钾和镁离子对大西洋鲑卵孵化及仔鱼开口的影响
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摘要
地下水是大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)早期发育的首选水源,为确定在地下水中K`+、Mg~(2+)的适合添加剂量。本文对预选鲑鳟鱼孵化基地的地下水水质进行分析,发现其K~+、Mg~(2+)含量偏低,可能不利于大西洋鲑孵化。采用完全正交设计,研究了在该地下水中添加K+、Mg~(2+)两种离子对大西洋鲑卵的存活、孵化及仔鱼开口的影响。研究表明,Mg~(2+)在大西洋鲑早期发育阶段扮演着重要角色,在地下水中添加5 mg/L Mg~(2+),能显著提高鱼卵存活率(P <0.05)和仔鱼开口率(P<0.05)。K~+添加至8mg/L时不利于鱼卵生存(P<0.05),K~+对大西洋鲑仔鱼的开口影响不明显(P>0.05)。K+与Mg~(2+)同时添加对大西洋鲑仔鱼的开口率交互影响显著(P<0.05)。水中K~+添加量达到8mg/L时,添加10mg/L Mg~(2+)对大西洋鲑卵的存活、孵化及仔鱼开口产生消极影响。研究结果表明,大西洋鲑早期发育水体中K~+含量应低于9mg/L,Mg~(2+)含量应控制在15.54mg/L左右。
China has developed the program of culturing Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)in the Cold Water Mass of Yellow Sea.Previous analysis has showed that the underground water had low concentrations of potassium and magnesium,which affect the hatching of S.salar eggs.Therefore,this study was carried out,aiming to determine the effects of potassium and magnesium at different concerntations on survival and hatching of S.salar eggs,and the first feeding of larvae in order to provide high-quality fry to the industry.The results showed that magnesium played`an important role in the early development of S.salar.Adding 5 mg/L magnesium into the groundwater apparently increased the survival rate of S.salar eggs(P<0.05)and the first feeding rate of S.salar larvae(P<0.05).Adding 8 mg/L potassium was not favorable for salmon survival(P<0.05).Although the effect of potassium on the first feeding of S.salarlarvae was not significant(P>0.05),the interaction of potassium and magnesium on the first feeding rate of S.salarlarvae was significant(P<0.05).Adding 8 mg/L potassium and 10 mg/L magnesium negatively affected the survival and hatching of S.salar eggs and the first feeding time of S.salarlarvae.Therefore,the potassium should be added no higher than 9 mg/L and the magnesium should be kept at15.54 mg/L for a better early development of S.salar.
China has developed the program of culturing Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)in the Cold Water Mass of Yellow Sea.Previous analysis has showed that the underground water had low concentrations of potassium and magnesium,which affect the hatching of S.salar eggs.Therefore,this study was carried out,aiming to determine the effects of potassium and magnesium at different concerntations on survival and hatching of S.salar eggs,and the first feeding of larvae in order to provide high-quality fry to the industry.The results showed that magnesium played`an important role in the early development of S.salar.Adding 5 mg/L magnesium into the groundwater apparently increased the survival rate of S.salar eggs(P<0.05)and the first feeding rate of S.salar larvae(P<0.05).Adding 8 mg/L potassium was not favorable for salmon survival(P<0.05).Although the effect of potassium on the first feeding of S.salarlarvae was not significant(P>0.05),the interaction of potassium and magnesium on the first feeding rate of S.salarlarvae was significant(P<0.05).Adding 8 mg/L potassium and 10 mg/L magnesium negatively affected the survival and hatching of S.salar eggs and the first feeding time of S.salarlarvae.Therefore,the potassium should be added no higher than 9 mg/L and the magnesium should be kept at15.54 mg/L for a better early development of S.salar.
引文
[1]于庆华.冷水鱼类在北方地区的发展现状[J].黑龙江水产,2013(6):9-10.Yu Qinghua.Cold-water fish development situation in north area[J].Aquaculture of Heilongjiang,2013(6):9-10.
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[5] James T Fish.Groundwater water treatment for iron and manganese reduction and fish rearing studies applied to the design of the ruth burnett sport fish hatchery,Fairbanks,Alaska[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2009,41(2):97-108.
