菏泽市夏季PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子组分污染特征
|
摘要
为分析菏泽市大气颗粒物及其水溶性离子组分特征,本研究于2015年8月期间在菏泽市6个监测点位采集环境受体PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)样品共120个,利用离子色谱法测定颗粒物中水溶性无机离子(SO■、NO~-_3、NH~+_4、Cl~-、Ca~(2+)、K~+、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、F~-),并同步收集气象参数及气态污染物质量浓度等资料.结果表明,菏泽市夏季环境受体中颗粒物质量浓度ρ(PM_(10))和ρ(PM_(2.5))分别为94.5μg·m~(-3)、55.2μg·m~(-3),稍低于国内其他城市,这与各城市经济发展、产业能源结构、气象条件等因素有关.PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)值在0.5—0.8之间,表明菏泽市夏季细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))污染较为严重.但PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子质量总浓度ρ(WSIs)分别为30.5μg·m~(-3)、17.0μg·m~(-3);质量分数w(WSIs)分别为32.4%、29.6%.其中SO■、NO~-_3、NH~+_4为PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性离子,3种离子浓度和分别占PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中总离子浓度的84.3%、88.3%.SO■、NO~-_3、NH~+_4、K~+主要集中在细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)则广泛存在于粗颗粒物(PM_(10))中.各采样点的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中,SO■、NO~-_3、NH~+_4、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)浓度分布具有空间差异.离子相关性表明,NH~+_4与SO■、NO~-_3相关性均较强,3种离子主要以NH_4HSO_4、NH_4NO_3形式存在.PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中NO~-_3/SO■值分别在0.41—0.49和0.36—0.47之间,平均值分别为0.46、0.42,表明固定源是菏泽市夏季颗粒物污染的主要污染贡献源.
To investigate the pollution characteristics of water-soluble ions in the ambient PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) in Heze, 120 samples were collected at six sites from August 13 to 23, 2015. The water-soluble ions(SO■,NO~-_3,NH~+_4,Cl~-,Ca~(2+),K~+,Na~+,Mg~(2+),F~-) in particulate matter samples were determined using ion chromatography. Meteorological parameters and the concentrations of gaseous pollutants at the sampling sites were obtained synchronously. The results indicated that the mean concentrations of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) during the summer were up to 94.5 and 55.2 μg·m~(-3), respectively, which was lower than some domestic cities. This may be affected by factors such as economic development, industrial energy structure, meteorological conditions and so on. The range of PM_(2.5)/PM_(10) ratio was 0.5 to 0.8, suggesting the fine particles pollution in Heze was more serious during the summer. The concentrations of the total WSIs in PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) are 30.5 μg·m~(-3) and 17.0 μg·m~(-3), accounting for 32.4% and 29.6% in PM_(10) and PM_(2.5), respectively. The dominating WSIs are SO■, NO~-_3 and NH~+_4, which account for 84.3% of the total WSIs in PM_(10) and 88.3% of the total WSIs in PM_(2.5), respectively. SO■,NO~-_3,NH~+_4 and K~+ are mainly concentrated in the fine particles(PM_(2.5)),Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) are mainly concentrated in the coarse particles(PM_(10)). There are significantly spatial heterogeneity among the concentrations of SO■, NO~-_3, NH~+_4, Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) in ambient PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) at each sampling site. The strong correlation of SO■, NO~-_3 and NH~+_4 shows main existence from them are NH_4HSO_4, NH_4NO_3. In addition, the average ratio of NO~-_3/SO■ is up to 0.46 in PM_(10) and 0.42 in PM_(2.5), respectively, indicating that the combustion is major contributor to the particulate matter in Heze during summer.
