沙生短命植物角茴香群落特征及生物学特性
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摘要
采用抽样调查的方法对古尔班通古特沙漠南缘的8个角茴香自然群落的群落特征和生物生态学特性进行调查,对其群落特征和花部特征进行初步探究,为进一步对其传粉适应性以及繁育系统特征的研究奠定基础。结果表明:(1)角茴香群落中包含30种植物,隶属于15科28属,单种科、单种属较多。(2)根据群落组成和重要值可将8个角茴香自然群落划分为3个群丛,分别是角茴香+草地早熟禾+白茎绢蒿群丛、角茴香+艾比湖沙拐枣+白茎绢蒿群丛和角茴香+白茎绢蒿+蛇麻黄群丛。(3)角茴香种群、单株、花序和单花的花期分别历时37~40d、14~16d、13~15d和1~2d,单株结籽量700~900粒,种子千粒重(0.291 0±0.002 7)g,单花具有特殊的中裂片结构,具有雄蕊拟态和花粉二次呈现的功能。
The evolution of community characteristics and biological characteristics of plant is always one of the core problems in the field of community ecology and reproductive ecology.The significance and protection work of psammophytes ephemeral plant under special ecosystem have caused the entensive concern in recent years.With the ability of contributing to maintain desert stabilization,Hypecoum erectum,as a kind of psammophytes ephemeral plant,mainly distributed in the Junggar Desert and completed the whole growth in the spring spending only two months.We did our research in wild populations in the south edge of Gurbantunggut desert,Xinjiang,China.Using the method of sampling survey to investigate the community characteristics and the flower bio-ecological characteristics of 8populations,the results indicated that:(1)the average height of the H.erectumplants is(13.54±1.24)cm,crown of east-west and south-north is(15.50±1.81)cm and(14.53±1.75)cm,respectively.The seed of H.erectumis small with the thousand seed weight(0.291 0±0.002 7)g,flowering phase last nearly fifty days from late April to early June,as tothe fruiting phase cost nearly two months from mid May to early July,which shows no obvious difference between 2013 and 2014.Thirty species were recorded from the natural communities of H.erectum,which belong to 28 genus of 15 families,during which the family of single specie and genera of single specie amount a lot,showing a distinct flora dominance.Compositae,Chenopodiaceae and Cruciferae were the dominant families accounting for 23.3%,13.3% and 10.0%,respectively.There is a big diversity of the live form with only one species in tree layer,three species in brushwood layer and twenty-six species in herb layer.The floral element analysis of genus indicated that the Mediterranean element and West Asia to Mid Asia element account for the large part of the H.erectumcommunity,which has the typical flora of Mediterranean xerophyte characteristics.(2)According to the community constitution and important value,the 8populations can be divided into three associations,the first is H.erectum+Poa pratensis+Seriphidium terrae-albae,the second is H.erectum+Calligonum ebinuricum+Seriphidium terrae-albae and the third is H.erectum+Seriphidium terrae-albae+Ephedra distachya.(3)We chose the 3th sample from 8population to observe the floral characteristics,results showed that the flowering span of the population,individual,inflorescence and single flowering were approximately 37-40 d,14-16 d,13-15 dand 1-2d,respectively.The life span of single flower would prolong 2dwhen overcast and rain occurred.This floral trait is an adaptive exhibition to desert environment.H.erectum has elaborate floral characteristics.The middle lobe on the two inner petals is specialized as a yellow cucullate structure.The middle lobe will reflexively wrap the anther as soon as the anther dehiscence,obtaining pollen and growing upward.The cucullate structure is the key function organ in stamen mimicry and secondary pollen presentation.By researching the characteristics of floral of H.erectum,a theoretical basis can be provided to explore the pollination adaptability and breeding system characteristics.
