有机无机氮肥配施对菜地土壤二氧化碳和甲烷排放的影响
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摘要
采用静态箱—气相色谱法研究不同种类有机无机肥料配合施用对盆栽莴苣土壤二氧化碳(CO_2)和甲烷(CH_4)排放规律及排放量的影响。以等氮(N)用量为基准,磷(P)、钾(K)用量相应折算,分别以猪粪、沼渣沼液、猪粪堆肥与化肥进行配施,且各处理N、P、K总施用量一致。共设置6个处理:不施肥(CK);不施氮肥(PK);施纯化肥(NPK);有机无机肥配施1(20%猪粪N+80%化肥N,NPKM1);有机无机肥配施2(20%沼渣沼液N+80%化肥N,NPKM2);有机无机肥配施3(20%猪粪堆肥N+80%化肥N,NPKM3)。结果表明:莴苣全生育期内土壤CH_4排放各处理呈现"源"、"汇"交替现象,各时间测点排放通量在每次施肥后均呈现升降波动趋势,直至总体趋于平稳;各阶段排放累积量随着生育期的变化,处理间差异逐渐明显。莴苣盆栽土壤CH_4累积排放量为-5.90～-0.42 kg·hm~(-2),大小表现为CK=PK>NPK>NPKM3>NPKM1>NPKM2。莴苣全生育期内土壤CO_2的各时间测点排放通量总体呈现上升趋势,受施肥影响略有波动;各阶段排放累积量随着生育期的增加,处理间差异更加明显。莴苣盆栽土壤CO_2累积排放量为1 506.37～2 260.58 kg·hm~(-2),大小表现为NPKM3>NPKM1>NPK>NPKM2>PK>CK。莴苣盆栽全球增温潜势为1.50～2.23 t CO_2eq·hm~(-2),大小表现为NPKM3>NPKM1>NPK>NPKM2>PK>CK。总体而言,不同有机无机肥料配施表现为菜地土壤的CH_4汇,以沼渣沼液配施效果最佳,而猪粪类有机肥配施会导致菜地全球增温潜势升高,应合理搭配进行施用。
The objective of this study was conducted to investigate the effects of different organic and inorganic nitrogen(N)fertilizer applications on soil carbon dioxide(CO_2)and methane(CH_4)emissions of lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.)by static box-gas chromatographic method using pot experiment.Applying N as a standard,pig manure,biogas manure and pig manure composting were combined with chemical fertilizers in the same total N,phosphorus(P),potassium(K)contents. There were six treatments,including no fertilizer(CK),no N fertilizer(PK),pure inorganic fertilizer(NPK),organic and inorganic fertilizer 1(20% pig manure N+80% chemical fertilizer N,NPKM1),organic and inorganic fertilizer 2(20%biogas manure N+80% chemical fertilizer N,NPKM2),organic and inorganic fertilizer 3(20% pig manure composting N+80% chemical fertilizer N,NPKM3).Results showed that soil CH_4 emission flux during lettuce growing season appeared an alternate phenomenon of ‘source' and ‘sink' for each treatment.The emission fluxes at each time fluctuated after fertilization,until the overall trend was stable.With the change of the growth period, the difference between treatments was obvious.The soil CH_4 accumulation emission fluxes of lettuce were-5.90 ～-0.42 kg·hm~(-2),ranked as CK=PK>NPK>NPKM3>NPKM1>NPKM2.Soil CO_2 emission fluxes during lettuce growing season presented a trend of rising in general,slightly influenced by fertilization.The soil CO_2 accumulation emission fluxes of lettuce were 1 506.37 ～ 2 260.58 kg·hm~(-2),in the order of NPKM3>NPKM1>NPK>NPKM2>PK>CK. The variances of CH_4 and CO_2 accumulation emissions gradually increased along with the growth period.The soil global warming potential of lettuce were 1.50 ～ 2.23 t CO_2 eq·hm-2,in the order of NPKM3>NPKM1>NPK>NPKM2>PK>CK.In conclusion,different organic and inorganic N fertilizer applications showed a CH_4 sink in the vegetable soil,especially in combined application of biogas manure,but pig manure fertilization resulted in the increase of global warming potential.
