黄土丘陵区水平梯田保水保土效益分析
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摘要
水平梯田是防止水土流失的一种有效方式。在韭园沟流域的支沟——王茂沟流域分别选取梯田和坡耕地进行土壤采样,测定土壤含水量,结合137Cs示踪,对比分析了梯田长期的保水保土效益。结果表明:梯田土壤水分变化分为土壤水分剧变层(0—20cm)、土壤水分活跃层(20—30cm)和土壤水分调节层(30cm以下);梯田不同深度土壤含水量均表现为内侧(第一级)>中部>外侧(第五级);坡向对梯田土壤水分的影响并不是十分显著;梯田0—20cm土壤蓄水量高于坡耕地7.2%;0—40cm平均土壤蓄水量高出坡耕地1.8mm;研究流域坡耕地与梯田侵蚀程度分别属于极强度侵蚀和强度侵蚀,梯田平均水土保持效益为53%。建议在该地区修建梯田时,提高梯田的设计标准,对梯田田面、田埂认真维护,实现梯田长期的水土保持效益。
Level terrace is an effective way to prevent soil and water loss.A parcel of terrace and slope land in Wangmaogou watershed in Suide was chosen and soil samples were collected.The soil water moisture and 137 Cs contents were measured to study the benefits on soil and water conservation of level terrace.The results showed that the change of soil moisture of level terrace can be divided into 3layers,changing drastically in 0—20cm layer,changing actively in 20—30cm layer and changing regulatively below 30cm depth.The soil moisture content from each layer showed the inner which is the first ladder is a little higher than the middle,and the middle higher than the outer.The soil moisture content is slightly influenced by slope aspect.The water storage of terrace in 0—20cm layer is 7.2% higher than slopeland and is 1.8mm higher in 0—40cm layer.The erosion degrees are extremely intensive erosion on slope land and intensive erosion on terrace.The average soil and water conservation benefit of terrace is 53%.The suggestions of improving the design standard of terrace and maintaining carefully for farm surface and ridge were put out to realize the long-term benefits for soil and water conservation of terrace.
Level terrace is an effective way to prevent soil and water loss.A parcel of terrace and slope land in Wangmaogou watershed in Suide was chosen and soil samples were collected.The soil water moisture and 137 Cs contents were measured to study the benefits on soil and water conservation of level terrace.The results showed that the change of soil moisture of level terrace can be divided into 3layers,changing drastically in 0—20cm layer,changing actively in 20—30cm layer and changing regulatively below 30cm depth.The soil moisture content from each layer showed the inner which is the first ladder is a little higher than the middle,and the middle higher than the outer.The soil moisture content is slightly influenced by slope aspect.The water storage of terrace in 0—20cm layer is 7.2% higher than slopeland and is 1.8mm higher in 0—40cm layer.The erosion degrees are extremely intensive erosion on slope land and intensive erosion on terrace.The average soil and water conservation benefit of terrace is 53%.The suggestions of improving the design standard of terrace and maintaining carefully for farm surface and ridge were put out to realize the long-term benefits for soil and water conservation of terrace.
引文
[1]邱扬,傅伯杰,王勇.土壤侵蚀时空变异及其与环境因子的时空关系[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(1):108-111.
[2]余峰,董立国,赵庆丰,等.宁夏半干旱地区梯田土壤水分动态变化规律研究[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(1):298-300.
[3]赵姚阳,刘文兆,濮励杰.梯田玉米土壤水分动态研究[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(6):1-4.
[4]马轶,张维江,朱旭东,等.好水川流域梯田土壤含水量变化规律研究[J].中国水土保持,2012(5):47-48.
[5]徐英,王俊生,蔡守华,等.缓坡水平梯田土壤水分空间变异性[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(12):16-19.
[6]张玉斌,曹宁,武敏,等.黄土高原南部水平梯田的土壤水分特征分析[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(8):215-220.
[7]焦菊英,王万中.黄土高原水平梯田质量及水土保持效果的分析[J].农业工程学报,1999,15(2):59-63.
[8]王继夏,孙虎,王祖正.延安碾庄沟流域梯田与坝地土壤水分对比分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(1):88-93.
[9]王辉,杨小宝,田大作,等.紫鹊界梯田区不同土地利用类型土壤入渗特征研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2012,31(5):123-126.
[10]张瑞,曹华,王云强,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤水分空间变异性及其影响因素[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(5):52-58.
[11]周萍,刘国彬,文安邦,等.黄土丘陵区不同林龄乔灌林地土壤水分及持水性能研究[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(1):188-193.
[12]张超,刘国彬,薛萐,等.黄土丘陵区坡改梯田土壤碳库组分演变特征[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(1):20-30.
[13]王辉,张钰,刘光生,等.渭河源区1970—2006年梯田开发对水文产流的影响[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(2):220-226.
