龙潭喀斯特槽谷倾坡土壤水分变异性研究
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摘要
保水保土是石漠化治理的关键,掌握石漠化区土壤水分的变化规律对石漠化治理有重要的作用。2017年6月—2018年11月在重庆酉阳县龙潭槽谷两侧顺、逆倾坡(典型石漠化治理区)选择4个土壤剖面分15 cm、30 cm土层深度埋设探头,开展高分辨率土壤水分和土壤温度的动态监测。结果表明:(1)季节尺度上,土壤水分与降雨量的关系较大,与土温的关系较小;顺倾坡土壤水分高于逆倾坡,且多雨季节比少雨季节明显;多雨季节,裸岩出露影响降雨的再分配:顺倾坡得到双重补给,即降雨补给、裸岩地表径流补给。(2)降雨间歇期,顺倾坡失水量较逆倾坡少,这主要与坡面坡度和土壤质地的差异有关。(3)降雨期间,降雨强度较小时,土壤水分随土层深度的增加而增加;但降雨强度较大时,顺倾坡土壤监测点出现表层土壤水分大于底层土壤水分的现象,这主要与强降雨引起坡面的超渗产流有关。(4)受龙潭槽谷顺、逆倾坡空间差异的影响,槽谷两侧裸岩出露率、土层厚度、土壤有机质等自然要素差别明显,进而对该区土壤水分的时空分布有重要影响,因此在石漠化治理过程中应采取不同的保水保土措施。
Soil and water conservation is the key to controlling rock desertification. Understanding the pattern of changes in soil moisture in rocky desertification areas plays an important role in rock desertification control. In this study, a high-resolution positioning for the dynamic monitoring of soil moisture and temperature was applied to four slope lands with 15 and 30 cm depths. This research was conducted from June 2017 to November 2018 in sloping and reversed slopes on both sides of Longtan karst trough valley(typical rock desertification control area), Youyang, Chongqing City. Results showed the following:(1) On a seasonal scale, soil moisture was closely related to rainfall, and slightly associated with soil temperature. The soil moisture levels of sloping slope were higher than those of reversed slope, and this phenomenon was more evident on rainy season than on less rainy season. On rainy season, rock outcrops affected the redistribution of rainfall. The sloping slope obtained double replenishment, that is, rainfall recharge and runoff recharge of the bare rock surface.(2) On continuous sunny days, the soil moisture loss of sloping slope was lower than that of reversed slope. This occurrence was mainly related to the difference between slope and soil texture.(3) At a low rainfall intensity, the soil moisture increased with the soil depth. At a high rainfall intensity, the soil moisture of the sloping slope at the surface(15 cm) was greater than that in the deep layer(30 cm). This phenomenon was mainly associated with the slope ultra-fluidity mechanism.(4) Influenced by the spatial difference in the Longtan trough valley, natural elements, such as rock outcrops, soil thickness, and soil organic matter, on both sides of the valley evidently differed. Moreover, the spatial difference has an important influence on the spatial and temporal changes of soil moisture. Thus, different water and soil conservation measures should be implemented in rock desertification control.
Soil and water conservation is the key to controlling rock desertification. Understanding the pattern of changes in soil moisture in rocky desertification areas plays an important role in rock desertification control. In this study, a high-resolution positioning for the dynamic monitoring of soil moisture and temperature was applied to four slope lands with 15 and 30 cm depths. This research was conducted from June 2017 to November 2018 in sloping and reversed slopes on both sides of Longtan karst trough valley(typical rock desertification control area), Youyang, Chongqing City. Results showed the following:(1) On a seasonal scale, soil moisture was closely related to rainfall, and slightly associated with soil temperature. The soil moisture levels of sloping slope were higher than those of reversed slope, and this phenomenon was more evident on rainy season than on less rainy season. On rainy season, rock outcrops affected the redistribution of rainfall. The sloping slope obtained double replenishment, that is, rainfall recharge and runoff recharge of the bare rock surface.(2) On continuous sunny days, the soil moisture loss of sloping slope was lower than that of reversed slope. This occurrence was mainly related to the difference between slope and soil texture.(3) At a low rainfall intensity, the soil moisture increased with the soil depth. At a high rainfall intensity, the soil moisture of the sloping slope at the surface(15 cm) was greater than that in the deep layer(30 cm). This phenomenon was mainly associated with the slope ultra-fluidity mechanism.(4) Influenced by the spatial difference in the Longtan trough valley, natural elements, such as rock outcrops, soil thickness, and soil organic matter, on both sides of the valley evidently differed. Moreover, the spatial difference has an important influence on the spatial and temporal changes of soil moisture. Thus, different water and soil conservation measures should be implemented in rock desertification control.
