机械因素对组织工程干细胞增殖和分化的影响
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摘要
背景:随着组织工程技术的发展和再生肌腱研究的深入,将解决传统肌腱移植所引起的诸多问题。目的:依据肌腱自身性质、干细胞的优缺点、机械力学系统的特点以及相应的力学系统对种子细胞的影响进行评价与展望。方法:检索中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)、中国知识资源总库(CNKI)系列数据库、中文科技期刊数据库、Pub Med数据库2005年1月至2015年12月收录的肌腱组织工程相关综述和论文报告,检索词为组织工程(tissue engineering),肌腱(tendon),肌腱干细胞(tendon stem cell),力学刺激(mechanical stimulation),种子细胞(seeding cells),最终纳入63篇文献进行分析。结果与结论:1各种干细胞及相应的力学系统在组织工程的应用中各有优势和不足,研究者可根据研究需要加以选择;2肌腱干细胞在再生肌腱领域里应用有着广阔的前景,通过合适、精确、温和的机械力学刺激将肌腱干细胞培养成为满足需要的肌腱组织,将为医生和患者改善肌腱损伤后临床愈合效果提供另一种选择。
BACKGROUND: With the development of tissue engineering technology and the deep research of tendon regeneration, many problems caused by traditional tendon transplantation will be solved. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and prospect the effects of corresponding mechanical systems on seeding cells based on the characters of tendon, stem cells as well as mechanical systems. METHODS: CBM, CNKI, Cq Vip and Pub Med databases were retrieved for reviews and articles related to tissue-engineered tendon published from January in 2005 to December in 2015. The keywords were "tissue engineering, tendon, tendon stem cell, mechanical stimulation and seeding cells" in Chinese and English, respectively. Finally a total of 63 articles were selected for overview. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: As all kinds of stem cells and the corresponding mechanical systems exhibit advantages and disadvantages when applied for tissue engineering, it is advisable to make appropriate choices according to the research needs. Tendon stem cells show a broad application prospect in tendon regeneration, which will grow into required tendon tissues through appropriate, accurate and gentle mechanical stimulations, thereby providing another alternative to improve the tendon healing.
BACKGROUND: With the development of tissue engineering technology and the deep research of tendon regeneration, many problems caused by traditional tendon transplantation will be solved. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and prospect the effects of corresponding mechanical systems on seeding cells based on the characters of tendon, stem cells as well as mechanical systems. METHODS: CBM, CNKI, Cq Vip and Pub Med databases were retrieved for reviews and articles related to tissue-engineered tendon published from January in 2005 to December in 2015. The keywords were "tissue engineering, tendon, tendon stem cell, mechanical stimulation and seeding cells" in Chinese and English, respectively. Finally a total of 63 articles were selected for overview. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: As all kinds of stem cells and the corresponding mechanical systems exhibit advantages and disadvantages when applied for tissue engineering, it is advisable to make appropriate choices according to the research needs. Tendon stem cells show a broad application prospect in tendon regeneration, which will grow into required tendon tissues through appropriate, accurate and gentle mechanical stimulations, thereby providing another alternative to improve the tendon healing.
引文
[1]Rui YF,Lui PP,Li G,et al.Isolation and characterization of multipotent rat tendon-derived stem cells.Tissue Eng Part A.2010;16(5):1549-1558.
[2]Yin Z,Chen X,Chen JL,et al.The regulation of tendon stem cell differentiation by the alignment of nanofibers.Biomaterials.2010;31(8):2163-2175.
[3]Tan Q,Lui PP,Rui YF,et al.Comparison of potentials of stem cells isolated from tendon and bone marrow for musculoskeletal tissue engineering.Tissue Eng Part A.2012;18(7-8):840-851.
[4]Cohnheim J.Ueber Entzündung und Eiterung.Path Anat Physiol Klin Med.1867;40(1-2):1-79.
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[6]Friedenstein AJ,Piatetzky-Shapiro II,Petrakova KV.Osteogenesis in transplants of bone marrow cells.J Embryol Exp Morphol.1966;16(3):381-390.
