极端灾害状态下配电网的应变能力
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摘要
在发生极端灾害时,利用分布式电源、储能以及微电网等本地电源快速恢复配电网中的关键负荷可有效提升配电网的应变能力。文章详细介绍了电力系统"应变能力(resilience)"的基本概念、内涵及评价指标,分析了配电网应变能力的研究需求与提升手段,并提出了利用微电网实现配电网关键负荷供电恢复的方法。在此基础上,针对美国华盛顿州立大学(WSU)微电网、西北太平洋国家实验室(PNNL)4馈线1069节点配电网案例进行了分析与研究。分析结果表明,极端灾害场景下将微电网作为紧急电源可有效减小关键负荷的断电时间,从而提升配电网的应变能力;分布式电源的暂态特性对于供电恢复策略的可行性有较大影响,在制定供电恢复策略时应考虑。最后对配电网应变能力研究进行了展望。
When extreme natural disasters occur,distributed energy resources(DERs),storages,and microgrids can be used to promptly restore critical load in distribution network and hence the resilience of distribution network is improved.In this paper,the definition and metrics of resilience are presented.Approaches to a resilient distribution network are discussed.Especially,the application of microgrids for service restoration in distribution network to enhance resilience are illustrated.The proposed method is demonstrated by simulations of the Washington State University(WSU) microgrid and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory(PNNL) 4-feeder 1069-node distribution network.The results indicate that using microgrids as emergence sources reduces the outage duration of critical loads and enhance resilience of distribution network.Dynamic features of DERs have significant impacts on the feasibility of service restoration plans and therefore should be considered in the decision making.Finally,suggestions on future work on power grid resilience are provided.
When extreme natural disasters occur,distributed energy resources(DERs),storages,and microgrids can be used to promptly restore critical load in distribution network and hence the resilience of distribution network is improved.In this paper,the definition and metrics of resilience are presented.Approaches to a resilient distribution network are discussed.Especially,the application of microgrids for service restoration in distribution network to enhance resilience are illustrated.The proposed method is demonstrated by simulations of the Washington State University(WSU) microgrid and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory(PNNL) 4-feeder 1069-node distribution network.The results indicate that using microgrids as emergence sources reduces the outage duration of critical loads and enhance resilience of distribution network.Dynamic features of DERs have significant impacts on the feasibility of service restoration plans and therefore should be considered in the decision making.Finally,suggestions on future work on power grid resilience are provided.
引文
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[29]KARADY G G,ZHANG X J.Sustainability and resilience of electric energy supply in urban environment[C]//2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition,20-23 March,2011,Phoenix,AZ,USA:1-3.
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[39]赵波,王财胜,周金辉,等.主动配电网现状与未来发展[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(18):125-135.ZHAO Bo,WANG Caisheng,ZHOU Jinhui,et al.Present and future development trend of active distribution network[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(18):125-135.
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[41]MONTOYA M,SHERICK R,HARALSON P,et al.Islands in the storm:integrating microgrids into the larger grid[J].IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2013,11(4):33-39.
[42]ABBEY C,CORNFORTH D,HATZIARGYRIOU N,et al.Powering through the storm:microgrids operation for more efficient disaster recovery[J].IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2014,12(3):67-76.
[43]SCHNEIDER K,TUFFNER F,ELIZONDO M,et al.Evaluating the feasibility to use microgrids as a resiliency resource[C]//2016IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting(PESGM),17-21July,2016,Boston,MA,USA,2016:1.
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[45]SCHNEIDER K P,CHEN Y,ENGLE D,et al.A taxonomy of north american radial distribution feeders[C]//2009 IEEE Power&Energy Society General Meeting,26-30 July,2009,Calgary,AB,Canada:1-6.
[2]EPRI.Enhancing distribution resiliency:opportunities for applying innovative technologies[R].Palo Alto,USA:EPRI,2013.
[3]陆佳政,蒋正龙,雷红才,等.湖南电网2008年冰灾事故分析[J].电力系统自动化,2008,32(11):16-19.LU Jiazheng,JIANG Zhenglong,LEI Hongcai,et al.Analysis of Hunan power grid ice disaster accident in 2008[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2008,32(11):16-19.
[4]吴向东,张国威.冰雪灾害对电网的影响及防范措施[J].中国电力,2008,41(12):14-18.WU Xiangdong,ZHANG Guowei.Ice and snow disaster on the electric power grid and preventive measures[J].Electric Power,2008,41(12):14-18.
[5]LIU C C.Distribution systems:reliable but not resilient?[J].IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2015,13(3):93-96.