引文
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[12]SOHRT J,RIES F,SAUTER M,et al.Significance of preferential flow at the rock soil interface in a semi-arid karst environment[J].Catena,2014,123(7):1-10.
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[16]郭小娇,龚晓萍,汤庆佳,等.典型岩溶山坡土壤剖面水分对降雨响应过程研究[J].中国岩溶,2016,35(6):629-638[GUO Xiaojiao,GONG Xiaoping,TANG Qingjia,et al.The response processes of moisture at soil profile to precipitation in typical karst hillslope[J].Carsologica Sinica,20016,35(6):629-638]
[17]蒋勇军,刘秀明,何师意,等.喀斯特槽谷区土地石漠化与综合治理技术研发[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7092-7097[JIANG Yonjun,LIU Xiuming,HE Shiyi,et al.Research and development of comprehensive rehabilitation measures for land rocky desertification in karst trough valley area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(22):7092-7097]
[18]HEATHMAN G C,LAROSE M,COSH M H,et al.Surface and profile soil moisture spatio-temporal analysis during an excessive rainfall period in the Southern Great Plains[J].Catena,2009,78(2):159-169.
[19]JASPER K,CALANCA P,FUHRER J.Changes in summertime soil water patterns in complex terrain due to climatic change[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,327(3-4):550-563.
[20]王济,蔡雄飞,雷丽,等.不同裸岩率下我国西南喀斯特山区土壤侵蚀的室内模拟[J].中国岩溶,2010,29(1):1-5[WANG Ji,CAI Xiongfei,LEI Li,et al.Laboratory simulation on soil erosion under different bedrock outcrop rate in Southwest karst area,China[J].Carsologica Sinica,2010,29(1):1-5]
[21]KHEIR R B,ABDALLH C,KHAWLIE M.Assessing soil erosion in Mediterranean karst landscapes of Lebanon using remote sensing and GIS[J].Engineering Geology,2008,99(3-4):239-254.
[22]冯天骄,卫伟,陈利顶,等.黄土丘陵区小流域不同整地措施长期影响下的土壤水力学特性[J].环境科学,2017,38(9):3860-3870[FENG Tianjiao,WEI Wei,CHEN Liding,et al.Comparison of soil hydraulic characteristics under the conditions of long term land preparation and natural slope in long tan Catchment of the Loess hilly region[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(9):3860-3870]
[23]LI S,REN H D,XUE L,et al.Influence of bare rocks on surrounding soil moisture in the karst rocky desertification regions under drought conditions[J].Catena,2014,116(3):157-162.
[24]MEERVELD T V,MCDONNELL J J.On the interrelations between topography,soil depth,soil moisture,transpiration rates and species distribution at the hillslope scale[J].Advances in Water Resources,2006,29(2):293-310.
[25]张继光,苏以荣,陈洪松,等.桂西北喀斯特区域土壤水分动态变化研究[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(5):32-36[ZHANG Jiguang,SU Yirong,CHEN Hongsong,et al.Dynamic change of soil moisture in karst region of Northwest Guangxi province[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,27(5):32-36]
[26]耿增超,戴伟.土壤学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:64-72[GENG Zengchao,DAI Wei.Pedology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011:64-72]
[27]ENGLISH N B,WELTZIN J F,FRAVOLINI A,et al.The influence of soil texture and vegetation on soil moisture under rainout shelters in a semi-desert grassland[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2005,63(1):324-343.
[28]JAWSON S D,NIEMANN J D.Spatial patterns from EOF analysis of soil moisture at a large scale and their dependence on soil,landuse,and topographic properties[J].Advances in Water Resources,2007,30(3):366-381.
[29]张志才,陈喜,石朋,等.贵州喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水分布特征及其影响因素[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(5):803-807[ZHANG Zhicai,CHEN Xi,SHI Peng,et al.Influences of rock on soil moisture distribution in the karst clusterpeach mountains[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2008,17(5):803-807]
[30]张笑楠,王克林,张伟,等.桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土地利用对土壤水分的影响[J].土壤通报,2009,40(6):1250-1254[ZHANG Xiaonan,WANG Kelin,ZHANG Wei,et al.Effect of land use on soil moisture on hillslope in karst peak-cluster depression areas of Northwest Guangxi[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2009,40(6):1250-1254]
[31]张川,陈洪松,聂云鹏,等.喀斯特地区洼地剖面土壤含水率的动态变化规律[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(10):1225-1232.[ZHANG Chuan,CHEN Hongsong,NIE Yunpeng,et al.Dynamics of soil profile water content in peak-cluster depression areas in karst region[J].Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture,2013,21(10):1225-1232]
[32]RIES F,LANGE J,SCHMIDT S,et al.Recharge estimation and soil moisture dynamics in a Mediterranean,semi-arid karst region[J].Hydrology&Earth System Sciences,2015,19(3):1439-1456.
