橡胶籽油基础饲料添加乙氧基喹啉和番茄红素对虹鳟生长及抗氧化能力的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究橡胶籽油基础饲料中添加乙氧基喹啉(EQ)和番茄红素(LCP)对虹鳟生长性能、脂蛋白水平和抗氧化功能的影响,以筛选虹鳟高脂饲料的适宜抗氧化剂。【方法】以橡胶籽油为脂肪源配制基础饲料,于基础饲料中分别添加0.02%EQ或0.02%LCP,配制3种等氮等能饲料,进行8周饲养试验。【结果】(1)添加EQ或LCP明显提高了虹鳟体增重和日增重系数,但均无显著差异;添加EQ或LCP明显改善了饲料利用率和蛋白质效率,其中LCP组效果显著优于EQ组。(2)添加EQ明显提高了胃蛋白酶活性,添加LCP则降低了胃蛋白酶和肝脏二糖酶活性。(3)添加EQ明显提高了血清总胆固醇(TC)水平,添加LCP则明显降低了血清TC和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平。(4)添加EQ或LCP明显提高了血浆总抗氧化能力、溶菌酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及肝脏谷胱甘肽还原酶活性,其中LCP组效果显著优于EQ组;添加EQ或LCP明显降低了血浆丙二醛水平,其中LCP组效果也显著优于EQ组。【结论】添加EQ或LCP可改善虹鳟生长性能、饲料利用率和抗氧化功能,但LCP效果显著优于EQ。可见,番茄红素是虹鳟高脂均饲料适宜的抗氧化剂。
[Purpose]This experiment was conducted to study the effects of different antioxidants supplementation(ethoxyquin or lycopene) on growth performance, lipoprotein level and antioxidant capacity of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed rubber seed oil-based diet, and thereby to select the suitable antioxidant for rainbow trout diets.[Methods]Three isoproteic and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated with adding 0.02% ethoxyquin(EQ) or 0.02% lycopene(LCP) or without to rubber seed oil-based diet. The feeding trial lasted for 8 weeks.[Results](1) Dietary supplementation with EQ or LCP generally increased the weight gain and daily growth coefficient although no significant differences were observed. Dietary supplementation with EQ or LCP generally reduced the feed coefficient ratio and improved protein efficiency ratio. Furthermore, the growth performance and feed utilization of fish fed LCP diet were better than those of fish fed EQ diet.(2) Dietary supplementation with EQ generally increased the pepsin activity. However, dietary supplementation with LCP generally reduced the hepatic pepsin and the disaccharidase activities, but no significant differences in the intestine trypsin, amylase, disaccharidase activities, and hepatic trypsin and amylase activities were found among the dietary treatments.(3) Dietary supplementation with EQ generally increased the serum total cholesterol(TC) level; whereas dietary supplementation with EQ generally reduced the serum TC and low density lipoprotein cholesterin levels.(4) Dietary supplementation with EQ or LCP generally improved the plasma total antioxidant capacity, lysozyme, glutathione peroxidase activities and hepatic glutathione reductase activities, whereas those enzymes activities were higher in fish fed LCP diet compared to fish fed EQ diet. Dietary supplementation with EQ or LCP generally reduced the plasma malonaldehyde(MDA) level.[ Conclusions] Whereas, the plasma MDA level was lower in fish fed LCP diet compared to fish fed EQ diet. The results indicated that dietary supplementation with EQ or LCP may improve the growth, feed utilization ratio and antioxidant capacity of rainbow trout and LCP is a suitable antioxidant for rainbow trout diet.
[Purpose]This experiment was conducted to study the effects of different antioxidants supplementation(ethoxyquin or lycopene) on growth performance, lipoprotein level and antioxidant capacity of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed rubber seed oil-based diet, and thereby to select the suitable antioxidant for rainbow trout diets.[Methods]Three isoproteic and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated with adding 0.02% ethoxyquin(EQ) or 0.02% lycopene(LCP) or without to rubber seed oil-based diet. The feeding trial lasted for 8 weeks.[Results](1) Dietary supplementation with EQ or LCP generally increased the weight gain and daily growth coefficient although no significant differences were observed. Dietary supplementation with EQ or LCP generally reduced the feed coefficient ratio and improved protein efficiency ratio. Furthermore, the growth performance and feed utilization of fish fed LCP diet were better than those of fish fed EQ diet.(2) Dietary supplementation with EQ generally increased the pepsin activity. However, dietary supplementation with LCP generally reduced the hepatic pepsin and the disaccharidase activities, but no significant differences in the intestine trypsin, amylase, disaccharidase activities, and hepatic trypsin and amylase activities were found among the dietary treatments.(3) Dietary supplementation with EQ generally increased the serum total cholesterol(TC) level; whereas dietary supplementation with EQ generally reduced the serum TC and low density lipoprotein cholesterin levels.(4) Dietary supplementation with EQ or LCP generally improved the plasma total antioxidant capacity, lysozyme, glutathione peroxidase activities and hepatic glutathione reductase activities, whereas those enzymes activities were higher in fish fed LCP diet compared to fish fed EQ diet. Dietary supplementation with EQ or LCP generally reduced the plasma malonaldehyde(MDA) level.[ Conclusions] Whereas, the plasma MDA level was lower in fish fed LCP diet compared to fish fed EQ diet. The results indicated that dietary supplementation with EQ or LCP may improve the growth, feed utilization ratio and antioxidant capacity of rainbow trout and LCP is a suitable antioxidant for rainbow trout diet.