[6]TON D T,WANG W P.A more resilient grid[J].IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2015,13(3):26-34.
[7] XU Y,LIU C C,SCHNEIDER K P,et al.Microgrids for service restoration to critical load in a resilient distribution system[J].IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,2018,9(1):426-437.
[8]XU Y,LIU C C,GAO H X.Reliability analysis of distribution systems considering service restoration[C]//2015 IEEE Power&Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference(ISGT),Feb.18-20,2015,Washington,DC,USA:1-5.
[9]U.S.Department of Energy and National Energy Technology Laboratory.Operates resiliently against attack and natural disaster[R].Washington DC,USA,2009.
[10]Office of the Press Secretary of the White House,Presidential Policy Directive.Critical infrastructure security and resilience[R].Washington DC,USA:The White House,2013.
[11]董旭柱,黄邵远,陈柔伊,等.智能配电网自愈控制技术[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(18):17-21.DONG Xuzhu,HUANG Shaoyuan,CHEN Rouyi,et al.Selfhealing control technology for smart grid distribution system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(18):17-21.
[12]COLSON C M,NEHRIR M H,GUNDERSON R W.Distributed multi-agent microgrids:a decentralized approach to resilient power system self-healing[C]//2011 4th International Symposium on Resilient Control Systems,Aug.9-11,2011,Boise,ID,USA:83-88.
[13]DAVIS G,SNYDER A F,MADER J.The future of distribution system resiliency[C]//2014 Clemson University Power Systems Conference,March 11-14,2014,Clemson,SC,USA:1-8.
[14]BLANCHARD K,AITSI-SELMI A,MURRAY V.The sendai framework on disaster risk reduction:from science and technology to societal resilience[J].International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment,2015,6(2):IJDRBE-04-2015-0019.
[15]舒印彪,汤涌,孙华东.电力系统安全稳定标准研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(25):1-8.SHU Yinbiao,TANG Yong,SUN Huadong.Research on power system security and stability standards[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(25):1-8.
[16]薛禹胜,吴勇军,谢云云,等.停电防御框架向自然灾害预警的拓展[J].电力系统自动化,2013,37(16):18-26.XUE Yusheng,WU Yongjun,XIE Yunyun,et al.Extension of blackout defense scheme to natural disasters early-warning[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2013,37(16):18-26.
[17]薛禹胜,费圣英,卜凡强.极端外部灾害中的停电防御系统构思:(一)新的挑战与反思[J].电力系统自动化,2008,32(9):1-6.XUE Yusheng,FEI Shengying,BU Fanqiang.Upgrading the blackout defense scheme against extreme disasters:partⅠnew challenges and reflection[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2008,32(9):1-6.
[18]薛禹胜,费圣英,卜凡强.极端外部灾害中的停电防御系统构思:(二)任务与展望[J].电力系统自动化,2008,32(10):1-5.XUE Yusheng,FEI Shengying,BU Fanqiang.Upgrading the blackout defense scheme against extreme disasters:partⅡtasks and prospects[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2008,32(10):1-5.
[19]王昊昊,徐泰山,李碧君,等.自适应自然环境的电网安全稳定协调防御系统的应用设计[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(9):143-150.WANG Haohao,XU Taishan,LI Bijun,et al.Design of coordinated prevention system in self-adapting natural environment for safety and stability of power system[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(9):143-150.
[20]程正刚,房鑫炎,俞国勤,等.基于脆弱性的电力应急体系灾害损失预评估[J].电力系统保护与控制,2010,38(16):68-72.CHENG Zhenggang,FANG Xinyan,YU Guoqin,et al.Vulnerability based disaster loss pre-evaluation of power emergency system[J].Power System Protection and Control,2010,38(16):68-72.
[21]张文亮,周孝信,白晓民,等.城市电网应对突发事件保障供电安全的对策研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(22):1-7.ZHANG Wenliang,ZHOU Xiaoxin,BAI Xiaomin,et al.Counter measures against sudden events to ensure the security of urban power supply systems[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2008,28(22):1-7.
[22]田世民,陈希,朱朝阳,等.电力应急管理理论与技术对策[J].电网技术,2007,31(24):22-27.TIAN Shimin,CHEN Xi,ZHU Chaoyang,et al.Theory of electric power emergency management and its technological countermeasures[J].Power System Technology,2007,31(24):22-27.
[23]HAIMES Y Y.On the definition of resilience in systems[J].Risk Analysis,2009,29(4):498-501.
[24]FRANCIS R,BEKERA B.A metric and frameworks for resilience analysis of engineered and infrastructure systems[J].Reliability Engineering&System Safety,2014(121):90-103.