To investigate the pollution characteristics of water-soluble ions in the ambient PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) in Heze, 120 samples were collected at six sites from August 13 to 23, 2015. The water-soluble ions(SO■,NO~-_3,NH~+_4,Cl~-,Ca~(2+),K~+,Na~+,Mg~(2+),F~-) in particulate matter samples were determined using ion chromatography. Meteorological parameters and the concentrations of gaseous pollutants at the sampling sites were obtained synchronously. The results indicated that the mean concentrations of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) during the summer were up to 94.5 and 55.2 μg·m~(-3), respectively, which was lower than some domestic cities. This may be affected by factors such as economic development, industrial energy structure, meteorological conditions and so on. The range of PM_(2.5)/PM_(10) ratio was 0.5 to 0.8, suggesting the fine particles pollution in Heze was more serious during the summer. The concentrations of the total WSIs in PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) are 30.5 μg·m~(-3) and 17.0 μg·m~(-3), accounting for 32.4% and 29.6% in PM_(10) and PM_(2.5), respectively. The dominating WSIs are SO■, NO~-_3 and NH~+_4, which account for 84.3% of the total WSIs in PM_(10) and 88.3% of the total WSIs in PM_(2.5), respectively. SO■,NO~-_3,NH~+_4 and K~+ are mainly concentrated in the fine particles(PM_(2.5)),Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) are mainly concentrated in the coarse particles(PM_(10)). There are significantly spatial heterogeneity among the concentrations of SO■, NO~-_3, NH~+_4, Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) in ambient PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) at each sampling site. The strong correlation of SO■, NO~-_3 and NH~+_4 shows main existence from them are NH_4HSO_4, NH_4NO_3. In addition, the average ratio of NO~-_3/SO■ is up to 0.46 in PM_(10) and 0.42 in PM_(2.5), respectively, indicating that the combustion is major contributor to the particulate matter in Heze during summer.
引文
[1] HUANG D S,XU J H,ZHANG S Q.Valuing the health risks of particulate air pollution in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Environmental Science & Policy,2012,15(1):38-47.
[2] TAU S N,TARULESCU S,IDOMIR M,et al.Respiratory exposure to air pollutants[J].Journal of Environmental Protection & Ecology,2008,9(1):15-25.
[3] LIU B S,SONG N,DAI Q L,et al.Chemical composition and source apportionment of ambient PM2.5 during the non-heating period in Taian,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2015,170:23-33.
[4] 陶俊,张仁健,董林,等.夏季广州城区细颗粒物PM2.5和PM1.0中水溶性无机离子特征[J].环境科学,2010,31(7):1417-1424.TAO J,ZHANG R J,DONG L,et al.Characterization of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 and PM1.0 in summer in Guangzhou[J].Environment Science,2010,31(7):1417-1424(in Chinese).
[5] ZHANG R,JING J,TAO J,et al.Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing:Seasonal perspective[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,2013,13(14):7053-7074.
[6] ZHANG F,CHENG H R,WANG Z W,et al.Fine particles (PM2.5) at a CAWNET background site in central China:Chemical compositions,seasonal variations and regional pollution events[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,86(3):193-202.
[7] YANG Y,ZHOU R,WU J,et al.Seasonal variations and size distributions of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in Beijing,2012[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,34(8):197-205.
[8] KADOWAKI S.Size distribution of atmospheric total aerosols,sulfate,ammonium and nitrate particulates in the Nagoya area[J].Atmospheric Environment,1976,10(1):39-43.
[9] 张敬巧,王淑兰,高健,等.合肥市郊夏季PM10浓度及其与能见度的关系[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(8):864-869.ZHANG J Q,WANG S L,GAO J,et al.Observation Study on PM10 Concentration and its relationship with visibility in Hefei suburban area in summer[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(8):864-869(in Chinese).
[10] 余学春,贺克斌,马永亮,等.北京市PM2.5水溶性有机物污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(1):53-57.YU X C,HE K B,MA Y L,et al.Pullotion character of PM2.5 water-soluble organic compounds in Beijing City[J].China Environmental Science,2004,24(1):53-57(in Chinese).
[11] TIAN Y Z,SHI G L,HAN S Q,et al.Vertical characteristics of levels and potential sources of water-soluble ions in PM10 in a Chinese megacity[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,447(49):1-9.
[12] WU D,TIE X,DENG X J.Chemical characterizations of soluble aerosols in southern China[J].Chemosphere,2006,64:749-757.
