对人工智能体作为刑事责任主体的反思
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摘要
自主人工智能体不应成为相关人员逃避刑事责任的"替罪羊",应"刺破人工智能面纱",根据现行刑法直接追究相关人的刑事责任。而未来社会直接追究智能机器人刑事责任的观点,也不具有可行性,因为这将完全颠覆现行刑法,主要是要求机器人遵守机器人三原则将使刑法陷入各种全新的道德困境;刑法在规制犯罪危险来源的智能机器人时会显得软弱无力;同时,刑法固有的传统性、保守性、谦抑性等也将荡然无存。目前看来,我国对智能机器人作为刑事责任主体的观点,也应予以否定,事实上无论将智能机器人类比为现有何种类型的责任主体都存在疑问,对智能机器人施加刑事制裁也无法实现刑罚目的,而且智能机器人难以同人类一样遭受刑法上的道德责难。
Autonomous AI Entity should not be ″the scapegoat″ of related persons escaping criminal responsibility. We must ″pierce the AI mask″, and related persons should be directly held criminally liable for the wrongdoing of AI Entity. In the future, making AI Entity culpability subject is not applicable as well, since it will subvert current Criminal Law and lead to the brand-new moral dilemma, and criminal law will seem dramatically week in the front of strong powerful AI Robot. Meanwhile, the inherent traits of current Criminal Law will vanish. Currently, we should refute the assertation of making AI Entity culpability subject, because no matter which type culpability subject that we regard the AI Entity as, we could not achieve the punishment goals, and AI Robot could not suffer the intense moral censure in criminal law as human.
Autonomous AI Entity should not be ″the scapegoat″ of related persons escaping criminal responsibility. We must ″pierce the AI mask″, and related persons should be directly held criminally liable for the wrongdoing of AI Entity. In the future, making AI Entity culpability subject is not applicable as well, since it will subvert current Criminal Law and lead to the brand-new moral dilemma, and criminal law will seem dramatically week in the front of strong powerful AI Robot. Meanwhile, the inherent traits of current Criminal Law will vanish. Currently, we should refute the assertation of making AI Entity culpability subject, because no matter which type culpability subject that we regard the AI Entity as, we could not achieve the punishment goals, and AI Robot could not suffer the intense moral censure in criminal law as human.
引文
[1] 刘宪权.人工智能时代的刑事风险与刑法应对[J].法商研究,2018(3):3-11.
[2] 刘宪权,胡荷佳.论人工智能时代机器人的刑事责任能力[J].法学,2018(1):40-47.
[3] 刘宪权.人工智能时代的“内忧”“外患”与刑事责任[J].东方法学,2018(1):134-142.
[4] 马治国,田小楚.论人工智能体刑法适用之可能性[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2018(2):108-115.
[5] 刘宪权.人工智能时代刑事责任与刑罚体系的重构[J].政治与法律,2018(3):89-99.
[6] DAFNI LIMA. Could AI Agents Be Held Criminally Liable: Artificial Intelligence and the Challenges for Criminal Law[J]. South Carolina Law Review,2018(69):677-696.
[7] YUEH-HSUAN WENG, CHIEN-HSUN CHEN, CHUEN-TSAI SUN. Toward the Human-Robot Co-Existence Society: On Safety Intelligence For Next Generation Robots [J]. 4 International Journal of Social Robotics, 2009(4):267-282.
[8] 张成岗.人工智能时代:技术发展、风险挑战与秩序重构[J].南京社会科学,2018(5):42-52.
[9] 孙占利.智能机器人法律人格问题论析[J].东方法学,2018(3):10-17.
[10] GABRIEL HALLEVY. The Criminal Liability of Artificial Intelligence Entities-From Science Fiction to Legal Social Control[J]. Akron Intellectual Property Journal, 2010(4):171-201.
[11] COLIN P A JONES. AI and the Legal Profession: Could Artificial Stupidity and Responsibility Avoidance Prove to Be the Agents of Change[J]. South Caroline Law Review, 2018(69):637-657.
[12] 吴汉东.人工智能时代的制度安排与法律规制[J].法律科学,2017(5):128-136.
[13] ANDREW ARRUDA.An Ethical Obligation to Use Artificial Intelligence: An examination of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Law and the Model Rules of Professional Responsibility[J]. American Journal of Trial Advocacy, 2017(40):443-450.
[14] 杜严勇. 机器人伦理中的道德责任问题研究[J].科学学研究,2017(11):1608-1613.
[15] 张正清,黄晓伟.作为“他者”而承担道德责任的智能机器——一种人工智能成为道德能动者的可能性[J].道德与文明,2018(4):26-33.
[16] 翟振明,彭晓芸.“强人工智能”将如何改变世界——人工智能的技术飞跃与应用伦理前瞻[J].人民论坛·学术前沿,2016(2):22-33.
[17] GABRIEL HALLEVY. “I, Robot-I Criminal”——When Science Fiction Becomes Reality: Legal Liability of IA Robots committing Criminal Offenses[M]. New York: Syracuse Science & Technology Law Reporter,2010(22) spring:2.
[18] 王东浩.道德机器人:人类责任存在与缺失之间的矛盾[J].哲学论丛·理论月刊,2013(11):49-52.
[19] LAWRENCE B SOLUM. Legal Personhood for Artificial Intelligence[J].New York Law Review, 1992(7):1231-1287.
[20] 万赟.从图灵测试到深度学习:人工智能60年[J].科技导报,2016(7):26-33.
