论国际航运反垄断豁免的流变与对策选择
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摘要
长期以来,学界对国际航运反垄断豁免制度的合理性和适用范围一直存在争论。争议焦点集中在是否应该取消航运反垄断豁免的规定,将之纳入一般竞争法框架下调整。通过梳理航运反垄断豁免制度的历史嬗变与演进,结合围绕豁免合理性的批判和质疑,可以发现目前在该问题上存在实现路径的分化现象。但是,不管采用何种监管模式,各国的执法实践都不同程度地对航运反垄断豁免作限缩性解释,缩小豁免的范围和边界,以强化竞争机制在航运领域的运用。
The rationality and application of international shipping antitrust exemption has been hotly debated in academic circles for a long time. The focus of the controversy is whether it is appropriate to abolish the provisions of shipping antitrust exemption and incorporate them into the framework of the general competition law. By examining the historical evolution of the shipping antitrust exemption, the paper looks at the criticism on the rationality of immunity and concludes that divergence in enforcement exists among different countries. However, no matter what kind of regulation mode has been adopted, the practice of law enforcement has limited the interpretation of the shipping antitrust exemption in its boundary so that the competition mechanism in the shipping field can be strengthened.
The rationality and application of international shipping antitrust exemption has been hotly debated in academic circles for a long time. The focus of the controversy is whether it is appropriate to abolish the provisions of shipping antitrust exemption and incorporate them into the framework of the general competition law. By examining the historical evolution of the shipping antitrust exemption, the paper looks at the criticism on the rationality of immunity and concludes that divergence in enforcement exists among different countries. However, no matter what kind of regulation mode has been adopted, the practice of law enforcement has limited the interpretation of the shipping antitrust exemption in its boundary so that the competition mechanism in the shipping field can be strengthened.
引文
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[12] PIRRONG S C.An application of core theory to the analysis of ocean shipping markets [J].Journal of Law and Economics,1992,35(1):173-178.
[13] SAGERS C L.The demise of regulation in Ocean Shipping:a study in the evolution of competition policy and the predictive power of microeconomics [J].Vanderbilt Journal of Transport Law,2006(39):779-818.
[14] FONG H T N.Exemption of Liner Shipping from Competition Law [J].Australian and New Zealand Maritime Law Journal,2011,(26):180-194.
[15] 李光春.航运法研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2016:145.
[16] Federal Maritime Commission.Study of the 2008 Repeal of the Liner Conference Exemption from European Union Competition Law [EB/OL].(2012-01-16) [2016-05-12].http://www.fmc.gov/assets/1/Documents/FMC_EU_Study.pdf.
[17] European Commission.Competition:Repeal of Block Exemption for Liner Shipping Conferences-frequently asked questions[EB/OL].(2006-09-25) [2016-05-13].http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-06-344_en.htm.
[18] 王先林,丁国峰.反垄断法实施中对竞争政策与产业政策的协调[J].法学,2010(9):28-35.
[19] 蔡莉妍.航运联盟反垄断的法律规制研究[J].大连海事大学学报(社会科学版),2014(5):68-73.
[20] APEC.Liner shipping competition policy:Non-ratemaking agreements study (stages 2&3) [EB/OL].(2006-09-25) [2016-05-13].http://www.apec-tptwg.org.cn/new/Archives/tpt-wg32/Maritime/Final/08_tpt_Liner_Stages%202and3.pdf.
[21] 胡正良.航运法专题研究[M].上海:上海浦江教育出版社,2013:188.
[2] 金善明.反垄断法法益研究:范式与路径[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2013:150.
[3] International Transport Forum.The Impact of Alliances in Container Shipping [EB/OL].(2018-11-05)[2018-11-10].https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/impact-alliances-container-shipping.pdf.
[ 4] COHEN A,BARBOUR D M.Report of the Royal Commission on Shipping Rings:With Minutes of Evidence and Appendices[R].London:HMSO,1909:4668-4670,4685-4686.
[5] 於世成.美国航运法研究[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007:32.
[6] OECD.Final Report on Competition Policy in Liner Shipping [EB/OL].(2002-04-16) [2016-05-12].http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=dsti/dot(2002)2&doclanguage=en.
[7] Federal Maritime Commission.Study of the 2008 Repeal of the Liner Conference Exemption from European Union Competition Law [EB/OL].(2012-06-10)[2017-04-05].http://www.fmc.gov/assets/1/documents/fmc_eu_study.pdf.
[8] 章晓卉.小议欧盟第1419/2006号条例对班轮航运业的影响[J].中国海商法年刊,2009(6):45-50.
[9] TELSER L G.Economic Theory and the Core[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1978:43-56.
[10] WILEY J S.Antitrust and core theory [J].University of Chicago Law Review,1987,54(1):556-588.
[11] 朱作贤.反思当代国际航运反垄断规制的欧美法路径——兼论中国特色模式之构建[J].中国海商法研究,2015(1):42-51.
[12] PIRRONG S C.An application of core theory to the analysis of ocean shipping markets [J].Journal of Law and Economics,1992,35(1):173-178.
[13] SAGERS C L.The demise of regulation in Ocean Shipping:a study in the evolution of competition policy and the predictive power of microeconomics [J].Vanderbilt Journal of Transport Law,2006(39):779-818.
[14] FONG H T N.Exemption of Liner Shipping from Competition Law [J].Australian and New Zealand Maritime Law Journal,2011,(26):180-194.
[15] 李光春.航运法研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2016:145.
[16] Federal Maritime Commission.Study of the 2008 Repeal of the Liner Conference Exemption from European Union Competition Law [EB/OL].(2012-01-16) [2016-05-12].http://www.fmc.gov/assets/1/Documents/FMC_EU_Study.pdf.
[17] European Commission.Competition:Repeal of Block Exemption for Liner Shipping Conferences-frequently asked questions[EB/OL].(2006-09-25) [2016-05-13].http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-06-344_en.htm.
[18] 王先林,丁国峰.反垄断法实施中对竞争政策与产业政策的协调[J].法学,2010(9):28-35.
[19] 蔡莉妍.航运联盟反垄断的法律规制研究[J].大连海事大学学报(社会科学版),2014(5):68-73.
[20] APEC.Liner shipping competition policy:Non-ratemaking agreements study (stages 2&3) [EB/OL].(2006-09-25) [2016-05-13].http://www.apec-tptwg.org.cn/new/Archives/tpt-wg32/Maritime/Final/08_tpt_Liner_Stages%202and3.pdf.
[21] 胡正良.航运法专题研究[M].上海:上海浦江教育出版社,2013:188.