[13] LI X,WANG L,WANG Y,et al.Chemical composition and size distribution of airborne particulate matters in Beijing during the 2008 Olympics[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,50(3):278-286.
[14] CHENG Y F,WIEDENSOHLER A,EICHLER H,et al.Aerosol optical properties and related chemical apportionment at Xinken in Pearl River Delta of China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42:6351-6372.
[15] 赵普生,张小玲,孟伟,等.京津冀区域气溶胶中无机水溶性离子污染特征分析[J].环境科学,2011,32(6):1546-1549.ZHAO P S,ZHANG X L,MENG W,et al.Characteristics of inorganic water-soluble ions from aerosols in Beijing -Tianjin-Hebei area[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(6):1546-1549(in Chinese).
[16] 耿彦红,刘卫,单健,等.上海市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的粒径分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(12):1585-1589.GENG Y H,LIU W,SHAN J,et al.Characterization of major water-soluble ions in size-fractionated particulate matters in Shanghai[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30(12):1585-1589(in Chinese).
[17] YANG J,FU Q,GUO X,et al.Concentrations and seasonal variation of ambient PM2.5 and associated metals at a typical residential area in Beijing,China[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2015,94(2):232-239.
[18] FENG J L,YU H,SU X,et al.Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM2.5 during Chinese Spring Festival at Xinxiang,a heavily Polluted city in North China:Fireworks and health risks[J].Atmospheric Research,2016,182:176-188.
[19] MENG C C,WANG L T,ZHANG F F,et al.Characteristics of concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5,in Handan City,Hebei Province,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2016,171:133-146.
[20] WANG J,HU Z M,CHEN Y Y,et al.Contamination characteristics and possible sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in different functional areas of Shanghai,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,68:221-229.
[21] LIU B S,WU J H,ZHANG J Y,et al.Characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5,based on error estimation from EPA PMF 5.0 model at a medium city in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,222:10-22.
[22] 王露,毕晓辉,刘保双,等.菏泽市PM2.5源方向解析研究[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(12):1849-1858.WANG L,BI X H,LIU B S,et al.Source Directional Apportionment of PM2.5 in Heze City[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(12):1849-1858(in Chinese).
[23] TAO J,CHENG T T,ZHANG R J,et al.Chemical composition of PM2.5 at an urban site of Chengdu in southwestern,China[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2013,30 (4):1070-1084.
[24] 吴虹,张彩艳,王静,等.青岛环境空气PM10和PM2.5污染特征与来源比较[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(6):583-589.WU H,ZHANG C Y,WANG J,et al.Comparative study on pollution characteristics and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in Qingdao[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(6):583-589(in Chinese).
[25] LI B,ZHANG J,ZHAO Y,et al.Seasonal variation of urban carbonaceous aerosols in a typical city Nanjing in Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,106:223-231.
[26] 肖致美,毕晓辉,冯银厂,等.宁波市环境空气中PM10和PM2.5来源解析[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(5):549-555.XIAO Z M,BI X H,FENG Y C,et al.Source apportionment of ambient PM10 and PM2.5 in urban area of Ningbo City[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(5):549-555(in Chinese).
[27] GU J X,DU S Y,HAN D W,et al.Major chemical compositions,possible sources,and mass closure analysis of PM2.5 in Jinan,China[J].Air Quality Atmosphere and Health,2014,7(3):251-262.
[28] 宋娜,徐虹,毕晓辉,等.海口市PM10和PM2.5来源解析[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(10):1501-1509.SONG N,XU H,BI X H,et al.Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in Haikou[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(10):1501-1509(in Chinese).
[29] 吴琳,冯银厂,戴莉,等.天津市大气中PM10,PM2.5及其碳组分污染特征分析[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(11):1134-1139.WU L,FENG Y C,DAI L,et al.Characteristics of PM10,PM2.5 and their carbonaceous species in Tianjin City[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(11):1134-1139(in Chinese).
[30] JIM J L.Characterization of water-soluble ion species in urban ambient particles[J].Environment International,2002,28:55-61.
