetin protects cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis via regulation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways[J].Int J Mol Sci,2010,11(11):4348-4360.
[54]李国成,陈楚雄,罗嘉玲,等.杨梅叶降血糖有效部位的化学成分研究[J].中草药,2011,42(5):863-865.
[55]Lee K W,Kang N J,Rogozin E A,et al.Myricetin is a novel natural inhibitor of neoplastic cell transformation and MEK1[J].Carcinogenesis,2007,28(9):1918-1927.
[56]林国钡,谢燕,李国文.杨梅素的研究进展[J].国际药学研究杂志,2012,39(6):483-487.
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