[2]LIAN Y,YOU J Y,LIN K,et al.Characteristics of climate change in Southwest China karst region and their potential environmental impacts[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,74(2):937-944.
[3]李安定,卢永飞,韦小丽,等.花江喀斯特峡谷地区不同坡面土壤水分的动态研究[J].中国岩溶,2008,27(1):56-62[LIAnding,LU Yongfei,WEI Xiaoli,et al.Studies on the regime of soil moisture under different microhabitats in Huajiang karst valley[J].Carsologica Sinica,2008,27(1):56-62]
[4]何永涛,李文华,李贵才,等.黄土高原地区森林植被生态需水研究[J].环境科学,2004,25(3):35-39[HE Yongtao,LIWenhua,LI Guicai,et al.Ecological water requirement of forests in Loess Plateau[J].Environmental Science,2004,25(3):35-39]
[5]程星,於芳.喀斯特土壤水分变化研究[J].地球与环境,2005,33(s1):139-143[CHENG Xin,YU Fang.The studies of soil moisture change in the karst area[J].Earth and Environment,2005,33(s1):139-143]
[6]袁道先.西南岩溶石山地区重大环境地质问题及对策研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2014:12-15[YUAN Daoxian.Astudy of significant environmental geological problems in Southwest karst areas in China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2014:12-15]
[7]THOMAS D,JOHANNES K,DAVID K,et al.Impacts of management and climate change on nitrate leaching in a forested karst area[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,165(2):243.
[8]张川,张伟,陈洪松,等.喀斯特典型坡地旱季表层土壤水分时空变异性[J].生态学报,2015,35(19):6326-6334[ZHANG Chuan,ZHANG Wei,CHEN Hongsong,et al.Temporal and spatial variation in surface soil moisture content of karst slopes in the dry season[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(19):6326-6334]
[9]张继光,陈洪松,苏以荣,等.喀斯特山区洼地表层土壤水分的时空变异[J].生态学报,2008,28(12):6334-6343[ZHANG Jiguang,CHEN Hongsong,SU Yirong,et al.Spatial and temporal variability of surface soil moisture in the depression area of karst hilly region[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(12):6334-6343]
[10]CANTON Y,RODRIGUEZCABALLERO E,CONTRERAS S,et al.Vertical and lateral soil moisture patterns on a Mediterranean karst hillslope[J].Journal of Hydrology&Hydromechanics,2016,64(3):209-217.
[11]LI S,BIRK S,XUE L,et al.Seasonal changes in the soil moisture distribution around bare rock outcrops within a karst rocky desertification area(Fuyuan County,Yunnan Province,China)[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(23):1482-1492.
[12]SOHRT J,RIES F,SAUTER M,et al.Significance of preferential flow at the rock soil interface in a semi-arid karst environment[J].Catena,2014,123(7):1-10.
[13]WANG D J,SHEN Y X,HUANG J,et al.Rock outcrops redistribute water to nearby soil patches in karst landscapes[J].Environmental-Science&Pollution Research International,2016,23(9):8610-8616.
[14]贾金田,付智勇,陈洪松,等.喀斯特坡地基岩起伏对土壤剖面水分格局的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(6):1708-1714[JIA Jintian,FU Zhiyong,CHEN Hongsong,et al.Effect of irregular bedrock topography on the soil profile pattern of water content in a Karsthillslope[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(6):1708-1714]
[15]颜蒙蒙,周洲,王济,等.喀斯特地区土壤水分随降雨的动态变化研究---以贵阳市花溪区为例[J].中国岩溶,2016,35(4):446-452[YAN Mengmeng,ZHOU Zhou,WANG Ji,et al.Study on the dynamic change of soil moisture in karst area:A case of Huaxi district in Guiyang City][J].Carsologica Sinica,20016,35(4):446-452]
[16]郭小娇,龚晓萍,汤庆佳,等.典型岩溶山坡土壤剖面水分对降雨响应过程研究[J].中国岩溶,2016,35(6):629-638[GUO Xiaojiao,GONG Xiaoping,TANG Qingjia,et al.The response processes of moisture at soil profile to precipitation in typical karst hillslope[J].Carsologica Sinica,20016,35(6):629-638]
[17]蒋勇军,刘秀明,何师意,等.喀斯特槽谷区土地石漠化与综合治理技术研发[J].生态学报,2016,36(22):7092-7097[JIANG Yonjun,LIU Xiuming,HE Shiyi,et al.Research and development of comprehensive rehabilitation measures for land rocky desertification in karst trough valley area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(22):7092-7097]
[18]HEATHMAN G C,LAROSE M,COSH M H,et al.Surface and profile soil moisture spatio-temporal analysis during an excessive rainfall period in the Southern Great Plains[J].Catena,2009,78(2):159-169.