[6] Kitto,Kunz,McNulty,et al.Radon mitigation of groundwater at a commercial fish hatchery[C].New York:International Radon Symposium,1995:1-7.
[7]薛鹏伟,邵伟,刘学貌,等.大西洋鲑卵孵化技术[J].科学养鱼,2017(2):48-49.Xue Pengwei,Shao Wei,Liu Xuemao,et al.The hatching technology of Salmo salar[J].Scientific Fish Farming,2017(20):48-49.
[8]吴恢碧,杨晓刚,倪朝辉,等.地下水环境质量与鱼类养殖关系初探[J].淡水渔业,2004(34):16-18.Wu Huibi,Yang Xiaogang,Ni Chaohui,ea al.The relationship of environmental quality of groundwater with fish aquaculture[J].Freshwater Fishery,2004(34):16-18.
[9]施兆鸿,黄旭雄,姜存年.海水中Ca2+,Mg2+,K+含量对黑鲷胚胎及早期仔鱼发育的影响[J].海洋科学,1995(19):33-38.Shi Z H,Huang X X,Jiang C N,et al.The effects of Ca,Mg And K ions on the development of embyro and yolk sca fry of Sparus macrocephalus Basilewsky[J].Marine Sciences,1995(19):33-38.
[10]王广军,谢骏.海水中Ca2+,Mg2+的含量及Mg2+/Ca2+对日本鳗鲡受精卵孵化率的影响[J].海洋科学,2002(26):69-71.Wang Guangjun,Xie Jun.Effects of Ca2+,Mg2+concentration and Ca2+/Mg2+on hatching rates for the eggs of Anguilla japonica reared in artificial sea water[J].Marine Sciences,2002(26):69-71.
[11]王树海,宋传民,朱丰锡,等.滨海盐碱地区日本对虾地下水养殖技术[J].水产养殖,2006(27):13-15.Wang Shuhai,Song Chuanming,Zhu Fengxi,et al.Techniques of culture Penaeus japonicus in groundwater in coastal saline-alkali area[J].Aquaculture,2006(27):13-15.
[12] Roy L A,Davis D A,Saoud I P,et al.Effects of varying levels of aqueous potassium and magnesium on survival,growth,and respiration of the Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,reared in low salinity waters[J].Aquaculture,2007,262(2):461-469.
[13]王倩,刘利平,陈文银,等.钠、钾离子浓度及比例对鳗鲡早期发育的影响[J].上海海洋大学学报,2015(24):834-840.Wang Q,Liu L P,Chen W Y,et al.Effects of Na+,K+concentrations and Na+/K+ratio on early development of Anguilla japonica[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2015(24):834-840.
[14]雷衍之.养殖水环境化学实验[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.Lei Yanzhi.The Chemical Experiment of Water in Aquaculture Environment[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2006.
[15]白林山,仇进.硫氰酸汞吸光光度法同时测定水中微量氯离子及余氯[J].理化检验-化学分册,2001,37(6):251-252.Bai Linshan,Qiu Jin.Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of chloride and residual chlorine in water withmercury thiocyanate method[J].PTCA(Part B:Chemical Analysis),2001,37(6):251-252.
[16]营虎虎.硫酸根(SO2-4)检测方法的研究[D].西安:西安石油大学,2015.Ying Huhu.Study on the Detection Methods of Sulfate Ions[D].Xi’an:Xi’an Shiyou University,2015.
[17] Li L,Boyd C E,Odom J.Identification of Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)to rearing location using elemental profiling[J].Food Control,2014(45):70-75.
[18] Prapaiwong N,Boyd C E.Trace elements in waters of inland,low-salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama[J].Aquaculture Research,2014,45:327-333.
[19]杨伟杰,邵伟,徐宁宁,等.大西洋鲑发眼卵引进与孵化[J].科学养鱼,2017(05):46-47.Yang Weijie,Shao Wei,Xu Ningning,et al.The import and hatching of the Salmo salar eggs[J].Scientific Fish Farming,2017(05):46-47.
[20]孙少起,孙茜,刘春玲,等.钙、镁离子对鲫鱼受精卵孵化率及畸形率的影响[J].河北渔业,2018,6:15-18.Sun Shaoqi,Sun Qian,Liu Chunling,et al.The effect of calcium and magnesium ions on hatching and deformity rate of crucian carp eggs[J].Heibei Fishery,2018,6:15-18.
