汉语作为第二语言口语非流利现象的成因探讨
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摘要
本研究基于汉语二语学习者口语产出中的非流利现象,以及学习者对导致自己说话不流利原因的回忆汇报,考察汉语二语中非流利现象的成因,以此讨论第二语言认知流利度。文章从语料中总结出23类造成汉语二语口语中非流利现象的因素,并发现:导致非流利现象出现的认知活动贯穿于语言生成过程的各阶段,其中调动心理词汇节点是最容易导致非流利现象产生的环节。二语能力不足是最主要原因,其中词汇的通达能力是影响口语表达是否流利的关键。即使到了中高级阶段,母语依然对二语口语输出有着巨大的影响。形近字也有可能导致学习者说话不够流利,因为当学习者提取词汇信息时,汉字字形信息也会被调动起来。
The study reported in this paper investigated the disfluent phenomenon in Chinese L2 learners' speech. We addressed the question of what causes disfluency and discussed second language cognitive fluency. We summarized 22 types of factors that cause disfluency from the data. Four findings can be concluded in the study: cognitive activities that lead to disfluent speech can be found at different stages of language production, and among all the vulnerability points, accessing the mental lexicon is the one that causes disfluency most easily; most of the disfluencies are caused by second language incompetence, in which the ability of accessing words is the key to producing fluent speech; first language is found to strongly affect second language processing even for intermediate/advanced learners; Chinese characters that look similar can also affect speaking fluency, because the way that characters are written may be retrieved when learners are trying to access lexicon.
The study reported in this paper investigated the disfluent phenomenon in Chinese L2 learners' speech. We addressed the question of what causes disfluency and discussed second language cognitive fluency. We summarized 22 types of factors that cause disfluency from the data. Four findings can be concluded in the study: cognitive activities that lead to disfluent speech can be found at different stages of language production, and among all the vulnerability points, accessing the mental lexicon is the one that causes disfluency most easily; most of the disfluencies are caused by second language incompetence, in which the ability of accessing words is the key to producing fluent speech; first language is found to strongly affect second language processing even for intermediate/advanced learners; Chinese characters that look similar can also affect speaking fluency, because the way that characters are written may be retrieved when learners are trying to access lexicon.
引文
陈默2013美国留学生汉语口语产出的韵律边界特征研究,《世界汉语教学》第1期。
戴云娟2007第二语言学习者汉语会话修正现象研究,《汉语学习》第6期。
侯洁冰2016言语自我监控中的填充暂停研究,《东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版)》第2期。
胡伟杰、王建勤2017第二语言口语认知流利性对口语能力的预测作用,《世界汉语教学》第1期。
刘峰2014留学生汉语口语自我修正研究,《华文教学与研究》第1期。
刘瑜、吴辛夷2016汉语二语学习者口语产出的流利度研究,《华文教学与研究》第4期。
马冬梅2013中国二语学习者口语非流利停顿心理机制探讨,《东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》第6期。
袁楚、李爱军2007汉语自然口语中非正常停顿现象初探,《第九届全国人机语音通讯学术会议论文集》。
Bosker,Hans Rutger,Anne-France Pinget,Hugo Quené,Ted Sanders&Nivja H.De Jong 2013 What makes speech sound fluent?The contributions of pauses,speed and repairs.Language Testing30(2):159-175.
Chambers,Francine 1997 What do we mean by fluency?System25(4):535-544.
De Bot,Kees 1992 A bilingual production model:Levelt's speaking model adapted.Applied Linguistics,13(1):1-24.
DeKeyser,Robert M.2001 Automaticity and automatization.In Peter Robinson(ed.)Cognition and Second Language Instruction,125-151.New York:Cambridge University Press.
De Jong,Nivja H.,Margarita P.Steinel,Arjen Florijn,Rob Schoonenand&Jan H.Hulstijn 2013Linguistic skills and speaking fluency in a second language.Applied Psycholinguistics 34(5):893-916.
Drnyei,Zoltán&Judit Kormos 1998 Problem-Solving mechanisms in L2 communication:Apsycholinguistic perspective.Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20(3):349-385.
Field,John 2011 Cognitive Validity.In Taylor,Lynda(ed.)Examining Speaking:Research and practice in assessing second language speaking.Vol.30,65-222.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kahng,Jimin 2014 Exploring utterance and cognitive fluency of L1and L2English speakers:Temporal measures and stimulated recall.Language Learning64(4):809-854.
Kormos,Judit 2006 Speech Production and Second Language Acquisition.Routledge.
Levelt,Willem J.M.1989 Speaking:From Intention to Articulation.Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press.
Levelt,Willem J.M.1999 Language Production:A Blueprint for the Speaker.In Colin M.Brown&Peter Hagoort(eds.)The Neurocognition of Language,83-122.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Riggenbach,Heidi 1991 Toward an understanding of fluency:A microanalysis of nonnative speaker conversations.Discourse Processes 14(4):423-441.
Schneider,Walter,Sue T.Dumais&Richard M.Shiffrin 1984 Automatic/Control Processing and Attention.In Parasuraman Raja&David Roy Davies(eds.):Varieties of Attention,1-27.Orlando:Academic Press.