引文
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[4]DONG X L,LEI W,ZHU X M,et al.Effects of dietary oxidized fish oil on growth performance and skin colour of Chinese longsnout catfish(Leiocassis longirostris Günther)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2011,17(4):e861.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00854.x.
[5]MUIK B,LENDL B,MOLINA-DíAZ A,et al.Direct monitoring of lipid oxidation in edible oils by Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy[J].Chemistry&Physics of Lipids,2005,134(2):173.DOI:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2005.01.003.
[6]WITZTUM J L.The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis[J].Lancet,1994,344(8925):793.DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92346-9.
[7]李书国,陈辉,李雪梅,等.油脂抗氧化剂分析检测技术与方法研究进展[J].粮食与油脂,2007(10):42.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-9578.2007.10.014.
[8]王珺.乙氧基喹啉、氧化鱼油和烟酸铬对大黄鱼与鲈鱼生长性能的影响及其(或代谢物)在鱼体组织中残留的研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2010.
[9]REYES J L,HERNáNDEZ M E,MELéNDEZ E,et al.Inhibitory effect of the antioxidant ethoxyquin on electron transport in the mitochondrial respiratory chain[J].Biochemical Pharmacology,1995,49(3):283.DOI:10.1016/0006-2952(94)00487-7.
[10]ARAB L,STECK S.Lycopene and cardiovascular disease[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2000,71(S):1691S.DOI:10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1691S.
[11]段慧荣,李冬梅,孙权,等.番茄红素在饲料添加剂中的应用[J].养殖技术顾问,2009(4):37.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-1921.2009.04.036.
[12]DUGAS T R,MOREL D W,HARRISON E H,et al.Dietary supplementation withβ-carotene,but not with lycopene,inhibits endothelial cell-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein[J].Free Radical Biology&Medicine,1999,26(9/10):1238.DOI:10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00321-9.
[13]KOHLMEIER L,KARK J D,GOMEZ-GRACIA E,et al.Lycopene and myocardial infarction risk in the EURAMIC study[J].American Journal of Epidemiology,1997,146(8):618.DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009327.
[14]FUHRMAN B,ELIS A,AVIRAM M,et al.Hypocholesterolemic effect of lycopene andβ-carotene is related to suppression of cholesterol synthesis and augmentation of LDL receptor activity in macrophages[J].Biochemical&Biophysical Research Communications,1997,233(3):658.DOI:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6520.
[15]DI M P,KAISER S,SIES H,et al.Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,1989,274(2):532.DOI:10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0.
[16]BOHNE V J B,LUNDEBYE A,HAMRE K,et al.Accumulation and depuration of the synthetic antioxidant ethoxyquin in the muscle of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.)[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2008,46(5):1834.DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.028.
[17]SAHIN K,YAZLAK H,ORHAN C,et al.The effect of lycopene on antioxidant status in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)reared under high stocking density[J].Aquaculture,2014,418/419(1):132.DOI:10.1016/j.aqua culture.2013.10.009.
[18]WANG J,AI Q H,MAI K S,et al.Effects of dietary ethoxyquin on growth performance and body composition of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea[J].Aquacu lture,2010,306(1):80.DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.06.024.
[19]DOWNS J R,CLEARFIELD M,WEIS S,et al.Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels:results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS.[J].JAMA,1998,279(20):1615.DOI:10.1001/jama.279.20.1615.
[20]NAKAMURA H,ARAKAWA K,ITAKURA H,et al.Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan(MEGA study):a prospective randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2006,368(9542):1155.DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69472-5.
[21]CANNON C P,BRAUNWALD E,MCCABE C H,et al.Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes[J].The New England Journal of Medicine,2004,350(15):1495.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa040583.
[22]WATERS D D,GUYTON J R,HERRINGTON D M,et al.Treating to new targets(TNT)study:does lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels below currently recommended guidelines yield incremental clinical benefit?[J].The American Journal of Cardiology,2004,93(2):154.DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.09.031.