[21]雷衍之.养殖水环境化学[J].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.Lei Yanzhi.The Chemical of Water in Aquaculture Environment[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2004.
[22]朱文欢.两种规格草鱼对饲料中维生素A和钾需求量的研究[D].湖北武汉:华中农业大学,2014.Zhu Wenhuan.Quantifying the Dietary Vatimin A and Potassium Requirements of Grass Carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)at Juvenile and Subadult Stages[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2014.
[23]宋慧.基于转录组测序技术的大银鱼胚胎盐胁迫适应分子机理研究[D].太谷:山西农业大学,2014.Sun Hui.The Research of Protosalanx Hyalocranius Embryo’s Molecular Adaption Mechanism to Salt Stress Based on Transcriptome Sequencing Technology[D].Taigu:Shanxi Agricultural University,2014.
[24] Calta M,Ural M S.The effects of ambient magnesium concentration on the bmryonic and prelarval development of mirror carp(Cyprinus carpio L.,1758)[J].Archives of Polish Fisheries,2001:9:97-104.
[25]周磊,张春晓,叶继丹.鱼类镁营养生理的研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(28):13690-13692.Zhou Lei,Zhang Chunxiao,Ye Jidan.Research on magnesium nutrition physiology of fish[J].Journal of Anhui Agri,2012,40(28):13690-13692.
[26]黄杰斯.几种水环境理化因子对花鲈孵化与生长发育的影响及毒性试验研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.Huang Jiesi.Experimental Study on Toxicity and Effect of Several Water Environmental Physical-Chemical Factors on Hatching,Growth and Development of Lateolabrax maculatus[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2015.
[27] Elmowafi A F A,Waagb Rune,Maage Amund.Effect of low dietary magnesium on immune response and osmoregulation of Atlantic salmon[J].Journal of Aquatic Animal Health,1997,9:8-17.
[28]关海红,尹家胜.鱼类卵黄吸收方式及器官形成的比较[J].华中农业大学学报,2012,31(5):641-644.Guan Haihong,Yin Jiasheng.Comparison of ways of yolk absorption and process of organofaction in four fish species[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2012,31(5):641-644.
[29]普契科夫HB.鱼类生理学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1959:229-255.普契科夫HB.Fish Physiology[M].Shanghai:the Science&Technology Press in Shanghai,1959:229-255.
[30]Hansen T,Torrissen O.Artificial Hatching Substrate in the Mass Rearing of Larval Atlantic Salmon(Salmo salar)[C].Norway:International Council for the Exploration of the Sea,1984:1-12.
[31]魏川川,罗智,吴坤,等.镁对黄颡鱼肝脏脂肪代谢的影响及其分子机制[C].成都:中国水产学会学术年会论文摘要集,2016.Wei Chuanchuan,Luo Zhi,Wu Kun,et al.Effect and Molecular Mechanisms of Magnesium on Lipid Metabolism in Yellow Catfish Pelteobagrus Fulvidraco[C].Chengdu:The Academic Conference of China Society of Fisheries,2016.
[32]汪福保,罗莉,李云,等.镁对草鱼生长和脂肪代谢的影响[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(1):93-99.Wang Fubao,Luo Li,Li Yun,et al.Effects of magnesium on growth and lipid metabolism of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(1):93-99.
[33]李爱杰.水产动物营养与饲料学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996:56-62.Li Aijie.Nutrition and Feed of Aquatic Animals[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1996:56-62.
[34] Shiau S Y,Hsieh J F.Quantifying the dietary potassium requirement of juvenile hybrid tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus x O.aureus)[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2001,85:213-218.
[2] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics[DB/OL].[2018-10-11].http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/.
[3]纪锋,王炳谦,孙大江,等.我国冷水性鱼类产业现状及发展趋势探讨[J].水产学杂志,2012(25):63-67.Ji F,Wang B J,Song D J,et al.The current industry situation and development trend of cold water fish in China[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2012(25):63-67.
