拖拉机驾驶室人机工程学优化设计
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摘要
拖拉机驾驶室人机工程学设计的合理性直接影响驾驶员在作业时的舒适性、安全性及工作效率。为此,以东方红LX1204型拖拉机驾驶室为研究对象,采用Creo3. 0创建驾驶室三维模型,以CATIA软件平台为基础,建立拖拉机驾驶室的人机系统模型,对第5、50、95百分位驾驶员进行操纵舒适性、可达性及视野的仿真。结果表明:驾驶室可达性符合设计要求,视野良好,方向盘和变速杆的操纵舒适性一般。结合拖拉机驾驶室操纵舒适性的调查,利用层次分析法与模糊综合评价法进行评价,调查评价的结果与仿真结果基本一致。最后,对驾驶室的方向盘和变速杆进行优化,方向盘立柱中心线与垂直方向夹角由35°度调整到30°,将主副变速杆沿Y方向向左移动了30mm。改进后,方向盘对踏板的遮挡变小,俯视视野良好;不同百分位的驾驶员操作方向盘、前控台、变速杆、提升器杆时RULA数值都为1或者2,操纵舒适性变好。本研究可为拖拉机驾驶室的人机工程学设计提供参考。
The ergonomic design of the tractor cab is very important,the design rationality directly affects the driver's comfort,safety and work efficiency during operation. The Dongfanghong LX1204 tractor cab was taken as the research object,three-dimensional model was created by Creo3.0 software,based on the CATIA software platform,the tractor cab's man-machine system model was established.Then the fifth,fiftieth,ninety-fifth percentile driver sitting comfort,vision performance and the scope of manipulation were evaluated.The results show that the accessibility of steering control board and the working vision of driver can meet the comfortable requirements,manipulation comfort of steering wheel and shift lever is not very good. Combined with the investigation of the tractor cab,the analytic hierarchy process and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used,The results of the survey and evaluation were basically consistent with the simulation results. The steering wheel and shift lever of the cab were optimized. The angle between the steering wheel column and the vertical direction was adjusted from 35°to 30°,the main and auxiliary shift levers were moved 30 mm to the left along the Y direction. After the improvement,the steering wheel had less shielding against the pedal,the overlooked view got better. When the different percentiles driver operated the steering wheel,front console,shift lever and lifter lever,the RULA analysis score was 1 or 2,and the steering comfort was improved.It Provides a reference for cab ergonomics design.
The ergonomic design of the tractor cab is very important,the design rationality directly affects the driver's comfort,safety and work efficiency during operation. The Dongfanghong LX1204 tractor cab was taken as the research object,three-dimensional model was created by Creo3.0 software,based on the CATIA software platform,the tractor cab's man-machine system model was established.Then the fifth,fiftieth,ninety-fifth percentile driver sitting comfort,vision performance and the scope of manipulation were evaluated.The results show that the accessibility of steering control board and the working vision of driver can meet the comfortable requirements,manipulation comfort of steering wheel and shift lever is not very good. Combined with the investigation of the tractor cab,the analytic hierarchy process and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used,The results of the survey and evaluation were basically consistent with the simulation results. The steering wheel and shift lever of the cab were optimized. The angle between the steering wheel column and the vertical direction was adjusted from 35°to 30°,the main and auxiliary shift levers were moved 30 mm to the left along the Y direction. After the improvement,the steering wheel had less shielding against the pedal,the overlooked view got better. When the different percentiles driver operated the steering wheel,front console,shift lever and lifter lever,the RULA analysis score was 1 or 2,and the steering comfort was improved.It Provides a reference for cab ergonomics design.
引文
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[15]黄金陵,龚礼洲,葛安林.车身布置中H点的优化[J].汽车工程,2000,22(6):368-372.
[16]任金东.汽车人机工程学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010:194-196.
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[18]钟文杰,徐红梅,徐奥.基于CATIA的拖拉机驾驶室人机系统舒适性分析与评价[J].江苏大学学报:自然科学版,2017,38(1):47-51.
[19] Mcatamney L,Nigel C E. RULA:a survey method for the investigation of work-related upper limb disorders.[J]. Applied Ergonomics,1993,24(2):91-9.