The evolution of community characteristics and biological characteristics of plant is always one of the core problems in the field of community ecology and reproductive ecology.The significance and protection work of psammophytes ephemeral plant under special ecosystem have caused the entensive concern in recent years.With the ability of contributing to maintain desert stabilization,Hypecoum erectum,as a kind of psammophytes ephemeral plant,mainly distributed in the Junggar Desert and completed the whole growth in the spring spending only two months.We did our research in wild populations in the south edge of Gurbantunggut desert,Xinjiang,China.Using the method of sampling survey to investigate the community characteristics and the flower bio-ecological characteristics of 8populations,the results indicated that:(1)the average height of the H.erectumplants is(13.54±1.24)cm,crown of east-west and south-north is(15.50±1.81)cm and(14.53±1.75)cm,respectively.The seed of H.erectumis small with the thousand seed weight(0.291 0±0.002 7)g,flowering phase last nearly fifty days from late April to early June,as tothe fruiting phase cost nearly two months from mid May to early July,which shows no obvious difference between 2013 and 2014.Thirty species were recorded from the natural communities of H.erectum,which belong to 28 genus of 15 families,during which the family of single specie and genera of single specie amount a lot,showing a distinct flora dominance.Compositae,Chenopodiaceae and Cruciferae were the dominant families accounting for 23.3%,13.3% and 10.0%,respectively.There is a big diversity of the live form with only one species in tree layer,three species in brushwood layer and twenty-six species in herb layer.The floral element analysis of genus indicated that the Mediterranean element and West Asia to Mid Asia element account for the large part of the H.erectumcommunity,which has the typical flora of Mediterranean xerophyte characteristics.(2)According to the community constitution and important value,the 8populations can be divided into three associations,the first is H.erectum+Poa pratensis+Seriphidium terrae-albae,the second is H.erectum+Calligonum ebinuricum+Seriphidium terrae-albae and the third is H.erectum+Seriphidium terrae-albae+Ephedra distachya.(3)We chose the 3th sample from 8population to observe the floral characteristics,results showed that the flowering span of the population,individual,inflorescence and single flowering were approximately 37-40 d,14-16 d,13-15 dand 1-2d,respectively.The life span of single flower would prolong 2dwhen overcast and rain occurred.This floral trait is an adaptive exhibition to desert environment.H.erectum has elaborate floral characteristics.The middle lobe on the two inner petals is specialized as a yellow cucullate structure.The middle lobe will reflexively wrap the anther as soon as the anther dehiscence,obtaining pollen and growing upward.The cucullate structure is the key function organ in stamen mimicry and secondary pollen presentation.By researching the characteristics of floral of H.erectum,a theoretical basis can be provided to explore the pollination adaptability and breeding system characteristics.
引文
[1]WANG Y(王烨).The phenological observation of ephemeral and similar ephemeral plant in Xinjiang[J].Arid Zone Research(干旱区研究),1993,10(3):34-39(in Chinese).
[2]LEI G L(雷国莲),YAN Y G(颜永刚),LUO X H(罗小红).Erect Hypecoum:it is pharmacognostic studies[J].Journal of Shaanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine(陕西中医学院学报),2003,26(4):52-54(in Chinese).
[3]WANG Z X(王宗霞),WANG K(王琨).Introduce a fine variety Inner experiment of Hypecoum erectum L.[J].Inner Mongolia Agricultural Science and Technology(内蒙古农业科技),2004,(3):13-15(in Chinese).
[4]庞珂佳.角茴香的化感潜力评价及其机理初析[D].陕西杨陵:西北农林科技大学,2008.
[5]YAKHONTOVA L D,KOMAROVA M N,PERELSON M E,et al.Alkaloids of Hypecoum erectum structure of Hypecorine and Hypecorinine[J].Chemistry of Natural Compounds,1974,8(5):592-595.
[6]VAROL P,GOKAY A,TEKANT G,et al.Nitrotyrasanguinarine:an unusual nitrated benzophenanthridine alkaloid from Hypecoumspecies[J].Journal of Natural Products,1989,52(4):716-719.