[4]王炳谦.中国鲑鳟鱼养殖[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2015.Wang Binqian.Cultivation of Salmonid Species in China[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2015.
[5] James T Fish.Groundwater water treatment for iron and manganese reduction and fish rearing studies applied to the design of the ruth burnett sport fish hatchery,Fairbanks,Alaska[J].Aquacultural Engineering,2009,41(2):97-108.
[6] Kitto,Kunz,McNulty,et al.Radon mitigation of groundwater at a commercial fish hatchery[C].New York:International Radon Symposium,1995:1-7.
[7]薛鹏伟,邵伟,刘学貌,等.大西洋鲑卵孵化技术[J].科学养鱼,2017(2):48-49.Xue Pengwei,Shao Wei,Liu Xuemao,et al.The hatching technology of Salmo salar[J].Scientific Fish Farming,2017(20):48-49.
[8]吴恢碧,杨晓刚,倪朝辉,等.地下水环境质量与鱼类养殖关系初探[J].淡水渔业,2004(34):16-18.Wu Huibi,Yang Xiaogang,Ni Chaohui,ea al.The relationship of environmental quality of groundwater with fish aquaculture[J].Freshwater Fishery,2004(34):16-18.
[9]施兆鸿,黄旭雄,姜存年.海水中Ca2+,Mg2+,K+含量对黑鲷胚胎及早期仔鱼发育的影响[J].海洋科学,1995(19):33-38.Shi Z H,Huang X X,Jiang C N,et al.The effects of Ca,Mg And K ions on the development of embyro and yolk sca fry of Sparus macrocephalus Basilewsky[J].Marine Sciences,1995(19):33-38.
[10]王广军,谢骏.海水中Ca2+,Mg2+的含量及Mg2+/Ca2+对日本鳗鲡受精卵孵化率的影响[J].海洋科学,2002(26):69-71.Wang Guangjun,Xie Jun.Effects of Ca2+,Mg2+concentration and Ca2+/Mg2+on hatching rates for the eggs of Anguilla japonica reared in artificial sea water[J].Marine Sciences,2002(26):69-71.
[11]王树海,宋传民,朱丰锡,等.滨海盐碱地区日本对虾地下水养殖技术[J].水产养殖,2006(27):13-15.Wang Shuhai,Song Chuanming,Zhu Fengxi,et al.Techniques of culture Penaeus japonicus in groundwater in coastal saline-alkali area[J].Aquaculture,2006(27):13-15.
[12] Roy L A,Davis D A,Saoud I P,et al.Effects of varying levels of aqueous potassium and magnesium on survival,growth,and respiration of the Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,reared in low salinity waters[J].Aquaculture,2007,262(2):461-469.
[13]王倩,刘利平,陈文银,等.钠、钾离子浓度及比例对鳗鲡早期发育的影响[J].上海海洋大学学报,2015(24):834-840.Wang Q,Liu L P,Chen W Y,et al.Effects of Na+,K+concentrations and Na+/K+ratio on early development of Anguilla japonica[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2015(24):834-840.
[14]雷衍之.养殖水环境化学实验[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.Lei Yanzhi.The Chemical Experiment of Water in Aquaculture Environment[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2006.
[15]白林山,仇进.硫氰酸汞吸光光度法同时测定水中微量氯离子及余氯[J].理化检验-化学分册,2001,37(6):251-252.Bai Linshan,Qiu Jin.Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of chloride and residual chlorine in water withmercury thiocyanate method[J].PTCA(Part B:Chemical Analysis),2001,37(6):251-252.
[16]营虎虎.硫酸根(SO2-4)检测方法的研究[D].西安:西安石油大学,2015.Ying Huhu.Study on the Detection Methods of Sulfate Ions[D].Xi’an:Xi’an Shiyou University,2015.
[17] Li L,Boyd C E,Odom J.Identification of Pacific white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei)to rearing location using elemental profiling[J].Food Control,2014(45):70-75.
[18] Prapaiwong N,Boyd C E.Trace elements in waters of inland,low-salinity shrimp ponds in Alabama[J].Aquaculture Research,2014,45:327-333.