The objective of this study was conducted to investigate the effects of different organic and inorganic nitrogen(N)fertilizer applications on soil carbon dioxide(CO_2)and methane(CH_4)emissions of lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.)by static box-gas chromatographic method using pot experiment.Applying N as a standard,pig manure,biogas manure and pig manure composting were combined with chemical fertilizers in the same total N,phosphorus(P),potassium(K)contents. There were six treatments,including no fertilizer(CK),no N fertilizer(PK),pure inorganic fertilizer(NPK),organic and inorganic fertilizer 1(20% pig manure N+80% chemical fertilizer N,NPKM1),organic and inorganic fertilizer 2(20%biogas manure N+80% chemical fertilizer N,NPKM2),organic and inorganic fertilizer 3(20% pig manure composting N+80% chemical fertilizer N,NPKM3).Results showed that soil CH_4 emission flux during lettuce growing season appeared an alternate phenomenon of ‘source' and ‘sink' for each treatment.The emission fluxes at each time fluctuated after fertilization,until the overall trend was stable.With the change of the growth period, the difference between treatments was obvious.The soil CH_4 accumulation emission fluxes of lettuce were-5.90 ～-0.42 kg·hm~(-2),ranked as CK=PK>NPK>NPKM3>NPKM1>NPKM2.Soil CO_2 emission fluxes during lettuce growing season presented a trend of rising in general,slightly influenced by fertilization.The soil CO_2 accumulation emission fluxes of lettuce were 1 506.37 ～ 2 260.58 kg·hm~(-2),in the order of NPKM3>NPKM1>NPK>NPKM2>PK>CK. The variances of CH_4 and CO_2 accumulation emissions gradually increased along with the growth period.The soil global warming potential of lettuce were 1.50 ～ 2.23 t CO_2 eq·hm-2,in the order of NPKM3>NPKM1>NPK>NPKM2>PK>CK.In conclusion,different organic and inorganic N fertilizer applications showed a CH_4 sink in the vegetable soil,especially in combined application of biogas manure,but pig manure fertilization resulted in the increase of global warming potential.
引文
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[8]靳红梅,常志州,叶小梅,等.江苏省大型沼气工程沼液理化特性分析[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):291-296.
[9]陈永根,彭永红,宋哲岳,等.沼液施用对土壤温室气体排放的影响[J].浙江农林大学学报,2013,30(1):32-37.
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[12]李银坤,武雪萍,郭文忠,等.不同氮水平下黄瓜-番茄日光温室栽培土壤N2O排放特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(23):260-267.
[13]易琼,黄旭,张木,等.氮肥施用水平及种类对生菜产量及菜地N2O排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(10):2019-2025.
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[15]杨书运,严平,马友华,等.施肥对冬小麦土壤温室气体排放的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(7):1642-1645.
[16]王立刚,邱建军,李维炯.黄淮海平原地区夏玉米农田土壤呼吸的动态研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2002,(6):13-17.
[17]董玉红,欧阳竹,李鹏,等.长期定位施肥对农田土壤温室气体排放的影响[J].土壤通报,2007,38(1):97-100.
[18]Ding W X,Meng L,Yin Y F.CO2 emission in an intensively cultivated loam as affected by long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2007,39(2):669-679.
[19]Xiao Y,Xie G D,Lu C X,et al.The value of gas exchange as a service by rice paddies in suburban Shanghai,P R China[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2005,109(3):273-283.
[20]Chen Y,Wu C Y,Shui J G,et al.Emission and fixation of CO2from soil system as influenced by long-term application of organic manure in paddy soils[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2006,5(6):456-461.
[21]Zheng J F,Zhang X H,Li L Q,et al.Effect of long-term fertilization on C mineralization and production of CH4 and CO2under anaerobic incubation from bulk samples and particle size fractions of a typical paddy soil[J].Agricultural,Ecosystems&Environment,2007,120(2-4):129-138.
[22]Ginting D,Kessavalou A,Eghball B,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions and soil indicators four years after manure and compost applications[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2003,32(1):23-32.
[23]张蛟蛟,李永夫,姜培坤,等.施肥对板栗林土壤CO2通量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(9):2431-2439.
[24]Javed I,Hu R,Lin S,et al.CO2 emission in a subtropical red paddy soil(Ultisol)as affected by straw and N-fertilizer applications:A case study in Southern China[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2009,131(3):292-302.
[25]谢军飞,李玉娥.农田土壤温室气体排放机理与影响因素研究进展[J].中国农业气象,2002,23(4):47-52.
[26]诸葛玉平,张旭东,刘启.长期施肥对黑土呼吸过程的影响[J].土壤通报,2005,36(3):391-394.
[27]董玉红,欧阳竹.有机肥对农田土壤二氧化碳和甲烷通量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(7):1303-1307.
[28]谢立勇,叶丹丹,张贺,等.旱地土壤温室气体排放影响因子及减排增汇措施分析[J].中国农业气象,2011,32(4):481-487.
[29]Blair G J,Lefroy R D B,Lise L.Soil carbon fractions based on their degree of oxidation,and the development of a carbon management index for agricultural systems[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1995,46(7):393-406.
[30]李海防,夏汉平,熊燕梅,等.土壤温室气体产生与排放影响因素研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2007,16(6):1781-1788.
[31]刘志祥,郝庆菊,祝滔,等.三江平原旱田土壤甲烷氧化的初步研究[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2011,33(1):85-90.
[32]Hütsch B W.Methane oxidation in arable soil as inhibited by ammonium,nitrite,and organic manure with respect to soil pH[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,1998,28(1):27-35.
[33]Hütsch B W,Webster C P,Powlson D S.Long-term effects of nitrogen fertilization on methane oxidation in soil of the broadbalk wheat experiment[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1993,25(10):1307-1315.
[34]胡荣桂.氮肥对旱地土壤甲烷氧化能力的影响[J].生态环境学报,2004,13(1):74-77.
[2]张玉铭,胡春胜,张佳宝,等.农田土壤主要温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)的源/汇强度及其温室效应研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(4):966-975.