[20]洛阳拖拉机研究所.GB/T3871.7-2006农业拖拉机试验规程[S].北京:中国标准化出社,2006.
[21]杨飞,史庆春,万小玲,等.基于Pro/E Manikin的拖拉机驾驶室人机工程评价方法[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(9):32-38.
[22]孙博,肖汝诚.基于层次分析-模糊综合评价法的桥梁火灾风险评估体系[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2015,43(11):1619-1625.
[23]陈兴法,杨秀芳,沈晓东,等.拖拉机驾驶室操纵舒适性的调查分析与评价[J].河南科技,2017(23):78-79.
[24]国家技术监督局.GB/T 14775-93操纵器一般人类功效学[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1993.
[2] Fathallah F A,Gr9nqvist R,Cotnamb J P. Estimated slip potential on icy surfaces during various methods of exiting commercial tractors,trailers,and trucks[J]. Safety Science,2000,36(2):69-81.
[3] Fadi A Fathallah,John P Cotnam. Maximum forces sustained during various methods of exiting commercial tractors,trailers and trucks[J]. Applied Ergonomics,2000,31(1):25-33.
[4] Chisholm C J,Bottoms D J,Dwyer M J,et al. Safety,health and hygiene in agriculture[J]. Safety Science,1992,15(4):225-248.
[5] Yadav R,Tewari V K. Tractor operator workplace design:a review[J].Journal of Terramechanics,1998,35:41-53.
[6] Mehta C R,Gite L P,Pharade S C,et al.Review of anthropometric considerations for tractor seat design[J]. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,2008,38(5):546-554.
[7] Mehta C R,Tewari V K. Damping characteristics of seat cushion materials for tractor ride comfort[J]. Journal of Terramechanics,2010,47(6):401-406.
[8] Bridger R S.Introduction to ergonomics[J].International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics,2005,35(1):105-106.
[9] Mastrigt H V,Kamp I,Veen S A T V,et al. The influence of active seating on car passengers'perceived comfort and activity levels[J]. Applied Ergonomics,2015,47:211-219.
[10] Iradben-Gal,Josephbukchin.The ergonomic design of workstations using virtual manufacturing and response surface methodology[J]. AIIE Transactions,2002,34(4):375-391.
[11]周一鸣,吴陵生.关于拖拉机驾驶座椅设计中的人机工程学问题[J].农业机械学报,1987(2):14-21.
[12]陈为,陈震邦.人机工程在拖拉机造型上的应用[J].农业机械学报,1997(4):167-171.
[13]王建伟,张建敏.基于Jack的农机驾驶室人机工程学分析及仿真[J].农机化研究,2018,40(6):246-251.
[14]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6235-2004农业拖拉机驾驶员座位装置尺寸[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2004.
[15]黄金陵,龚礼洲,葛安林.车身布置中H点的优化[J].汽车工程,2000,22(6):368-372.
[16]任金东.汽车人机工程学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2010:194-196.
[17]洛阳拖拉机研究所. GB/T 6238-2004农业拖拉机驾驶室门道、紧急出口与驾驶员的工作位置尺寸[S].北京:中国标准化出版社,2004.
[18]钟文杰,徐红梅,徐奥.基于CATIA的拖拉机驾驶室人机系统舒适性分析与评价[J].江苏大学学报:自然科学版,2017,38(1):47-51.
[19] Mcatamney L,Nigel C E. RULA:a survey method for the investigation of work-related upper limb disorders.[J]. Applied Ergonomics,1993,24(2):91-9.
[20]洛阳拖拉机研究所.GB/T3871.7-2006农业拖拉机试验规程[S].北京:中国标准化出社,2006.
[21]杨飞,史庆春,万小玲,等.基于Pro/E Manikin的拖拉机驾驶室人机工程评价方法[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(9):32-38.
[22]孙博,肖汝诚.基于层次分析-模糊综合评价法的桥梁火灾风险评估体系[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2015,43(11):1619-1625.
[23]陈兴法,杨秀芳,沈晓东,等.拖拉机驾驶室操纵舒适性的调查分析与评价[J].河南科技,2017(23):78-79.
[24]国家技术监督局.GB/T 14775-93操纵器一般人类功效学[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1993.