[19]杨伟杰,邵伟,徐宁宁,等.大西洋鲑发眼卵引进与孵化[J].科学养鱼,2017(05):46-47.Yang Weijie,Shao Wei,Xu Ningning,et al.The import and hatching of the Salmo salar eggs[J].Scientific Fish Farming,2017(05):46-47.
[20]孙少起,孙茜,刘春玲,等.钙、镁离子对鲫鱼受精卵孵化率及畸形率的影响[J].河北渔业,2018,6:15-18.Sun Shaoqi,Sun Qian,Liu Chunling,et al.The effect of calcium and magnesium ions on hatching and deformity rate of crucian carp eggs[J].Heibei Fishery,2018,6:15-18.
[21]雷衍之.养殖水环境化学[J].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.Lei Yanzhi.The Chemical of Water in Aquaculture Environment[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2004.
[22]朱文欢.两种规格草鱼对饲料中维生素A和钾需求量的研究[D].湖北武汉:华中农业大学,2014.Zhu Wenhuan.Quantifying the Dietary Vatimin A and Potassium Requirements of Grass Carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)at Juvenile and Subadult Stages[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2014.
[23]宋慧.基于转录组测序技术的大银鱼胚胎盐胁迫适应分子机理研究[D].太谷:山西农业大学,2014.Sun Hui.The Research of Protosalanx Hyalocranius Embryo’s Molecular Adaption Mechanism to Salt Stress Based on Transcriptome Sequencing Technology[D].Taigu:Shanxi Agricultural University,2014.
[24] Calta M,Ural M S.The effects of ambient magnesium concentration on the bmryonic and prelarval development of mirror carp(Cyprinus carpio L.,1758)[J].Archives of Polish Fisheries,2001:9:97-104.
[25]周磊,张春晓,叶继丹.鱼类镁营养生理的研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(28):13690-13692.Zhou Lei,Zhang Chunxiao,Ye Jidan.Research on magnesium nutrition physiology of fish[J].Journal of Anhui Agri,2012,40(28):13690-13692.
[26]黄杰斯.几种水环境理化因子对花鲈孵化与生长发育的影响及毒性试验研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2015.Huang Jiesi.Experimental Study on Toxicity and Effect of Several Water Environmental Physical-Chemical Factors on Hatching,Growth and Development of Lateolabrax maculatus[D].Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2015.
[27] Elmowafi A F A,Waagb Rune,Maage Amund.Effect of low dietary magnesium on immune response and osmoregulation of Atlantic salmon[J].Journal of Aquatic Animal Health,1997,9:8-17.
[28]关海红,尹家胜.鱼类卵黄吸收方式及器官形成的比较[J].华中农业大学学报,2012,31(5):641-644.Guan Haihong,Yin Jiasheng.Comparison of ways of yolk absorption and process of organofaction in four fish species[J].Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University,2012,31(5):641-644.
[29]普契科夫HB.鱼类生理学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1959:229-255.普契科夫HB.Fish Physiology[M].Shanghai:the Science&Technology Press in Shanghai,1959:229-255.
[30]Hansen T,Torrissen O.Artificial Hatching Substrate in the Mass Rearing of Larval Atlantic Salmon(Salmo salar)[C].Norway:International Council for the Exploration of the Sea,1984:1-12.
[31]魏川川,罗智,吴坤,等.镁对黄颡鱼肝脏脂肪代谢的影响及其分子机制[C].成都:中国水产学会学术年会论文摘要集,2016.Wei Chuanchuan,Luo Zhi,Wu Kun,et al.Effect and Molecular Mechanisms of Magnesium on Lipid Metabolism in Yellow Catfish Pelteobagrus Fulvidraco[C].Chengdu:The Academic Conference of China Society of Fisheries,2016.
[32]汪福保,罗莉,李云,等.镁对草鱼生长和脂肪代谢的影响[J].动物营养学报,2010,22(1):93-99.Wang Fubao,Luo Li,Li Yun,et al.Effects of magnesium on growth and lipid metabolism of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(1):93-99.
[33]李爱杰.水产动物营养与饲料学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1996:56-62.Li Aijie.Nutrition and Feed of Aquatic Animals[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1996:56-62.
[34] Shiau S Y,Hsieh J F.Quantifying the dietary potassium requirement of juvenile hybrid tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus x O.aureus)[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2001,85:213-218.