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[8]Santos TS,Abuna RP,Castro Raucci LM,et al.Mesenchymal Stem Cells Repress Osteoblast Differentiation Under Osteogenic-Inducing Conditions.J Cell Biochem.2015;116(12):2896-2902.
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[10]Klein G,Hart ML,Brinchmann JE,et al.Mesenchymal stromal cells for sphincter regeneration.Adv Drug Deliv Rev.2015;82-83:123-136.
[11]Yu J,Tu YK,Tang YB,et al.Stemness and transdifferentiation of adipose-derived stem cells using L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate-induced cell sheet formation.Biomaterials.2014;35(11):3516-3526.
[12]Lin CY,Huang CH,Wu YK,et al.Maintenance of human adipose derived stem cell(h ASC)differentiation capabilities using a 3D culture.Biotechnol Lett.2014;36(7):1529-1537.
[13]Sekiya N,Tobita K,Beckman S,et al.Muscle-derived stem cell sheets support pump function and prevent cardiac arrhythmias in a model of chronic myocardial infarction.Mol Ther.2013;21(3):662-669.
[14]Dominici M,Le Blanc K,Mueller I,et al.Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells.The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement.Cytotherapy.2006;8(4):315-317.
[15]Dimarino AM,Caplan AI,Bonfield TL.Mesenchymal stem cells in tissue repair.Front Immunol.2013;4:201.
[16]Vanikar AV,Trivedi HL,Kumar A,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells and transplant tolerance.Nephrology(Carlton).2014;19(7):369-374.
[17]Lin CC,Fu SJ.Osteogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells on poly(dopamine)-coated electrospun poly(lactic acid)fiber mats.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2016;58:254-263.
[18]Zheng X,Wang W,Liu S,et al.Enhancement of chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit mesenchymal stem cells by oriented nanofiber yarn-collagen type I/hyaluronate hybrid.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2016;58:1071-1076.
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[21]胡超,唐康来,陈万,等.大鼠跟腱来源肌腱干细胞的分离培养及鉴定[J].第三军医大学学报,2013,35(11):1097-1101.
[22]Zhou Z,Akinbiyi T,Xu L,et al.Tendon-derived stem/progenitor cell aging:defective self-renewal and altered fate.Aging Cell.2010;9(5):911-915.
[23]Zhang J,Wang JH.Characterization of differential properties of rabbit tendon stem cells and tenocytes.BMC Musculoskelet Disord.2010;11:10.
[24]Rui YF,Lui PP,Li G,et al.Isolation and characterization of multipotent rat tendon-derived stem cells.Tissue Eng Part A.2010;16(5):1549-1558.
[25]Yin Z,Chen X,Chen JL,et al.The regulation of tendon stem cell differentiation by the alignment of nanofibers.Biomaterials.2010;31(8):2163-2175.
[26]Evans MJ,Kaufman MH.Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos.Nature.1981;292(5819):154-156.
[27]Martin GR.Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1981;78(12):7634-7638.
[28]Brook FA,Gardner RL.The origin and efficient derivation of embryonic stem cells in the mouse.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1997;94(11):5709-5712.
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[31]Moreadith RW,Graves KH.Derivation of pluripotential embryonic stem cells from the rabbit.Trans Assoc Am Physicians.1992;105:197-203.
[32]Mitalipova M,Beyhan Z,First NL.Pluripotency of bovine embryonic cell line derived from precompacting embryos.Cloning.2001;3(2):59-67.
[33]Yamashita A,Takada T,Omatsu-Kanbe M,et al.Monkey embryonic stem cells differentiate into adipocytes in vitro.Cloning Stem Cells.2006;8(1):3-9.
[34]Nakamura K,Aizawa K,Yamauchi J,et al.Hyperforin inhibits cell proliferation and differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells.Cell Prolif.2013;46(5):529-537.