[7]HILDEBRAND F.ber die Bestubungsvorrichtungen bei den Fumariaceen[J].Jahrbuch Wiss Botany,1869,7:423-471.
[8]ASLOG E D.Taxonomic and morphological studies in Hypecoumsect.Hypecoum(Papaveraceae)[J].Plant Systematics and Evolution,1989,163:227-280.
[9]ZHANG L Y(张立运),CHEN CH D(陈昌笃).On the general characteristics of plant diversity of Gurbantunggut sandy desert[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2002,22(11):1 923-1 932(in Chinese).
[10]QIAN Y B(钱亦兵),WU ZH N(吴兆宁),ZHANG L Y(张立运),et al.The spatial distribution characteristics for the ephemeral plant of Gurbantunggut desert[J].Chinese Science Bulletin(科学通报),2007,52(19):2 299-2 306(in Chinese).
[11]WU ZH Y(吴征镒).The problems of Chinese plant area[J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica(云南植物研究),1979,1(1):1-20(in Chinese).
[12]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京:科学出版社.2004.
[13]DUFRENE M,LEGENDRE P.Species assemblages and indicator species:the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach[J].Ecological Monographs,1997,67:345-366.
[14]SHI SH(石莎),FENG J ZH(冯金朝),ZOU X Y(邹学勇).The influence of different terrain conditions for desert plant growth and the soil water content[J].Arid Land Geography(干旱区地理),2007,30(6):846-850(in Chinese).
[15]ENDRESS P K,MATTHEWS M L.Elaborate petals and staminodes in endicots:diversity,function,and evolution[J].Organisms Diversity&Evolution,2006,6(4):257-293.
[16]LUNAN K.The ecology and evolution of visual pollen signals[J].Plant Systematics and Evolution,2000,222:89-111.
[17]THIEN L B,MARCKS B G.The floral biology of Aretbusa bulbosa,Calopogon tuberosus,and Pogonia opbioglossoides[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,1972,50:2 315-2 319.
[18]MAGING N,CLASSEN R,GACK C.The morphology of false anthers in Craterostigma plantagineum and Torenia polygonoides[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,1989,67(7):1 931-1 937.
[19]WANG X Q(王雪芹),JIANG J(蒋进),LEI J Q(雷加强),et al.Psammophytes ephemeral plant distributing and its sand surface stability on Gurbantunggut desert[J].Acta Geographica Sinica(地理学报),2003,58(3):598-605(in Chinese).
[20]范俊峰.基于多种群尺度3种独尾草属植物繁育系统的比较[D].新疆石河子:石河子大学,2008.
[21]LIAO W J(廖万金),WANG ZH M(王峥媚),XIE L N(谢丽娜),et al.Floral advertisement and rewards in bumblebee-pollinated Aconitum kusnezoffii(Ranunculaceae)[J].Biodiversity Science(生物多样性),2007,15(6):618-625(in Chinese).
[22]XIAO Y A(肖宜安),HE P(何平),LI X H(李晓红).Floarl syndrome and breeding system of the endangered plant Disanthus cercidifolius Maxim var.longipes[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2004,28(3):333-340(in Chinese).
[23]李新蓉.沙冬青属植物繁殖生物学研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2006.
[24]REN M X(任明讯).Intra floral stamen differentiations and their adaptive significances[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2009,33(1):222-236(in Chinese).
[2]LEI G L(雷国莲),YAN Y G(颜永刚),LUO X H(罗小红).Erect Hypecoum:it is pharmacognostic studies[J].Journal of Shaanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine(陕西中医学院学报),2003,26(4):52-54(in Chinese).
[3]WANG Z X(王宗霞),WANG K(王琨).Introduce a fine variety Inner experiment of Hypecoum erectum L.[J].Inner Mongolia Agricultural Science and Technology(内蒙古农业科技),2004,(3):13-15(in Chinese).
[4]庞珂佳.角茴香的化感潜力评价及其机理初析[D].陕西杨陵:西北农林科技大学,2008.