[3]齐玉春,董云社,章申.华北平原典型农业区土壤甲烷通量研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2002,18(3):56-58.
[4]王琛瑞,黄国宏,梁战备,等.大气甲烷的源和汇与土壤氧化(吸收)甲烷研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(12):1707-1712.
[5]沈仕洲,王风,薛长亮,等.施用有机肥对农田温室气体排放影响研究进展[J].中国土壤与肥料,2015,(6):1-8.
[6]秦晓波,李玉娥,刘克樱,等.长期施肥对湖南稻田甲烷排放的影响[J].中国农业气象,2006,27(1):19-22.
[7]Lu J B,Lei Z,Hu G L,et al.Integrating animal manure-based bioenergy production with invasive species control:a case study at Tongren pig farm in China.[J].Biomass&Bioenergy,2010,34(6):821-827.
[8]靳红梅,常志州,叶小梅,等.江苏省大型沼气工程沼液理化特性分析[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):291-296.
[9]陈永根,彭永红,宋哲岳,等.沼液施用对土壤温室气体排放的影响[J].浙江农林大学学报,2013,30(1):32-37.
[10]刘晓雨,李志鹏,潘根兴,等.长期不同施肥下太湖地区稻田净温室效应和温室气体排放强度的变化[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(9):1783-1790.
[11]郝小雨,高伟,王玉军,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对设施菜田土壤N2O排放的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,(5):1073-1085.
[12]李银坤,武雪萍,郭文忠,等.不同氮水平下黄瓜-番茄日光温室栽培土壤N2O排放特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(23):260-267.
[13]易琼,黄旭,张木,等.氮肥施用水平及种类对生菜产量及菜地N2O排放的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(10):2019-2025.
[14]Scala N L,Marques J,Pereira G T,et al.Carbon dioxide emission related to chemical properties of a tropical bare soil[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2000,32(10):1469-1473.
[15]杨书运,严平,马友华,等.施肥对冬小麦土壤温室气体排放的影响[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(7):1642-1645.
[16]王立刚,邱建军,李维炯.黄淮海平原地区夏玉米农田土壤呼吸的动态研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2002,(6):13-17.
[17]董玉红,欧阳竹,李鹏,等.长期定位施肥对农田土壤温室气体排放的影响[J].土壤通报,2007,38(1):97-100.
[18]Ding W X,Meng L,Yin Y F.CO2 emission in an intensively cultivated loam as affected by long-term application of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2007,39(2):669-679.
[19]Xiao Y,Xie G D,Lu C X,et al.The value of gas exchange as a service by rice paddies in suburban Shanghai,P R China[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2005,109(3):273-283.
[20]Chen Y,Wu C Y,Shui J G,et al.Emission and fixation of CO2from soil system as influenced by long-term application of organic manure in paddy soils[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2006,5(6):456-461.
[21]Zheng J F,Zhang X H,Li L Q,et al.Effect of long-term fertilization on C mineralization and production of CH4 and CO2under anaerobic incubation from bulk samples and particle size fractions of a typical paddy soil[J].Agricultural,Ecosystems&Environment,2007,120(2-4):129-138.
[22]Ginting D,Kessavalou A,Eghball B,et al.Greenhouse gas emissions and soil indicators four years after manure and compost applications[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2003,32(1):23-32.
[23]张蛟蛟,李永夫,姜培坤,等.施肥对板栗林土壤CO2通量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(9):2431-2439.
[24]Javed I,Hu R,Lin S,et al.CO2 emission in a subtropical red paddy soil(Ultisol)as affected by straw and N-fertilizer applications:A case study in Southern China[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2009,131(3):292-302.
[25]谢军飞,李玉娥.农田土壤温室气体排放机理与影响因素研究进展[J].中国农业气象,2002,23(4):47-52.
[26]诸葛玉平,张旭东,刘启.长期施肥对黑土呼吸过程的影响[J].土壤通报,2005,36(3):391-394.
[27]董玉红,欧阳竹.有机肥对农田土壤二氧化碳和甲烷通量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(7):1303-1307.
[28]谢立勇,叶丹丹,张贺,等.旱地土壤温室气体排放影响因子及减排增汇措施分析[J].中国农业气象,2011,32(4):481-487.
[29]Blair G J,Lefroy R D B,Lise L.Soil carbon fractions based on their degree of oxidation,and the development of a carbon management index for agricultural systems[J].Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,1995,46(7):393-406.
[30]李海防,夏汉平,熊燕梅,等.土壤温室气体产生与排放影响因素研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2007,16(6):1781-1788.
[31]刘志祥,郝庆菊,祝滔,等.三江平原旱田土壤甲烷氧化的初步研究[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2011,33(1):85-90.
[32]Hütsch B W.Methane oxidation in arable soil as inhibited by ammonium,nitrite,and organic manure with respect to soil pH[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,1998,28(1):27-35.
[33]Hütsch B W,Webster C P,Powlson D S.Long-term effects of nitrogen fertilization on methane oxidation in soil of the broadbalk wheat experiment[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1993,25(10):1307-1315.
[34]胡荣桂.氮肥对旱地土壤甲烷氧化能力的影响[J].生态环境学报,2004,13(1):74-77.