铀污染控制技术与还原态UO_2(s)稳定性研究进展
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摘要
铀U(Ⅵ)由于核裂变反应已被广泛用于核能利用和核武器开发,但铀矿开采与冶炼过程中,会向环境中释放一定量的铀。铀元素由于自身具有放射性危害和重金属毒性,因此,会引起一系列生态安全问题。为了实现铀污染控制与维持还原态UO_2稳定性,在铀分离、还原等污染控制技术评述的基础上,着重阐述U(Ⅵ)被还原固定形成UO_2(s)的稳定性及稳定性维持方法,并对铀污染治理进行了展望。
This paper aims to review the uranium pollution control technology,including U( Ⅵ) removal based on the adsorption,membrane separation,and the ion exchange. As a matter of fact,a certain amount of uranium used to be released into the environment during the process of uranium mining and/or smelting. Actually,it is often the case that radiological hazards and heavy metal toxicity of the uranium are likely to cause a series of ecological security problems,in addition to the uranium removal by means of separation technology. All this has made the uranium reduction technology ever increasingly important. In view of what is said above,the present paper intends to collect and synthesize the related research results in terms of ways and methods on the reduction of U( Ⅵ) to the dissolution of UO_2( s) precipitates,such as the original uranium material radiation reduction,the photocatalytic reduction,the electrochemical reduction and the microbial reduction. In recent years,some U. S. uranium pollution repair or amending works have been given up because the reduced UO_2( s) is easily oxidized by the oxidizing substances in the environment. In order to maintain the stability of UO_2( s) caused by the influence of O_2,NO-3,the iron oxides,manganese compounds and iron-bearing clay minerals in the environment,the paper would like to make a stressed discussion of the 2 ways of externally adding carbon source as electron donor to meet the microbial metabolism and adding the reducing agent to alleviate the oxidation state to maintain the UO_2( s) stability.Even though there exist a few strategies for reducing the uranium pollution control and maintaining the stability of UO_2( s),most of research results have not been fully adopted in the engineering practice. Thus,in summary,the paper just starts from the uranium pollution control technology and summarizes the stability of the reduced product UO_2( s) and the maintenance of UO_2( s)stability comprehensively. And,in such a way,can the paper present merely an outline on the prospect of the uranium pollution control. That is,first of all,the key point of the future research is to realize the uranium pollution control by using the joint technology. And,secondly,the realization of uranium-contamination reduction can only be accelerated by the in-situ bioreduction remediation from the 2 perspectives,that is,uranium inhibition and reduction. Thirdly,starting from the source of microbial consumption of the carbon sources,that is to say,the supply of carbon sources has to be reduced. All the above said indicates that it could achieve quick and efficient removal of uranium and maintain the stability of UO_2( s) mainly by looking for more sorts of substance reduction to consume the oxidizing substances.
This paper aims to review the uranium pollution control technology,including U( Ⅵ) removal based on the adsorption,membrane separation,and the ion exchange. As a matter of fact,a certain amount of uranium used to be released into the environment during the process of uranium mining and/or smelting. Actually,it is often the case that radiological hazards and heavy metal toxicity of the uranium are likely to cause a series of ecological security problems,in addition to the uranium removal by means of separation technology. All this has made the uranium reduction technology ever increasingly important. In view of what is said above,the present paper intends to collect and synthesize the related research results in terms of ways and methods on the reduction of U( Ⅵ) to the dissolution of UO_2( s) precipitates,such as the original uranium material radiation reduction,the photocatalytic reduction,the electrochemical reduction and the microbial reduction. In recent years,some U. S. uranium pollution repair or amending works have been given up because the reduced UO_2( s) is easily oxidized by the oxidizing substances in the environment. In order to maintain the stability of UO_2( s) caused by the influence of O_2,NO-3,the iron oxides,manganese compounds and iron-bearing clay minerals in the environment,the paper would like to make a stressed discussion of the 2 ways of externally adding carbon source as electron donor to meet the microbial metabolism and adding the reducing agent to alleviate the oxidation state to maintain the UO_2( s) stability.Even though there exist a few strategies for reducing the uranium pollution control and maintaining the stability of UO_2( s),most of research results have not been fully adopted in the engineering practice. Thus,in summary,the paper just starts from the uranium pollution control technology and summarizes the stability of the reduced product UO_2( s) and the maintenance of UO_2( s)stability comprehensively. And,in such a way,can the paper present merely an outline on the prospect of the uranium pollution control. That is,first of all,the key point of the future research is to realize the uranium pollution control by using the joint technology. And,secondly,the realization of uranium-contamination reduction can only be accelerated by the in-situ bioreduction remediation from the 2 perspectives,that is,uranium inhibition and reduction. Thirdly,starting from the source of microbial consumption of the carbon sources,that is to say,the supply of carbon sources has to be reduced. All the above said indicates that it could achieve quick and efficient removal of uranium and maintain the stability of UO_2( s) mainly by looking for more sorts of substance reduction to consume the oxidizing substances.
引文
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[10] WU Y,WANG Y,XIE X. Occurrence,behavior and distribution of high levels of uranium in shallow groundwater at Datong basin,northern China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,472:809-817.
[11] DAI S,XIE P,JIA S,et al. Enrichment of U-Re-V-CrSe and rare earth elements in the Late Permian coals of the Moxinpo Coalfield,Chongqing,China:genetic implications from geochemical and mineralogical data[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2017,80:1-17.
[12] DAI S,XIE P,WARD C R,et al. Anomalies of rare metals in Lopingian super-high-organic-sulfur coals from the Yishan Coalfield,Guangxi,China[J]. Ore Geology Reviews,2017,88:235-250.
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