[31] WANG Y,ZHUANG G S,ZHANG X Y,et al.The ion chemistry,seasonal cycle and sources of PM2.5 and TSP aerosol in Shanghai[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40:2935-2952.
[32] 薛国强,朱彬,王红磊.南京市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的粒径分布和来源解析[J].环境科学,2014,35(5):1633-1643.XUE G Q,ZHU B,WANG H L.Size distributions and source apportionment of soluble ions in aerosol in Nanjing[J].Environment Science,2014,35(5):1633-1643(in Chinese).
[33] 杨懂艳,刘保献,张大伟,等.2012-2013年间北京市PM2.5中水溶性离子时空分布规律及相关性分析[J].环境科学,2015,36(3):768-773.YANG D Y,LIU B X,ZHANG D W,et al.Correlation,seasonal and temporal variation of water-soluble ions of PM2.5 in Beijing during 2012-2013[J].Environment Science,2015,36(3):768-773(in Chinese).
[34] 杨素霞,曹军骥,沈振兴,等.西安冬夏季PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的变化特征[J].环境化学,2012,31(8):1179-1188.YANG S X,CAO J J,SHEN Z X,et al.Characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 during winter and summer in Xi′an[J].Environmental Chemistry,2012,31(8):1179-1188(in Chinese).
[35] DENG X L,SHI C E,WU B W,et al.Characteristics of the water-soluble components of aerosol particles in Hefei,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,42(4):32-40.
[36] ANLAUF K,LI S M,LEAITCH R,et al.Ionic composition and size characteristics of particles in the Lower Fraser Valley:Pacific 2001 field study[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(15):2662-2675.
[37] ELEFTHERIADIS K,OCHSENKUHN K M,LYMPEROPOULOU T,et al.Influence of local and regional sources on the observed spatial and temporal variability of size resolved atmospheric aerosol mass concentrations and water-soluble species in the Athens metropolitan area[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,97(97):252-261.
[38] LAI S C,ZOU S C,CAO J J,et al.Characterizing ionic species in PM2.5 and PM10 in four Pearl River Delta cities,South China [J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2007,19(8):939- 947.
[39] 李彩霞,李彩亭,曾光明,等.长沙市夏季PM10和PM2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(5):599-603.LI C X,LI C T,ZENG G M,et al.Pollution characteristics of water-soluble ions in atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 in Changsha City in summer[J].China Environmental Science,2007,27(5):599-603(in Chinese).
[40] 邓利群,李红,柴发合,等.北京市东北城区冬季大气细粒子与相关气体污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(7):954-961.DENG L Q,LI H,CHAI F H,et al.The pollution characteristics of the atmospheric fine particles and related gaseous pollutants in the northeastern urban area of Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30(7):954-961(in Chinese).
[2] TAU S N,TARULESCU S,IDOMIR M,et al.Respiratory exposure to air pollutants[J].Journal of Environmental Protection & Ecology,2008,9(1):15-25.
[3] LIU B S,SONG N,DAI Q L,et al.Chemical composition and source apportionment of ambient PM2.5 during the non-heating period in Taian,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2015,170:23-33.
[4] 陶俊,张仁健,董林,等.夏季广州城区细颗粒物PM2.5和PM1.0中水溶性无机离子特征[J].环境科学,2010,31(7):1417-1424.TAO J,ZHANG R J,DONG L,et al.Characterization of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 and PM1.0 in summer in Guangzhou[J].Environment Science,2010,31(7):1417-1424(in Chinese).
[5] ZHANG R,JING J,TAO J,et al.Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing:Seasonal perspective[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,2013,13(14):7053-7074.
[6] ZHANG F,CHENG H R,WANG Z W,et al.Fine particles (PM2.5) at a CAWNET background site in central China:Chemical compositions,seasonal variations and regional pollution events[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,86(3):193-202.
[7] YANG Y,ZHOU R,WU J,et al.Seasonal variations and size distributions of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in Beijing,2012[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,34(8):197-205.