[35]Maya-Espinosa G,Collazo-Navarrete O,Millán-Aldaco D,et al.Mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cells reveal niches that support neuronal differentiation in the adult rat brain.Stem Cells.2015;33(2):491-502.
[36]Khan M,Nickoloff E,Abramova T,et al.Embryonic stem cell-derived exosomes promote endogenous repair mechanisms and enhance cardiac function following myocardial infarction.Circ Res.2015;117(1):52-64.
[37]徐源.周期张应力下TDSCs与(PLLA-CL)-Col支架构建组织工程肌腱的研究[D].重庆:第三军医大学,2014.
[38]Woff J.The Law of Bone Remo deling.Berlin:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.1986.
[39]Wang JH,Guo Q,Li B.Tendon biomechanics and mechanobiology-a minireview of basic concepts and recent advancements.J Hand Ther.2012;25(2):133-140.
[40]Sinlapabodin S,Amornsudthiwat P,Damrongsakkul S,et al.An axial distribution of seeding,proliferation,and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells across a 3D Thai silk fibroin/gelatin/hydroxyapatite scaffold in a perfusion bioreactor.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2016;58:960-970.
[41]Killian ML,Cavinatto L,Galatz LM,et al.The role of mechanobiology in tendon healing.J Shoulder Elbow Surg.2012;21(2):228-237.
[42]Cunha B,Aguiar T,Silva MM,et al.Exploring continuous and integrated strategies for the up-and downstream processing of human mesenchymal stem cells.J Biotechnol.2015;213:97-108.
[43]Hynes RO.Integrins:versatility,modulation,and signaling in cell adhesion.Cell.1992;69(1):11-25.
[44]Simmons CA,Matlis S,Thornton AJ,et al.Cyclic strain enhances matrix mineralization by adult human mesenchymal stem cells via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK1/2)signaling pathway.J Biomech.2003;36(8):1087-1096.
[45]Jang JY,Lee SW,Park SH,et al.Combined effects of surface morphology and mechanical straining magnitudes on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells without using biochemical reagents.J Biomed Biotechnol.2011;2011:860652.
[46]王秋实,杨孝勤,朱晓文,等.动静态不同牵张条件下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖与分化[J].中国组织工程研究,2013,17(36):6396-6402.
[47]Song G,Ju Y,Shen X,et al.Mechanical stretch promotes proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.Col oids Surf B Biointerfaces.2007;58(2):271-277.
[48]黎润光,邵景范,魏明发,等.牵张应力对人骨髓间充质干细胞增殖及细胞周期的影响[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,11(7):1247-1251.
[49]赵红斌,张西正,吴金辉,等.不同应变对骨髓间充质干细胞系细胞骨架影响的研究[J].激光生物学报,2007,16(1):12-17.
[50]杨广华.机械牵伸频率对肌腱干细胞增殖分化的影响[D].重庆:第三军医大学,2014.
[51]Zhang J,Wang JH.Mechanobiological response of tendon stem cells:implications of tendon homeostasis and pathogenesis of tendinopathy.J Orthop Res.2010;28(5):639-643.
[52]Shi Y,Fu Y,Tong W,et al.Uniaxial mechanical tension promoted osteogenic differentiation of rat tendonderived stem cells(r TDSCs)via the Wnt5a-Rho A pathway.J Cell Biochem.2012;113(10):3133-3142.
[53]Nonaka S,Shiratori H,Saijoh Y,et al.Determination of left-right patterning of the mouse embryo by artificial nodal flow.Nature.2002;418(6893):96-99.
[54]邢宏力,边云飞武卫东,等.流体剪切力对5-氮杂胞苷诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化的影响[J].中国动脉硬化杂志,2010,18(12):951-955.
[55]Yamamoto K,Sokabe T,Watabe T,et al.Fluid shear stress induces differentiation of Flk-1-positive embryonic stem cells into vascular endothelial cells in vitro.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.2005;288(4):H1915-1924.