Schneider,Walter&Jason M.Chein 2003 Controlled&automatic processing:Behavior,theory,and biological mechanisms.Cognitive Science 27(3):525-559.
Segalowitz,Norman 2003 Automaticity and second languages.In Catherine J.Doughty&Michael H.Long(eds.)The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition,382-408.Oxford:Blackwell.
Segalowitz,Norman 2010 Cognitive Bases for Second Language Fluency.London:Routledge.
Segalowitz,Norman&Barbara F.Freed 2004 Context,contact,and cognition in oral fluency acquisition:Learning Spanish in at home and study abroad contexts.Studies in Second Language Acquisition 26(2):173-199.
Skehan,Peter 2009 Models of Speaking and the Assessment of Second Language Proficiency.Issues in Second Language Proficiency:203-215.
Tavakoli,Parvaneh&Peter Skehan 2005 Strategic planning,task structure and performance testing.In RodEllis(ed.)Planning and Task Performance in a Second Language,239-277.Amsterdam:Benjamins.
戴云娟2007第二语言学习者汉语会话修正现象研究,《汉语学习》第6期。
侯洁冰2016言语自我监控中的填充暂停研究,《东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版)》第2期。
胡伟杰、王建勤2017第二语言口语认知流利性对口语能力的预测作用,《世界汉语教学》第1期。
刘峰2014留学生汉语口语自我修正研究,《华文教学与研究》第1期。
刘瑜、吴辛夷2016汉语二语学习者口语产出的流利度研究,《华文教学与研究》第4期。
马冬梅2013中国二语学习者口语非流利停顿心理机制探讨,《东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》第6期。
袁楚、李爱军2007汉语自然口语中非正常停顿现象初探,《第九届全国人机语音通讯学术会议论文集》。
Bosker,Hans Rutger,Anne-France Pinget,Hugo Quené,Ted Sanders&Nivja H.De Jong 2013 What makes speech sound fluent?The contributions of pauses,speed and repairs.Language Testing30(2):159-175.
Chambers,Francine 1997 What do we mean by fluency?System25(4):535-544.
De Bot,Kees 1992 A bilingual production model:Levelt's speaking model adapted.Applied Linguistics,13(1):1-24.
DeKeyser,Robert M.2001 Automaticity and automatization.In Peter Robinson(ed.)Cognition and Second Language Instruction,125-151.New York:Cambridge University Press.
De Jong,Nivja H.,Margarita P.Steinel,Arjen Florijn,Rob Schoonenand&Jan H.Hulstijn 2013Linguistic skills and speaking fluency in a second language.Applied Psycholinguistics 34(5):893-916.
Drnyei,Zoltán&Judit Kormos 1998 Problem-Solving mechanisms in L2 communication:Apsycholinguistic perspective.Studies in Second Language Acquisition 20(3):349-385.
Field,John 2011 Cognitive Validity.In Taylor,Lynda(ed.)Examining Speaking:Research and practice in assessing second language speaking.Vol.30,65-222.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Kahng,Jimin 2014 Exploring utterance and cognitive fluency of L1and L2English speakers:Temporal measures and stimulated recall.Language Learning64(4):809-854.
Kormos,Judit 2006 Speech Production and Second Language Acquisition.Routledge.
Levelt,Willem J.M.1989 Speaking:From Intention to Articulation.Cambridge,MA:The MIT Press.
Levelt,Willem J.M.1999 Language Production:A Blueprint for the Speaker.In Colin M.Brown&Peter Hagoort(eds.)The Neurocognition of Language,83-122.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Riggenbach,Heidi 1991 Toward an understanding of fluency:A microanalysis of nonnative speaker conversations.Discourse Processes 14(4):423-441.
Schneider,Walter,Sue T.Dumais&Richard M.Shiffrin 1984 Automatic/Control Processing and Attention.In Parasuraman Raja&David Roy Davies(eds.):Varieties of Attention,1-27.Orlando:Academic Press.
Schneider,Walter&Jason M.Chein 2003 Controlled&automatic processing:Behavior,theory,and biological mechanisms.Cognitive Science 27(3):525-559.
Segalowitz,Norman 2003 Automaticity and second languages.In Catherine J.Doughty&Michael H.Long(eds.)The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition,382-408.Oxford:Blackwell.
Segalowitz,Norman 2010 Cognitive Bases for Second Language Fluency.London:Routledge.
Segalowitz,Norman&Barbara F.Freed 2004 Context,contact,and cognition in oral fluency acquisition:Learning Spanish in at home and study abroad contexts.Studies in Second Language Acquisition 26(2):173-199.
Skehan,Peter 2009 Models of Speaking and the Assessment of Second Language Proficiency.Issues in Second Language Proficiency:203-215.
Tavakoli,Parvaneh&Peter Skehan 2005 Strategic planning,task structure and performance testing.In RodEllis(ed.)Planning and Task Performance in a Second Language,239-277.Amsterdam:Benjamins.