低气压环境对瓦楞纸箱燃烧速率的影响
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摘要
以航空货运中常见的瓦楞纸箱为对象,在50～90k Pa气压环境模拟舱中开展了单个纸箱、堆叠的两个纸箱的火灾实验,从理论和实验两方面研究低压环境下的燃烧速率行为,为航空火险救援提供依据。从传热传质角度推导低气压对固体燃烧速率行为的影响规律。结果表明:湍流固体火灾燃烧速率的压力表达式为:■。通过实验结果验证了该表达式,同时给出经验关系式:■。在应用压力模型和辐射火焰模型对比分析固定压力环境下的燃烧速率发现,辐射火焰模型的拟合效果优于压力模型。
This study took corrugated cartons commonly found in airfreight as the research object, and carried out single carton fireand two staked cartons fire experiments under 50～90 k Pa in a lowpressure environment simulation cabin.The burning rate behavior under reduced pressure environment was investigated theoretically and experimentally, which provided a basis for aviation fire insurance. The pressure dependence of burning rate behavior of solid fuel was derived from the perspective of heat and mass transfer. The results revealed that the pressure dependence of turbulent solid fire burning rate was expressed as:■ . The expression was verified by experimental results, and the empirical relationship was given as:■.Comparative analysis of the burning rate under fixed pressure environment using pressure modeling and radiation fire modeling showed that the fitting effect of radiation fire model was significantly better than that of pressure model.
This study took corrugated cartons commonly found in airfreight as the research object, and carried out single carton fireand two staked cartons fire experiments under 50～90 k Pa in a lowpressure environment simulation cabin.The burning rate behavior under reduced pressure environment was investigated theoretically and experimentally, which provided a basis for aviation fire insurance. The pressure dependence of burning rate behavior of solid fuel was derived from the perspective of heat and mass transfer. The results revealed that the pressure dependence of turbulent solid fire burning rate was expressed as:■ . The expression was verified by experimental results, and the empirical relationship was given as:■.Comparative analysis of the burning rate under fixed pressure environment using pressure modeling and radiation fire modeling showed that the fitting effect of radiation fire model was significantly better than that of pressure model.
引文
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[14]LIU J H,HE Y P,ZHOU Z H,et al.The burning behaviors of pool fire flames under low pressure[J].Fire and Materials,2016,40(2):318-334.
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[16]ZHOU Z H,WEI Y,LI H H,et al.Experimental analysis of low air pressure influences on fire plumes[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2014,70:578-585.
[17]MA Q J,LIU Q Y,ZHANG H,et al.Experimental study of the mass burning rate in n-heptane pool fire under dynamic pressure[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2017,113:1004-1010.
[18]DE RIS J,KANURY A M,YUEN M.Pressure modeling of fires.Sympos[J].(International)Combust,1973,14:1033-1044.
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[20]ALPERT R.Pressure modeling of transient crib fires[J].Combustion Science and Technology,1977,15(1-2):11-20.
[2]ALPERT R.Pressure modeling of fires controlled by radiation[J].Sympos(International)Combust,1977,16:1489-1500.
[3]QUINTIERE J G.Fundamentals of fire phenomena[M].John Wiley Chichester,2006.
[4]HIRST R,SUTTON D.The effect of reduced pressure and airflow on liquid surface diffusion flames[J].Combustion and Flame,1961,(5):319-330.
[5]FANG J,YU C Y,TU R,et al.The influence of low atmospheric pressure on carbon monoxide of n-heptane pool fires[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154(1):476-483.
[6]LI Z,HE Y,ZHANG H,et al.Combustion characteristics of nheptane and wood crib fires at different altitudes[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2009,32(2):2481-2488.
[7]FERERES S,LAUTENBERGER C,FERNANDEZ-PELLO AC,et al.Understanding ambient pressure effects on piloted ignition through numerical modeling[J].Combustion and Flame,2012,159(12):3544-3553.
[8]NIU Y,HE Y P,HU X K,et al.Experimental study of burning rates of cardboard box fires near sea level and at high altitude[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2013,34(2):2565-2573.
[9]FERERES S,FERNANDEZ-PELLO C,URBAN D L,et al.Identifying the roles of reduced gravity and pressure on the piloted ignition of solid combustibles[J].Combustion and Flame,2015,162(4):1136-1143.
[10]TU R,ZENG Y,FANG J,et al.Low air pressure effects on burning rates of ethanol and n-heptane pool fires under various feedback mechanisms of heat[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2016,99:545-549.
[11]FANG J,TU R,GUAN J F,et al.Influence of low air pressure on combustion characteristics and flame pulsation frequency of pool fires[J].Fuel,2011,90(8):2760-2766.
[12]HU X K,HE Y P,LI Z H,et al.Combustion characteristics of nheptane at high altitudes[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2011,33(2):2607-2615.
[13]YAO W,HU X K,RONG J Z,et al.Experimental study of largescale fire behavior under low pressure at high altitude[J].Journal of Fire Sciences,2013,31(6):481-494.
[14]LIU J H,HE Y P,ZHOU Z H,et al.The burning behaviors of pool fire flames under low pressure[J].Fire and Materials,2016,40(2):318-334.
[15]YIN J S,YAO W,LIU Q Y,et al.Experimental study of n-Heptane pool fire behavior in an altitude chamber[J].InternationalJournal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2013,62:543-552.
[16]ZHOU Z H,WEI Y,LI H H,et al.Experimental analysis of low air pressure influences on fire plumes[J].International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2014,70:578-585.
[17]MA Q J,LIU Q Y,ZHANG H,et al.Experimental study of the mass burning rate in n-heptane pool fire under dynamic pressure[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2017,113:1004-1010.
[18]DE RIS J,KANURY A M,YUEN M.Pressure modeling of fires.Sympos[J].(International)Combust,1973,14:1033-1044.
[19]DE RIS J L,WU P K,HESKESTAD G.Radiation fire modeling[J].Proceedings of the Combustion Institute,2000,28(2):2751-2759.
[20]ALPERT R.Pressure modeling of transient crib fires[J].Combustion Science and Technology,1977,15(1-2):11-20.