[23]KASTELEIN J J,VAN DER STEEG W A,HOLME I,et al.Lipids,apolipoproteins,and their ratios in relation to cardiovascular events with statin treatment[J].Circulation,2008,117(23):3002.DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIO-NAHA.107.713438.
[24]胡敏予.番茄红素抗家兔动脉粥样硬化效果及血浆低密度脂蛋白蛋白质组学研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2007.
[25]HOLDOM M D,LECHENNE B,HAY R J,et al.Production and characterization of recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase and its recognition by immune human sera[J].Journal of Clinical Microbiology,2000,38(2):558.
[26]孟妤,杨鸢劼,王建美,等.饲料中补充番茄红素对鲫鱼抗氧化能力的影响[J].安徽农业大学学报,2011,38(1):59.DOI:10.13610/j.cnki.1672-352x.2011.01.029.
[27]潘洪志,姜秀梅,万丽葵,等.番茄红素对S180荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤作用的实验研究[J].卫生研究,2004,33(4):456.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-8020.2004.04.021.
[28]张成香,李世芬,赵岩,等.番茄红素对SD老龄大鼠抗氧化作用的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2008,28(7):899.
[29]李辉,张清慧,潘洪志,等.番茄红素抗氧化损伤的实验研究[J].实用预防医学,2005,12(4):768.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2005.04.018.
[30]谭树华,何典翼,严芳,等.亚硝酸钠对鲫鱼肝脏丙二醛含量和总抗氧化能力的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(S1):21.
[31]BAYNE C J,GERWICK L,et al.The acute phase response and innate immunity of fish[J].Developmental&Comparative Immunology,2001,25(8/9):725.DOI:10.1016/S0145-305X(01)00033-7.
[32]郑永华,蒲富永.汞对鲤鲫鱼组织转氨酶活性的影响[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),1997,19(1):41.DOI:10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.1997.01.011.
[33]YAMASHITA Y,KATAGIRI T,PIRARAT N,et al.The synthetic antioxidant,ethoxyquin,adversely affects immunity in tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2009,15(2):144.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00577.x.
[34]JIANG H Q,WANG Z Z,MA Y,et al.Effects of dietary lycopene supplementation on plasma lipid profile,lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in feedlot Bamei lamb[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2015,28(7):958.DOI:10.5713/ajas.14.0887.
[2]YIGIT M,YARDIM?,KOSHIO S,et al.The protein sparing effects of high lipid levels in diets for rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)with special reference to reduction of total nitrogen excretion[J].The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh,2002,54(2):79.
[3]LUZZANA U,SERRINI G,MORETTI V M,et al.Effect of expanded feed with high fish oil content on growth and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout[J].Aquaculture International,1994,2(4):239.
[4]DONG X L,LEI W,ZHU X M,et al.Effects of dietary oxidized fish oil on growth performance and skin colour of Chinese longsnout catfish(Leiocassis longirostris Günther)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2011,17(4):e861.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2011.00854.x.
[5]MUIK B,LENDL B,MOLINA-DíAZ A,et al.Direct monitoring of lipid oxidation in edible oils by Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy[J].Chemistry&Physics of Lipids,2005,134(2):173.DOI:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2005.01.003.
[6]WITZTUM J L.The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis[J].Lancet,1994,344(8925):793.DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92346-9.
[7]李书国,陈辉,李雪梅,等.油脂抗氧化剂分析检测技术与方法研究进展[J].粮食与油脂,2007(10):42.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-9578.2007.10.014.
[8]王珺.乙氧基喹啉、氧化鱼油和烟酸铬对大黄鱼与鲈鱼生长性能的影响及其(或代谢物)在鱼体组织中残留的研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学,2010.
[9]REYES J L,HERNáNDEZ M E,MELéNDEZ E,et al.Inhibitory effect of the antioxidant ethoxyquin on electron transport in the mitochondrial respiratory chain[J].Biochemical Pharmacology,1995,49(3):283.DOI:10.1016/0006-2952(94)00487-7.
[10]ARAB L,STECK S.Lycopene and cardiovascular disease[J].The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,2000,71(S):1691S.DOI:10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1691S.
[11]段慧荣,李冬梅,孙权,等.番茄红素在饲料添加剂中的应用[J].养殖技术顾问,2009(4):37.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-1921.2009.04.036.
[12]DUGAS T R,MOREL D W,HARRISON E H,et al.Dietary supplementation withβ-carotene,but not with lycopene,inhibits endothelial cell-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein[J].Free Radical Biology&Medicine,1999,26(9/10):1238.DOI:10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00321-9.