[21] GABRIEL HALLEVY. When Roberts Kill: Artificial Intelligence Under Criminal Law[M]. Boston: Northeaster University Press,2013:1-2.
[22] 陈吉栋.论机器人的法律人格——基于法释义学的讨论[J].上海大学学报(社会科学版),2018(5):78-89.
[23] MATTHEW U SCHERER. Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems: Risks, Challenges, Competencies, and Strategies[J]. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 2016(29):353-400.
[24] 储陈城.人工智能时代刑法归责的走向[J].东方法学,2018(3):27-37.
[25] 金寿铁.罪责反省:克服过去的新生之路[J].中国社会科学,2015(9):26-42.
[26] 佐伯任志.刑法总论的思之道·乐之道[M].于佳佳,译.北京:中国政法大学,2017:268.
[27] 阮齐林.刑事司法应坚持罪责实质评价[J].中国法学,2017(4):57-68.
[28] 陈兴良.刑法中的责任:以非难可能性为中心的考察[J].比较法研究,2018(3):20-33.
[29] O E RADUTNIY. Criminal Liability of the Artificial Intelligence[J]. Problems of Legality, 2017(138): 132-141.
[30] 杜严勇.论人工智能研究中的前瞻性道德责任[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018(4):43-49.
[2] 刘宪权,胡荷佳.论人工智能时代机器人的刑事责任能力[J].法学,2018(1):40-47.
[3] 刘宪权.人工智能时代的“内忧”“外患”与刑事责任[J].东方法学,2018(1):134-142.
[4] 马治国,田小楚.论人工智能体刑法适用之可能性[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2018(2):108-115.
[5] 刘宪权.人工智能时代刑事责任与刑罚体系的重构[J].政治与法律,2018(3):89-99.
[6] DAFNI LIMA. Could AI Agents Be Held Criminally Liable: Artificial Intelligence and the Challenges for Criminal Law[J]. South Carolina Law Review,2018(69):677-696.
[7] YUEH-HSUAN WENG, CHIEN-HSUN CHEN, CHUEN-TSAI SUN. Toward the Human-Robot Co-Existence Society: On Safety Intelligence For Next Generation Robots [J]. 4 International Journal of Social Robotics, 2009(4):267-282.
[8] 张成岗.人工智能时代:技术发展、风险挑战与秩序重构[J].南京社会科学,2018(5):42-52.
[9] 孙占利.智能机器人法律人格问题论析[J].东方法学,2018(3):10-17.
[10] GABRIEL HALLEVY. The Criminal Liability of Artificial Intelligence Entities-From Science Fiction to Legal Social Control[J]. Akron Intellectual Property Journal, 2010(4):171-201.
[11] COLIN P A JONES. AI and the Legal Profession: Could Artificial Stupidity and Responsibility Avoidance Prove to Be the Agents of Change[J]. South Caroline Law Review, 2018(69):637-657.
[12] 吴汉东.人工智能时代的制度安排与法律规制[J].法律科学,2017(5):128-136.
[13] ANDREW ARRUDA.An Ethical Obligation to Use Artificial Intelligence: An examination of the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Law and the Model Rules of Professional Responsibility[J]. American Journal of Trial Advocacy, 2017(40):443-450.
[14] 杜严勇. 机器人伦理中的道德责任问题研究[J].科学学研究,2017(11):1608-1613.
[15] 张正清,黄晓伟.作为“他者”而承担道德责任的智能机器——一种人工智能成为道德能动者的可能性[J].道德与文明,2018(4):26-33.
[16] 翟振明,彭晓芸.“强人工智能”将如何改变世界——人工智能的技术飞跃与应用伦理前瞻[J].人民论坛·学术前沿,2016(2):22-33.
[17] GABRIEL HALLEVY. “I, Robot-I Criminal”——When Science Fiction Becomes Reality: Legal Liability of IA Robots committing Criminal Offenses[M]. New York: Syracuse Science & Technology Law Reporter,2010(22) spring:2.
[18] 王东浩.道德机器人:人类责任存在与缺失之间的矛盾[J].哲学论丛·理论月刊,2013(11):49-52.
[19] LAWRENCE B SOLUM. Legal Personhood for Artificial Intelligence[J].New York Law Review, 1992(7):1231-1287.
[20] 万赟.从图灵测试到深度学习:人工智能60年[J].科技导报,2016(7):26-33.
[21] GABRIEL HALLEVY. When Roberts Kill: Artificial Intelligence Under Criminal Law[M]. Boston: Northeaster University Press,2013:1-2.
[22] 陈吉栋.论机器人的法律人格——基于法释义学的讨论[J].上海大学学报(社会科学版),2018(5):78-89.
[23] MATTHEW U SCHERER. Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems: Risks, Challenges, Competencies, and Strategies[J]. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 2016(29):353-400.
[24] 储陈城.人工智能时代刑法归责的走向[J].东方法学,2018(3):27-37.
[25] 金寿铁.罪责反省:克服过去的新生之路[J].中国社会科学,2015(9):26-42.
[26] 佐伯任志.刑法总论的思之道·乐之道[M].于佳佳,译.北京:中国政法大学,2017:268.
[27] 阮齐林.刑事司法应坚持罪责实质评价[J].中国法学,2017(4):57-68.
[28] 陈兴良.刑法中的责任:以非难可能性为中心的考察[J].比较法研究,2018(3):20-33.
[29] O E RADUTNIY. Criminal Liability of the Artificial Intelligence[J]. Problems of Legality, 2017(138): 132-141.
[30] 杜严勇.论人工智能研究中的前瞻性道德责任[J].上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018(4):43-49.