[19]JASPER K,CALANCA P,FUHRER J.Changes in summertime soil water patterns in complex terrain due to climatic change[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,327(3-4):550-563.
[20]王济,蔡雄飞,雷丽,等.不同裸岩率下我国西南喀斯特山区土壤侵蚀的室内模拟[J].中国岩溶,2010,29(1):1-5[WANG Ji,CAI Xiongfei,LEI Li,et al.Laboratory simulation on soil erosion under different bedrock outcrop rate in Southwest karst area,China[J].Carsologica Sinica,2010,29(1):1-5]
[21]KHEIR R B,ABDALLH C,KHAWLIE M.Assessing soil erosion in Mediterranean karst landscapes of Lebanon using remote sensing and GIS[J].Engineering Geology,2008,99(3-4):239-254.
[22]冯天骄,卫伟,陈利顶,等.黄土丘陵区小流域不同整地措施长期影响下的土壤水力学特性[J].环境科学,2017,38(9):3860-3870[FENG Tianjiao,WEI Wei,CHEN Liding,et al.Comparison of soil hydraulic characteristics under the conditions of long term land preparation and natural slope in long tan Catchment of the Loess hilly region[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(9):3860-3870]
[23]LI S,REN H D,XUE L,et al.Influence of bare rocks on surrounding soil moisture in the karst rocky desertification regions under drought conditions[J].Catena,2014,116(3):157-162.
[24]MEERVELD T V,MCDONNELL J J.On the interrelations between topography,soil depth,soil moisture,transpiration rates and species distribution at the hillslope scale[J].Advances in Water Resources,2006,29(2):293-310.
[25]张继光,苏以荣,陈洪松,等.桂西北喀斯特区域土壤水分动态变化研究[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(5):32-36[ZHANG Jiguang,SU Yirong,CHEN Hongsong,et al.Dynamic change of soil moisture in karst region of Northwest Guangxi province[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,27(5):32-36]
[26]耿增超,戴伟.土壤学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:64-72[GENG Zengchao,DAI Wei.Pedology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011:64-72]
[27]ENGLISH N B,WELTZIN J F,FRAVOLINI A,et al.The influence of soil texture and vegetation on soil moisture under rainout shelters in a semi-desert grassland[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2005,63(1):324-343.
[28]JAWSON S D,NIEMANN J D.Spatial patterns from EOF analysis of soil moisture at a large scale and their dependence on soil,landuse,and topographic properties[J].Advances in Water Resources,2007,30(3):366-381.
[29]张志才,陈喜,石朋,等.贵州喀斯特峰丛山体土壤水分布特征及其影响因素[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(5):803-807[ZHANG Zhicai,CHEN Xi,SHI Peng,et al.Influences of rock on soil moisture distribution in the karst clusterpeach mountains[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2008,17(5):803-807]
[30]张笑楠,王克林,张伟,等.桂西北喀斯特峰丛洼地坡面土地利用对土壤水分的影响[J].土壤通报,2009,40(6):1250-1254[ZHANG Xiaonan,WANG Kelin,ZHANG Wei,et al.Effect of land use on soil moisture on hillslope in karst peak-cluster depression areas of Northwest Guangxi[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2009,40(6):1250-1254]
[31]张川,陈洪松,聂云鹏,等.喀斯特地区洼地剖面土壤含水率的动态变化规律[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(10):1225-1232.[ZHANG Chuan,CHEN Hongsong,NIE Yunpeng,et al.Dynamics of soil profile water content in peak-cluster depression areas in karst region[J].Chinese Journal of EcoAgriculture,2013,21(10):1225-1232]
[32]RIES F,LANGE J,SCHMIDT S,et al.Recharge estimation and soil moisture dynamics in a Mediterranean,semi-arid karst region[J].Hydrology&Earth System Sciences,2015,19(3):1439-1456.