新时代“幼有所育”何以实现
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摘要
中国历代都有明确的"及幼"、"慈幼"思想和施策。十九大报告强调,要坚持在发展中保障和改善民生,在"幼有所育"上不断取得新进展。新时代的"幼有所育"应定位如下:家庭始终是婴幼儿最主要的照料主体和中心场域;社会服务是"幼有所育"的必要延伸;围绕家庭需求和"居家育教",形成"政府主导、市场主体、社会补充、社区依托"的服务机制;托育服务的总量供给和质量保障两手抓。为此,须夯实"幼有所育"的家庭基础;打造"幼有所育"公共服务体系;进行分类管理,提供精准服务;落实"幼有所育"的公共服务清单;从"幼有所育"出发,推动《儿童养育法》的出台。
In Chinese history,there has always been a clear idea of affection to children. The report of the 19 th CPC National Congress stressed that we should continue to ensure and improve people's livelihood in development and make new progress in promoting availability of childcare service. The childcare service in the New Era should be positioned as follows:family is always the primary and central field for children; social service is a necessary extension of promoting availability of childcare service. Centering on family needs and"home-based education",a service mechanism featuring"government leading,market as subject,social supplement and community support"is formed. Total supply and quality assurance of care service are two important aspects,Therefore,the family foundation of childcare service should be strengthened. Creating a public service system of childcare; differentiated management to provide accurate service; implementing the list of public services for childcare; the Law of Childcare should be promulgated. The policy design should follow the principle of "two guarantees and two necessities"to ensure the smooth progress of promoting availability of childcare service.
In Chinese history,there has always been a clear idea of affection to children. The report of the 19 th CPC National Congress stressed that we should continue to ensure and improve people's livelihood in development and make new progress in promoting availability of childcare service. The childcare service in the New Era should be positioned as follows:family is always the primary and central field for children; social service is a necessary extension of promoting availability of childcare service. Centering on family needs and"home-based education",a service mechanism featuring"government leading,market as subject,social supplement and community support"is formed. Total supply and quality assurance of care service are two important aspects,Therefore,the family foundation of childcare service should be strengthened. Creating a public service system of childcare; differentiated management to provide accurate service; implementing the list of public services for childcare; the Law of Childcare should be promulgated. The policy design should follow the principle of "two guarantees and two necessities"to ensure the smooth progress of promoting availability of childcare service.
引文
[1]夏蓉.妇女指导委员会与抗战时期的妇女动员[J].抗日战争研究,2009,(4).
[2]杨津涛.遍布全国的托儿所,是怎么消失的?[J/OL].新京报书评周刊,https://baijiahao. baidu.com/s? id=1583729886075099702&wfr=spider&for=pc. 2017-11-11.
[3]周君尚.新中国与托儿所[M].上海:上海广协书局,1952.
[4]人民日报,转引薛素珍:怎样办托儿所幼儿园[M].北京:北京出版社,1983.
[5]北京市卫生妇幼处.托儿所保育员手册[M].北京:北京出版社,1983.
[6]教育部基础教育司. 2005年全国学前教育事业发展基本情况分析[M].中国教育统计网,http://www. stats. edu. cn/tjgb/tjjb200502. htm. 2018-11-17.
[7]刘文昭.亲子园虐童事件:别让先驱成先烈[EB/OL].今日话题,http://kuaibao. qq. com/s/20171110A03KCM00. 2017-11-10.
[8]杨可.母职的经纪人化——教育市场化背景下的母职变迁[J].妇女研究论丛,2018,(2).
[9]杨菊华.理论基础、现实依据与改革思路:中国3岁以下婴幼儿托育服务发展研究[J].社会科学,2018,(9).
[10]吴帆.欧洲家庭政策与生育率变化——兼论中国低生育率陷阱的风险[J].社会学研究,2016,(1).
[11]OECD. 2017. Starting Strong 2017:Key OECD Indicators on Early Childhood Education and Care. Retrieved Dec 1,2017,from http://www. oecd. org/education/starting-strong-2017-9789264276116-en. htm
[12]杨菊华.将“隔代照料”纳入婴幼儿托育服务体系[N].中国社会科学报,2018-05-30(005).
(1)不过,当时托儿所的快速发展,也产生了一些副作用。1955年,中华全国总工会在一份报告中指出:“由于企业行政经常随意安插编余人员,致使托儿所的编制一般大于实际需要。如大同矿务局托儿所,收托儿童不满五十名,仅管理人员就配备有正副所长、指导员、管理员等。青岛某纺织厂托儿所,安插冗员太多,用两人专看大门。”“由于编制大,人事费用开支也就多。工薪支出一般占到经常费用的百分之七十五到八十五,有的达百分之九十以上。”类似的浪费现象,在公立托儿所里普遍存在[8]。
(1)当然,这只是部分原因;此外,育龄期妇女总量的下降,使得一孩出生数量降低,也使得二孩出生率超过一孩出生率。
[2]杨津涛.遍布全国的托儿所,是怎么消失的?[J/OL].新京报书评周刊,https://baijiahao. baidu.com/s? id=1583729886075099702&wfr=spider&for=pc. 2017-11-11.
[3]周君尚.新中国与托儿所[M].上海:上海广协书局,1952.
[4]人民日报,转引薛素珍:怎样办托儿所幼儿园[M].北京:北京出版社,1983.
[5]北京市卫生妇幼处.托儿所保育员手册[M].北京:北京出版社,1983.
[6]教育部基础教育司. 2005年全国学前教育事业发展基本情况分析[M].中国教育统计网,http://www. stats. edu. cn/tjgb/tjjb200502. htm. 2018-11-17.
[7]刘文昭.亲子园虐童事件:别让先驱成先烈[EB/OL].今日话题,http://kuaibao. qq. com/s/20171110A03KCM00. 2017-11-10.
[8]杨可.母职的经纪人化——教育市场化背景下的母职变迁[J].妇女研究论丛,2018,(2).
[9]杨菊华.理论基础、现实依据与改革思路:中国3岁以下婴幼儿托育服务发展研究[J].社会科学,2018,(9).
[10]吴帆.欧洲家庭政策与生育率变化——兼论中国低生育率陷阱的风险[J].社会学研究,2016,(1).
[11]OECD. 2017. Starting Strong 2017:Key OECD Indicators on Early Childhood Education and Care. Retrieved Dec 1,2017,from http://www. oecd. org/education/starting-strong-2017-9789264276116-en. htm
[12]杨菊华.将“隔代照料”纳入婴幼儿托育服务体系[N].中国社会科学报,2018-05-30(005).
(1)不过,当时托儿所的快速发展,也产生了一些副作用。1955年,中华全国总工会在一份报告中指出:“由于企业行政经常随意安插编余人员,致使托儿所的编制一般大于实际需要。如大同矿务局托儿所,收托儿童不满五十名,仅管理人员就配备有正副所长、指导员、管理员等。青岛某纺织厂托儿所,安插冗员太多,用两人专看大门。”“由于编制大,人事费用开支也就多。工薪支出一般占到经常费用的百分之七十五到八十五,有的达百分之九十以上。”类似的浪费现象,在公立托儿所里普遍存在[8]。
(1)当然,这只是部分原因;此外,育龄期妇女总量的下降,使得一孩出生数量降低,也使得二孩出生率超过一孩出生率。