[5]YAKHONTOVA L D,KOMAROVA M N,PERELSON M E,et al.Alkaloids of Hypecoum erectum structure of Hypecorine and Hypecorinine[J].Chemistry of Natural Compounds,1974,8(5):592-595.
[6]VAROL P,GOKAY A,TEKANT G,et al.Nitrotyrasanguinarine:an unusual nitrated benzophenanthridine alkaloid from Hypecoumspecies[J].Journal of Natural Products,1989,52(4):716-719.
[7]HILDEBRAND F.ber die Bestubungsvorrichtungen bei den Fumariaceen[J].Jahrbuch Wiss Botany,1869,7:423-471.
[8]ASLOG E D.Taxonomic and morphological studies in Hypecoumsect.Hypecoum(Papaveraceae)[J].Plant Systematics and Evolution,1989,163:227-280.
[9]ZHANG L Y(张立运),CHEN CH D(陈昌笃).On the general characteristics of plant diversity of Gurbantunggut sandy desert[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2002,22(11):1 923-1 932(in Chinese).
[10]QIAN Y B(钱亦兵),WU ZH N(吴兆宁),ZHANG L Y(张立运),et al.The spatial distribution characteristics for the ephemeral plant of Gurbantunggut desert[J].Chinese Science Bulletin(科学通报),2007,52(19):2 299-2 306(in Chinese).
[11]WU ZH Y(吴征镒).The problems of Chinese plant area[J].Acta Botanica Yunnanica(云南植物研究),1979,1(1):1-20(in Chinese).
[12]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京:科学出版社.2004.
[13]DUFRENE M,LEGENDRE P.Species assemblages and indicator species:the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach[J].Ecological Monographs,1997,67:345-366.
[14]SHI SH(石莎),FENG J ZH(冯金朝),ZOU X Y(邹学勇).The influence of different terrain conditions for desert plant growth and the soil water content[J].Arid Land Geography(干旱区地理),2007,30(6):846-850(in Chinese).
[15]ENDRESS P K,MATTHEWS M L.Elaborate petals and staminodes in endicots:diversity,function,and evolution[J].Organisms Diversity&Evolution,2006,6(4):257-293.
[16]LUNAN K.The ecology and evolution of visual pollen signals[J].Plant Systematics and Evolution,2000,222:89-111.
[17]THIEN L B,MARCKS B G.The floral biology of Aretbusa bulbosa,Calopogon tuberosus,and Pogonia opbioglossoides[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,1972,50:2 315-2 319.
[18]MAGING N,CLASSEN R,GACK C.The morphology of false anthers in Craterostigma plantagineum and Torenia polygonoides[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,1989,67(7):1 931-1 937.
[19]WANG X Q(王雪芹),JIANG J(蒋进),LEI J Q(雷加强),et al.Psammophytes ephemeral plant distributing and its sand surface stability on Gurbantunggut desert[J].Acta Geographica Sinica(地理学报),2003,58(3):598-605(in Chinese).
[20]范俊峰.基于多种群尺度3种独尾草属植物繁育系统的比较[D].新疆石河子:石河子大学,2008.
[21]LIAO W J(廖万金),WANG ZH M(王峥媚),XIE L N(谢丽娜),et al.Floral advertisement and rewards in bumblebee-pollinated Aconitum kusnezoffii(Ranunculaceae)[J].Biodiversity Science(生物多样性),2007,15(6):618-625(in Chinese).
[22]XIAO Y A(肖宜安),HE P(何平),LI X H(李晓红).Floarl syndrome and breeding system of the endangered plant Disanthus cercidifolius Maxim var.longipes[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2004,28(3):333-340(in Chinese).
[23]李新蓉.沙冬青属植物繁殖生物学研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2006.
[24]REN M X(任明讯).Intra floral stamen differentiations and their adaptive significances[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology(植物生态学报),2009,33(1):222-236(in Chinese).