[14]李小英,段争虎.黄土高原土壤水分与制备相互作用研究进展[J].土壤通报,2012,43(60):1508-1513.
[15]焦菊英,王万忠,李靖.黄土丘陵区不同降雨条件下水平梯田的减水减沙效益分析[J].水土保持学报,1999,5(3):59-63.
[16]吴发启,张玉斌,王健.黄土高原水平梯田的蓄水保土效益分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2004,2(1):34-37.
[17]康玲玲,鲍宏喆.黄土高原不同类型区梯田蓄水拦沙指标的分析与确定[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(2):51-56.
[18]朱德兰,吴发启.不同地形部位土壤水分的年变化分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2003,1(4):28-31.
[19]黄委会绥德水土保持科学试验站.水土保持科研成果汇编(第五集)[C].黄河水土保持绥德治理监督局,2002.
[20]袁建平,张素丽,张春燕,等.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤稳定入渗速率空间变异[J].土壤学报,2001,38(4):579-583.
[21]蔡进军,张源润,火勇,等.宁南山区梯田土壤水分及养分特征时空变异性研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(5):83-87.
[22]陶士珩,王立祥,胡希远.西北黄土高原水平梯田冬小麦的水分供应状况分析[J].中国农业气象,1996,17(3):2-9.
[23]刘廷宏,杨松旺.关于梯田储流节水灌溉的探讨[J].中国水土保持,1998(5):21-22.
[24]李勉.小流域侵蚀与产沙关系的137 Cs、210 Pbex示踪研究[D].陕西杨凌:中国科学院水土保持研究所,2002.
[2]余峰,董立国,赵庆丰,等.宁夏半干旱地区梯田土壤水分动态变化规律研究[J].水土保持研究,2007,14(1):298-300.
[3]赵姚阳,刘文兆,濮励杰.梯田玉米土壤水分动态研究[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(6):1-4.
[4]马轶,张维江,朱旭东,等.好水川流域梯田土壤含水量变化规律研究[J].中国水土保持,2012(5):47-48.
[5]徐英,王俊生,蔡守华,等.缓坡水平梯田土壤水分空间变异性[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(12):16-19.
[6]张玉斌,曹宁,武敏,等.黄土高原南部水平梯田的土壤水分特征分析[J].中国农学通报,2005,21(8):215-220.
[7]焦菊英,王万中.黄土高原水平梯田质量及水土保持效果的分析[J].农业工程学报,1999,15(2):59-63.
[8]王继夏,孙虎,王祖正.延安碾庄沟流域梯田与坝地土壤水分对比分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2007,25(1):88-93.
[9]王辉,杨小宝,田大作,等.紫鹊界梯田区不同土地利用类型土壤入渗特征研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2012,31(5):123-126.
[10]张瑞,曹华,王云强,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤水分空间变异性及其影响因素[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(5):52-58.
[11]周萍,刘国彬,文安邦,等.黄土丘陵区不同林龄乔灌林地土壤水分及持水性能研究[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(1):188-193.
[12]张超,刘国彬,薛萐,等.黄土丘陵区坡改梯田土壤碳库组分演变特征[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(1):20-30.
[13]王辉,张钰,刘光生,等.渭河源区1970—2006年梯田开发对水文产流的影响[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(2):220-226.
[14]李小英,段争虎.黄土高原土壤水分与制备相互作用研究进展[J].土壤通报,2012,43(60):1508-1513.
[15]焦菊英,王万忠,李靖.黄土丘陵区不同降雨条件下水平梯田的减水减沙效益分析[J].水土保持学报,1999,5(3):59-63.
[16]吴发启,张玉斌,王健.黄土高原水平梯田的蓄水保土效益分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2004,2(1):34-37.
[17]康玲玲,鲍宏喆.黄土高原不同类型区梯田蓄水拦沙指标的分析与确定[J].中国水土保持科学,2005,3(2):51-56.
[18]朱德兰,吴发启.不同地形部位土壤水分的年变化分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2003,1(4):28-31.
[19]黄委会绥德水土保持科学试验站.水土保持科研成果汇编(第五集)[C].黄河水土保持绥德治理监督局,2002.
[20]袁建平,张素丽,张春燕,等.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤稳定入渗速率空间变异[J].土壤学报,2001,38(4):579-583.
[21]蔡进军,张源润,火勇,等.宁南山区梯田土壤水分及养分特征时空变异性研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(5):83-87.
[22]陶士珩,王立祥,胡希远.西北黄土高原水平梯田冬小麦的水分供应状况分析[J].中国农业气象,1996,17(3):2-9.
[23]刘廷宏,杨松旺.关于梯田储流节水灌溉的探讨[J].中国水土保持,1998(5):21-22.
[24]李勉.小流域侵蚀与产沙关系的137 Cs、210 Pbex示踪研究[D].陕西杨凌:中国科学院水土保持研究所,2002.