[25]高海翔,陈颖,黄少伟,等.配电网韧性及其相关研究进展[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(23):1-8.GAO Haixiang,CHEN Ying,HUANG Shaowei,et al.Distribution systems resilience:an overview of research progress[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(23):1-8.
[26]别朝红,林雁翎,邱爱慈.弹性电网及其恢复力的基本概念与研究展望[J].电力系统自动化,2015,39(22):1-9.BIE Zhaohong,LIN Yanling,QIU Aici,et al.Concept and research prospects of power system resilience[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2015,39(22):1-9.
[27]SANDERS W H.Progress towards a resilient power grid infrastructure[C]//Proceedings of 2010 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,July 25-29,2010,Minneapolis,USA:1-3.
[28]PANTELI M,MANCARELLA P.The grid:stronger,bigger,smarter:presenting a conceptual framework of power system resilience[J].IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2015,13(3):58-66.
[29]KARADY G G,ZHANG X J.Sustainability and resilience of electric energy supply in urban environment[C]//2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition,20-23 March,2011,Phoenix,AZ,USA:1-3.
[30]XU Y,LIU C C,SCHNEIDER K P,et al.Toward a resilient distribution system[C]//2015 IEEE Power&Energy Society General Meeting,26-30 July,2015,Denver,CO,USA:1-5.
[31]MILIANOCde,FALINGM,CLARK-GINSBERGA,etal.Resilience:the holy grail or yet another hype?[M].The Humanitarian Challenge,Springer,2015:17-30.
[32]赵儆,康重庆,夏清,等.电力市场中可靠性问题的研究现状与发展前景[J].电力系统自动化,2004,28(5):6-10.ZHAO Jing,KANG Chongqing,XIA Qing,et al.Power system reliability in electricity market current status and future prospects[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2004,28(5):6-10.
[33]Energy Information Administration.Electric power sales,revenue,and energy efficiency form EIA-861 detailed data files:2015[R].Energy Information Administration,November 21,2016.
[34]Eaton.Blackout Tracker:United States Annual Report 2013,Tech.Rep.,2013[R].http://powerquality.eaton.com/blackouttracker/.
[35]Eaton.Blackout Tracker:United States Annual Report 2014,Tech.Rep.,2014[R].http://powerquality.eaton.com/blackouttracker/.
[36]Eaton.Blackout Tracker:United States Annual Report 2015,Tech.Rep.,2015[R].http://powerquality.eaton.com/blackouttracker/.
[37]U.S.Department of Energy.2014 DOE Resilient Electric Distribution Grid R&D Workshop Report 2014,Tech.Rep.,2014[R]. https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/07/f17/2014ResilientGridWorkshop-FinalReport.pdf/.
[38]PHAM T T H,BESANGER Y,HADJSAID N.New challenges in power system restoration with large scale of dispersed generation insertion[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2009,24(1):398-406.
[39]赵波,王财胜,周金辉,等.主动配电网现状与未来发展[J].电力系统自动化,2014,38(18):125-135.ZHAO Bo,WANG Caisheng,ZHOU Jinhui,et al.Present and future development trend of active distribution network[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2014,38(18):125-135.
[40]尤毅,刘东,于文鹏,等.主动配电网技术及其进展[J].电力系统自动化,2012,36(18):10-16.YOU Yi,LIU Dong,YU Wenpeng,et al.Technology and its trends of active distribution network[J].Automation of Electric Power Systems,2012,36(18):10-16.
[41]MONTOYA M,SHERICK R,HARALSON P,et al.Islands in the storm:integrating microgrids into the larger grid[J].IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2013,11(4):33-39.
[42]ABBEY C,CORNFORTH D,HATZIARGYRIOU N,et al.Powering through the storm:microgrids operation for more efficient disaster recovery[J].IEEE Power and Energy Magazine,2014,12(3):67-76.
[43]SCHNEIDER K,TUFFNER F,ELIZONDO M,et al.Evaluating the feasibility to use microgrids as a resiliency resource[C]//2016IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting(PESGM),17-21July,2016,Boston,MA,USA,2016:1.
[44]LI J,MA X Y,LIU C C,et al.Distribution system restoration with microgrids using spanning tree search[J].IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,2014,29(6):3021-3029.
[45]SCHNEIDER K P,CHEN Y,ENGLE D,et al.A taxonomy of north american radial distribution feeders[C]//2009 IEEE Power&Energy Society General Meeting,26-30 July,2009,Calgary,AB,Canada:1-6.