[8] KADOWAKI S.Size distribution of atmospheric total aerosols,sulfate,ammonium and nitrate particulates in the Nagoya area[J].Atmospheric Environment,1976,10(1):39-43.
[9] 张敬巧,王淑兰,高健,等.合肥市郊夏季PM10浓度及其与能见度的关系[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(8):864-869.ZHANG J Q,WANG S L,GAO J,et al.Observation Study on PM10 Concentration and its relationship with visibility in Hefei suburban area in summer[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(8):864-869(in Chinese).
[10] 余学春,贺克斌,马永亮,等.北京市PM2.5水溶性有机物污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(1):53-57.YU X C,HE K B,MA Y L,et al.Pullotion character of PM2.5 water-soluble organic compounds in Beijing City[J].China Environmental Science,2004,24(1):53-57(in Chinese).
[11] TIAN Y Z,SHI G L,HAN S Q,et al.Vertical characteristics of levels and potential sources of water-soluble ions in PM10 in a Chinese megacity[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,447(49):1-9.
[12] WU D,TIE X,DENG X J.Chemical characterizations of soluble aerosols in southern China[J].Chemosphere,2006,64:749-757.
[13] LI X,WANG L,WANG Y,et al.Chemical composition and size distribution of airborne particulate matters in Beijing during the 2008 Olympics[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,50(3):278-286.
[14] CHENG Y F,WIEDENSOHLER A,EICHLER H,et al.Aerosol optical properties and related chemical apportionment at Xinken in Pearl River Delta of China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42:6351-6372.
[15] 赵普生,张小玲,孟伟,等.京津冀区域气溶胶中无机水溶性离子污染特征分析[J].环境科学,2011,32(6):1546-1549.ZHAO P S,ZHANG X L,MENG W,et al.Characteristics of inorganic water-soluble ions from aerosols in Beijing -Tianjin-Hebei area[J].Environmental Science,2011,32(6):1546-1549(in Chinese).
[16] 耿彦红,刘卫,单健,等.上海市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的粒径分布特征[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(12):1585-1589.GENG Y H,LIU W,SHAN J,et al.Characterization of major water-soluble ions in size-fractionated particulate matters in Shanghai[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30(12):1585-1589(in Chinese).
[17] YANG J,FU Q,GUO X,et al.Concentrations and seasonal variation of ambient PM2.5 and associated metals at a typical residential area in Beijing,China[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2015,94(2):232-239.
[18] FENG J L,YU H,SU X,et al.Chemical composition and source apportionment of PM2.5 during Chinese Spring Festival at Xinxiang,a heavily Polluted city in North China:Fireworks and health risks[J].Atmospheric Research,2016,182:176-188.
[19] MENG C C,WANG L T,ZHANG F F,et al.Characteristics of concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5,in Handan City,Hebei Province,China[J].Atmospheric Research,2016,171:133-146.
[20] WANG J,HU Z M,CHEN Y Y,et al.Contamination characteristics and possible sources of PM10 and PM2.5 in different functional areas of Shanghai,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,68:221-229.
[21] LIU B S,WU J H,ZHANG J Y,et al.Characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5,based on error estimation from EPA PMF 5.0 model at a medium city in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,222:10-22.
[22] 王露,毕晓辉,刘保双,等.菏泽市PM2.5源方向解析研究[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(12):1849-1858.WANG L,BI X H,LIU B S,et al.Source Directional Apportionment of PM2.5 in Heze City[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(12):1849-1858(in Chinese).
[23] TAO J,CHENG T T,ZHANG R J,et al.Chemical composition of PM2.5 at an urban site of Chengdu in southwestern,China[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2013,30 (4):1070-1084.
[24] 吴虹,张彩艳,王静,等.青岛环境空气PM10和PM2.5污染特征与来源比较[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(6):583-589.WU H,ZHANG C Y,WANG J,et al.Comparative study on pollution characteristics and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in Qingdao[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(6):583-589(in Chinese).
[25] LI B,ZHANG J,ZHAO Y,et al.Seasonal variation of urban carbonaceous aerosols in a typical city Nanjing in Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,106:223-231.