[56]Kreke MR,Goldstein AS.Hydrodynamic shear stimulates osteocalcin expression but not proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells.Tissue Eng.2004;10(5-6):780-788.
[57]Li YJ,Batra NN,You L,et al.Oscillatory fluid flow affects human marrow stromal cell proliferation and differentiation.J Orthop Res.2004;22(6):1283-1289.
[58]Kreke MR,Huckle WR,Goldstein AS.Fluid flow stimulates expression of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein by bone marrow stromal cells in a temporally dependent manner.Bone.2005;36(6):1047-1055.
[59]Riddle RC,Taylor AF,Genetos DC,et al.MAP kinase and calcium signaling mediate fluid flow-induced human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.Am J Physiol Cell Physiol.2006;290(3):C776-784.
[60]Adamo L,Naveiras O,Wenzel PL,et al.Biomechanical forces promote embryonic haematopoiesis.Nature.2009;459(7250):1131-1135.
[61]王秋实,杨孝勤,朱晓文,等.动静态不同牵张条件下大鼠骨髓间充质干的增殖与分化[J].中国组织工程研究,2013,17(36):6396-6402.
[62]Kobayashi N,Yasu T,Ueba H,et al.Mechanical stress promotes the expression of smooth muscle-like properties in marrow stromal cells.Exp Hematol.2004;32(12):1238-1245.
[63]He J,Wu F,Wang D,et al.Modulation of cationicity of chitosan for tuning mesenchymal stem cell adhesion,proliferation,and differentiation.Biointerphases.2015;10(4):04A304.
[2]Yin Z,Chen X,Chen JL,et al.The regulation of tendon stem cell differentiation by the alignment of nanofibers.Biomaterials.2010;31(8):2163-2175.
[3]Tan Q,Lui PP,Rui YF,et al.Comparison of potentials of stem cells isolated from tendon and bone marrow for musculoskeletal tissue engineering.Tissue Eng Part A.2012;18(7-8):840-851.
[4]Cohnheim J.Ueber Entzündung und Eiterung.Path Anat Physiol Klin Med.1867;40(1-2):1-79.
[5]Friedenstein AJ,Gorskaja JF,Kulagina NN.Fibroblast precursors in normal and irradiated mouse hematopoietic organs.Exp Hematol.1976;4(5):267-274.
[6]Friedenstein AJ,Piatetzky-Shapiro II,Petrakova KV.Osteogenesis in transplants of bone marrow cells.J Embryol Exp Morphol.1966;16(3):381-390.
[7]Horwitz EM,Le Blanc K,Dominici M,et al.Clarification of the nomenclature for MSC:The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement.Cytotherapy.2005;7(5):393-395.
[8]Santos TS,Abuna RP,Castro Raucci LM,et al.Mesenchymal Stem Cells Repress Osteoblast Differentiation Under Osteogenic-Inducing Conditions.J Cell Biochem.2015;116(12):2896-2902.
[9]Dominici M,Le Blanc K,Mueller I,et al.Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells.The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement.Cytotherapy.2006;8(4):315-317.
[10]Klein G,Hart ML,Brinchmann JE,et al.Mesenchymal stromal cells for sphincter regeneration.Adv Drug Deliv Rev.2015;82-83:123-136.
[11]Yu J,Tu YK,Tang YB,et al.Stemness and transdifferentiation of adipose-derived stem cells using L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate-induced cell sheet formation.Biomaterials.2014;35(11):3516-3526.
[12]Lin CY,Huang CH,Wu YK,et al.Maintenance of human adipose derived stem cell(h ASC)differentiation capabilities using a 3D culture.Biotechnol Lett.2014;36(7):1529-1537.
[13]Sekiya N,Tobita K,Beckman S,et al.Muscle-derived stem cell sheets support pump function and prevent cardiac arrhythmias in a model of chronic myocardial infarction.Mol Ther.2013;21(3):662-669.
[14]Dominici M,Le Blanc K,Mueller I,et al.Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells.The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement.Cytotherapy.2006;8(4):315-317.