[13]KOHLMEIER L,KARK J D,GOMEZ-GRACIA E,et al.Lycopene and myocardial infarction risk in the EURAMIC study[J].American Journal of Epidemiology,1997,146(8):618.DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009327.
[14]FUHRMAN B,ELIS A,AVIRAM M,et al.Hypocholesterolemic effect of lycopene andβ-carotene is related to suppression of cholesterol synthesis and augmentation of LDL receptor activity in macrophages[J].Biochemical&Biophysical Research Communications,1997,233(3):658.DOI:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6520.
[15]DI M P,KAISER S,SIES H,et al.Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,1989,274(2):532.DOI:10.1016/0003-9861(89)90467-0.
[16]BOHNE V J B,LUNDEBYE A,HAMRE K,et al.Accumulation and depuration of the synthetic antioxidant ethoxyquin in the muscle of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.)[J].Food and Chemical Toxicology,2008,46(5):1834.DOI:10.1016/j.fct.2008.01.028.
[17]SAHIN K,YAZLAK H,ORHAN C,et al.The effect of lycopene on antioxidant status in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)reared under high stocking density[J].Aquaculture,2014,418/419(1):132.DOI:10.1016/j.aqua culture.2013.10.009.
[18]WANG J,AI Q H,MAI K S,et al.Effects of dietary ethoxyquin on growth performance and body composition of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea[J].Aquacu lture,2010,306(1):80.DOI:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.06.024.
[19]DOWNS J R,CLEARFIELD M,WEIS S,et al.Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels:results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS.[J].JAMA,1998,279(20):1615.DOI:10.1001/jama.279.20.1615.
[20]NAKAMURA H,ARAKAWA K,ITAKURA H,et al.Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with pravastatin in Japan(MEGA study):a prospective randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2006,368(9542):1155.DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69472-5.
[21]CANNON C P,BRAUNWALD E,MCCABE C H,et al.Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes[J].The New England Journal of Medicine,2004,350(15):1495.DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa040583.
[22]WATERS D D,GUYTON J R,HERRINGTON D M,et al.Treating to new targets(TNT)study:does lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels below currently recommended guidelines yield incremental clinical benefit?[J].The American Journal of Cardiology,2004,93(2):154.DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2003.09.031.
[23]KASTELEIN J J,VAN DER STEEG W A,HOLME I,et al.Lipids,apolipoproteins,and their ratios in relation to cardiovascular events with statin treatment[J].Circulation,2008,117(23):3002.DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIO-NAHA.107.713438.
[24]胡敏予.番茄红素抗家兔动脉粥样硬化效果及血浆低密度脂蛋白蛋白质组学研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2007.
[25]HOLDOM M D,LECHENNE B,HAY R J,et al.Production and characterization of recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase and its recognition by immune human sera[J].Journal of Clinical Microbiology,2000,38(2):558.
[26]孟妤,杨鸢劼,王建美,等.饲料中补充番茄红素对鲫鱼抗氧化能力的影响[J].安徽农业大学学报,2011,38(1):59.DOI:10.13610/j.cnki.1672-352x.2011.01.029.
[27]潘洪志,姜秀梅,万丽葵,等.番茄红素对S180荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤作用的实验研究[J].卫生研究,2004,33(4):456.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-8020.2004.04.021.
[28]张成香,李世芬,赵岩,等.番茄红素对SD老龄大鼠抗氧化作用的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2008,28(7):899.
[29]李辉,张清慧,潘洪志,等.番茄红素抗氧化损伤的实验研究[J].实用预防医学,2005,12(4):768.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-3110.2005.04.018.
[30]谭树华,何典翼,严芳,等.亚硝酸钠对鲫鱼肝脏丙二醛含量和总抗氧化能力的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(S1):21.
[31]BAYNE C J,GERWICK L,et al.The acute phase response and innate immunity of fish[J].Developmental&Comparative Immunology,2001,25(8/9):725.DOI:10.1016/S0145-305X(01)00033-7.
[32]郑永华,蒲富永.汞对鲤鲫鱼组织转氨酶活性的影响[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版),1997,19(1):41.DOI:10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.1997.01.011.
[33]YAMASHITA Y,KATAGIRI T,PIRARAT N,et al.The synthetic antioxidant,ethoxyquin,adversely affects immunity in tilapia(Oreochromis niloticus)[J].Aquaculture Nutrition,2009,15(2):144.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00577.x.
[34]JIANG H Q,WANG Z Z,MA Y,et al.Effects of dietary lycopene supplementation on plasma lipid profile,lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense system in feedlot Bamei lamb[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2015,28(7):958.DOI:10.5713/ajas.14.0887.