[26] 肖致美,毕晓辉,冯银厂,等.宁波市环境空气中PM10和PM2.5来源解析[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(5):549-555.XIAO Z M,BI X H,FENG Y C,et al.Source apportionment of ambient PM10 and PM2.5 in urban area of Ningbo City[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(5):549-555(in Chinese).
[27] GU J X,DU S Y,HAN D W,et al.Major chemical compositions,possible sources,and mass closure analysis of PM2.5 in Jinan,China[J].Air Quality Atmosphere and Health,2014,7(3):251-262.
[28] 宋娜,徐虹,毕晓辉,等.海口市PM10和PM2.5来源解析[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(10):1501-1509.SONG N,XU H,BI X H,et al.Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in Haikou[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2015,28(10):1501-1509(in Chinese).
[29] 吴琳,冯银厂,戴莉,等.天津市大气中PM10,PM2.5及其碳组分污染特征分析[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(11):1134-1139.WU L,FENG Y C,DAI L,et al.Characteristics of PM10,PM2.5 and their carbonaceous species in Tianjin City[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(11):1134-1139(in Chinese).
[30] JIM J L.Characterization of water-soluble ion species in urban ambient particles[J].Environment International,2002,28:55-61.
[31] WANG Y,ZHUANG G S,ZHANG X Y,et al.The ion chemistry,seasonal cycle and sources of PM2.5 and TSP aerosol in Shanghai[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40:2935-2952.
[32] 薛国强,朱彬,王红磊.南京市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的粒径分布和来源解析[J].环境科学,2014,35(5):1633-1643.XUE G Q,ZHU B,WANG H L.Size distributions and source apportionment of soluble ions in aerosol in Nanjing[J].Environment Science,2014,35(5):1633-1643(in Chinese).
[33] 杨懂艳,刘保献,张大伟,等.2012-2013年间北京市PM2.5中水溶性离子时空分布规律及相关性分析[J].环境科学,2015,36(3):768-773.YANG D Y,LIU B X,ZHANG D W,et al.Correlation,seasonal and temporal variation of water-soluble ions of PM2.5 in Beijing during 2012-2013[J].Environment Science,2015,36(3):768-773(in Chinese).
[34] 杨素霞,曹军骥,沈振兴,等.西安冬夏季PM2.5中水溶性无机离子的变化特征[J].环境化学,2012,31(8):1179-1188.YANG S X,CAO J J,SHEN Z X,et al.Characteristics of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 during winter and summer in Xi′an[J].Environmental Chemistry,2012,31(8):1179-1188(in Chinese).
[35] DENG X L,SHI C E,WU B W,et al.Characteristics of the water-soluble components of aerosol particles in Hefei,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2016,42(4):32-40.
[36] ANLAUF K,LI S M,LEAITCH R,et al.Ionic composition and size characteristics of particles in the Lower Fraser Valley:Pacific 2001 field study[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(15):2662-2675.
[37] ELEFTHERIADIS K,OCHSENKUHN K M,LYMPEROPOULOU T,et al.Influence of local and regional sources on the observed spatial and temporal variability of size resolved atmospheric aerosol mass concentrations and water-soluble species in the Athens metropolitan area[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,97(97):252-261.
[38] LAI S C,ZOU S C,CAO J J,et al.Characterizing ionic species in PM2.5 and PM10 in four Pearl River Delta cities,South China [J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2007,19(8):939- 947.
[39] 李彩霞,李彩亭,曾光明,等.长沙市夏季PM10和PM2.5中水溶性离子的污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2007,27(5):599-603.LI C X,LI C T,ZENG G M,et al.Pollution characteristics of water-soluble ions in atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 in Changsha City in summer[J].China Environmental Science,2007,27(5):599-603(in Chinese).
[40] 邓利群,李红,柴发合,等.北京市东北城区冬季大气细粒子与相关气体污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(7):954-961.DENG L Q,LI H,CHAI F H,et al.The pollution characteristics of the atmospheric fine particles and related gaseous pollutants in the northeastern urban area of Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,2010,30(7):954-961(in Chinese).