[15]Dimarino AM,Caplan AI,Bonfield TL.Mesenchymal stem cells in tissue repair.Front Immunol.2013;4:201.
[16]Vanikar AV,Trivedi HL,Kumar A,et al.Mesenchymal stem cells and transplant tolerance.Nephrology(Carlton).2014;19(7):369-374.
[17]Lin CC,Fu SJ.Osteogenesis of human adipose-derived stem cells on poly(dopamine)-coated electrospun poly(lactic acid)fiber mats.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2016;58:254-263.
[18]Zheng X,Wang W,Liu S,et al.Enhancement of chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit mesenchymal stem cells by oriented nanofiber yarn-collagen type I/hyaluronate hybrid.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2016;58:1071-1076.
[19]de Mos M,Koevoet WJ,Jahr H,et al.Intrinsic differentiation potential of adolescent human tendon tissue:an in-vitro cell differentiation study.BMC Musculoskelet Disord.2007;8:16.
[20]秦胜男,王文,傅世铨,等.人髌腱干细胞的分离培养与鉴定[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2014,22(24):2269-2276.
[21]胡超,唐康来,陈万,等.大鼠跟腱来源肌腱干细胞的分离培养及鉴定[J].第三军医大学学报,2013,35(11):1097-1101.
[22]Zhou Z,Akinbiyi T,Xu L,et al.Tendon-derived stem/progenitor cell aging:defective self-renewal and altered fate.Aging Cell.2010;9(5):911-915.
[23]Zhang J,Wang JH.Characterization of differential properties of rabbit tendon stem cells and tenocytes.BMC Musculoskelet Disord.2010;11:10.
[24]Rui YF,Lui PP,Li G,et al.Isolation and characterization of multipotent rat tendon-derived stem cells.Tissue Eng Part A.2010;16(5):1549-1558.
[25]Yin Z,Chen X,Chen JL,et al.The regulation of tendon stem cell differentiation by the alignment of nanofibers.Biomaterials.2010;31(8):2163-2175.
[26]Evans MJ,Kaufman MH.Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos.Nature.1981;292(5819):154-156.
[27]Martin GR.Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1981;78(12):7634-7638.
[28]Brook FA,Gardner RL.The origin and efficient derivation of embryonic stem cells in the mouse.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.1997;94(11):5709-5712.
[29]Thomson JA,Itskovitz-Eldor J,Shapiro SS,et al.Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts.Science.1998;282(5391):1145-1147.
[30]Buehr M,Meek S,Blair K,et al.Capture of authentic embryonic stem cells from rat blastocysts.Cell.2008;135(7):1287-1298.
[31]Moreadith RW,Graves KH.Derivation of pluripotential embryonic stem cells from the rabbit.Trans Assoc Am Physicians.1992;105:197-203.
[32]Mitalipova M,Beyhan Z,First NL.Pluripotency of bovine embryonic cell line derived from precompacting embryos.Cloning.2001;3(2):59-67.
[33]Yamashita A,Takada T,Omatsu-Kanbe M,et al.Monkey embryonic stem cells differentiate into adipocytes in vitro.Cloning Stem Cells.2006;8(1):3-9.
[34]Nakamura K,Aizawa K,Yamauchi J,et al.Hyperforin inhibits cell proliferation and differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells.Cell Prolif.2013;46(5):529-537.
[35]Maya-Espinosa G,Collazo-Navarrete O,Millán-Aldaco D,et al.Mouse embryonic stem cell-derived cells reveal niches that support neuronal differentiation in the adult rat brain.Stem Cells.2015;33(2):491-502.
[36]Khan M,Nickoloff E,Abramova T,et al.Embryonic stem cell-derived exosomes promote endogenous repair mechanisms and enhance cardiac function following myocardial infarction.Circ Res.2015;117(1):52-64.
[37]徐源.周期张应力下TDSCs与(PLLA-CL)-Col支架构建组织工程肌腱的研究[D].重庆:第三军医大学,2014.
[38]Woff J.The Law of Bone Remo deling.Berlin:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.1986.
[39]Wang JH,Guo Q,Li B.Tendon biomechanics and mechanobiology-a minireview of basic concepts and recent advancements.J Hand Ther.2012;25(2):133-140.
[40]Sinlapabodin S,Amornsudthiwat P,Damrongsakkul S,et al.An axial distribution of seeding,proliferation,and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells across a 3D Thai silk fibroin/gelatin/hydroxyapatite scaffold in a perfusion bioreactor.Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl.2016;58:960-970.
[41]Killian ML,Cavinatto L,Galatz LM,et al.The role of mechanobiology in tendon healing.J Shoulder Elbow Surg.2012;21(2):228-237.
[42]Cunha B,Aguiar T,Silva MM,et al.Exploring continuous and integrated strategies for the up-and downstream processing of human mesenchymal stem cells.J Biotechnol.2015;213:97-108.
[43]Hynes RO.Integrins:versatility,modulation,and signaling in cell adhesion.Cell.1992;69(1):11-25.
[44]Simmons CA,Matlis S,Thornton AJ,et al.Cyclic strain enhances matrix mineralization by adult human mesenchymal stem cells via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK1/2)signaling pathway.J Biomech.2003;36(8):1087-1096.
[45]Jang JY,Lee SW,Park SH,et al.Combined effects of surface morphology and mechanical straining magnitudes on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells without using biochemical reagents.J Biomed Biotechnol.2011;2011:860652.
[46]王秋实,杨孝勤,朱晓文,等.动静态不同牵张条件下大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖与分化[J].中国组织工程研究,2013,17(36):6396-6402.
[47]Song G,Ju Y,Shen X,et al.Mechanical stretch promotes proliferation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.Col oids Surf B Biointerfaces.2007;58(2):271-277.
[48]黎润光,邵景范,魏明发,等.牵张应力对人骨髓间充质干细胞增殖及细胞周期的影响[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,11(7):1247-1251.
[49]赵红斌,张西正,吴金辉,等.不同应变对骨髓间充质干细胞系细胞骨架影响的研究[J].激光生物学报,2007,16(1):12-17.
[50]杨广华.机械牵伸频率对肌腱干细胞增殖分化的影响[D].重庆:第三军医大学,2014.
[51]Zhang J,Wang JH.Mechanobiological response of tendon stem cells:implications of tendon homeostasis and pathogenesis of tendinopathy.J Orthop Res.2010;28(5):639-643.
[52]Shi Y,Fu Y,Tong W,et al.Uniaxial mechanical tension promoted osteogenic differentiation of rat tendonderived stem cells(r TDSCs)via the Wnt5a-Rho A pathway.J Cell Biochem.2012;113(10):3133-3142.
[53]Nonaka S,Shiratori H,Saijoh Y,et al.Determination of left-right patterning of the mouse embryo by artificial nodal flow.Nature.2002;418(6893):96-99.
[54]邢宏力,边云飞武卫东,等.流体剪切力对5-氮杂胞苷诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向心肌样细胞分化的影响[J].中国动脉硬化杂志,2010,18(12):951-955.
[55]Yamamoto K,Sokabe T,Watabe T,et al.Fluid shear stress induces differentiation of Flk-1-positive embryonic stem cells into vascular endothelial cells in vitro.Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol.2005;288(4):H1915-1924.
[56]Kreke MR,Goldstein AS.Hydrodynamic shear stimulates osteocalcin expression but not proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells.Tissue Eng.2004;10(5-6):780-788.
[57]Li YJ,Batra NN,You L,et al.Oscillatory fluid flow affects human marrow stromal cell proliferation and differentiation.J Orthop Res.2004;22(6):1283-1289.
[58]Kreke MR,Huckle WR,Goldstein AS.Fluid flow stimulates expression of osteopontin and bone sialoprotein by bone marrow stromal cells in a temporally dependent manner.Bone.2005;36(6):1047-1055.
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